S A F E T Y AWARENESSThe History of Workplace Health & Safety in USA

1900-1920 Progressive EraReforms - A coalition ofjournalists, businessmen,unions and politicians usedthepowerofthegovernmentto mitigate the worst effectsofrapidindustrialization.

In 1911 New Yorks Triangle Shirtwaist Co. caught fire, and 146 of 300 employees died. Managers had locked the exit doors, claiming employees would steal from the company and could be permitted to leave only under supervision. The tragedy became a rallying point for reformers.

1910 The Rise of Workers Compensation Law-NewYorkwasthefirststatetopassaworkerscompensationlaw,whichforcedcompaniestomakerestitutiontoworkersortheirfamiliesaccordingtoestablishedrates.TherestofthestatesfollowedNewYorksleadduringthenextdecade.

1970 The Intervention of the Federal Government-CongresspassedtheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct (OSHAct)whichcreated theOccupational SafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)withintheDepartmentofLabortoestablishedsafetystandards,researchedworkplacehazardsandeducatedworkersabouttheirrights.

OSHA ControversySince its inception, OSHA has inspiredcontroversy along political lines. Politicallyliberal criticsassertOSHA takes too long toactonnew information requiringa revisionofsafetystandardsandpoorlyenforcesthestandardsithasenacted.

PoliticalconservativesargueOSHA isoverlycautious, imposing costly and unnecessaryregulationsonindustry.Asaresult,politicianson both sides of the aisle have repeatedlycalledforthereformofOSHA.

OSH Progress in the Philippines 1974 - Philippine Government issued/

promulgated PD 442 (Labor Code of thePhilippines)

1975 - The thenMinistryofLabor started theprogram on accreditation recognizing/accreditingsafetytrainingorganization.

1978 - The OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ANDHEALTHSTANDARDSwasapprovedbythenMinisterofLabor.

1988-TheOSHCwasinaugurated(thefirstinSoutheastAsia),createdperExecutiveOrderNo.307.

1998-TheAssociationofSafetyPractitionersofthePhilippines(ASPPI)wasorganized.

2004 - TheAssociationof SafetyandHealthTraining Organization of the Philippines wasorganized(ASHTOP).

What is Safety?safety/sft/ noun

Theconditionofbeingprotectedfromorunlikely tocausedanger,risk,orinjury.

Costs of Accident Direct Cost (Insured) ccompensations, propertydamaged&medicalexpenses. Indirect Cost (Uninsured) All additional costsassociatedwiththeaccident.

Unknown Costs of Accident1. Humantragedy Injury Death2. Morale3. Reputation

Top Management CommitmentIt is essential to the success of yourcompanys safety and health programthat topmanagement demonstrate notonly an interest, but a long term seriouscommitment toprotecteveryemployeefrominjuryandillnessonthejob.

Commitment: (Webster Dictionary)The state of being bound emotionally or intellectually to a course of action or to a

person.

Employers are motivated to primarily meet one of the following obligations: LEGAL(wemuststayoutoftrouble&doonlywhatwehaveto) FISCAL (wemustsavemoney&dowhatwehaveto) SOCIAL(wemustsavelives&dowhateverittakes)

Indicators of Management Commitment 1. Thereisawrittensafety&healthpolicy.2. Therearewrittensafetygoalsandobjectives.3. Writtenstrategiesandtactics(programs)forachievingsafetyobjectivesareinp4. Managersprovidesafetybudgets,staffing,andfacilitiesformeetings.5. Managersparticipateinexecutingsafetyplans.6. Managersmonitorandperiodicallyevaluatethesafetyprogram.

7. Managers and supervisors set an example of good safety practices, e.g., wearingpersonalprotectiveequipment.

8. Managers and supervisors are held accountable for safety performance, e.g., pay/promotionsarepartiallydependentonsafety.

9. Topmanagersreceiveandrespondtosafetycommitteerecommendations.10.Supervisorsandmanagerspersonallyconductsafetyauditsandinspections.11.There are specific procedures for ensuring that accident investigations result in

identification and timely implementation of corrective actions, and procedures arereviewedbymanagement.

12.Managersattendsafetymeetings.13.Managementrepresentativesaremembersofthesafetycommittee.14.Managersregularlyattendsafetyactivitiesoutsidethecompany.

2 Types of Management Approach to Safety & HealthManagement commitment reflects on the way theyapproachsafety&health. Reactive (Loss control) - This approach emphasizesdoing everything management must do to limit lossesafteranaccidentoccurs. Reactive Process INJURY, INVESTIGATION,RECOMMENDATION,IMPLEMENTATION

Pro-Active (Accident prevention) - This approachemphasizes doing everything management can toanticipateandpreventaccidents.Pro-ActiveProcessIDENTIFY,ANTICIPATE,ANALYZE,RECOMMEND,IMPLEMENT

But,ifyouthinkyourcompanydoesnothavethatlevelofcommitment,howdoyougetit?

Management Commitment to safety will occur to the extent they clearly understand the positive benefits derived from the effort.

Understanding the benefits will create a strong desire to improve the companys safety culture by developing programs, policies,

written plans, processes and procedures.

How do you get management attention?Youve got to talk bottom line to get managementsattention.

CostBenefitAnalysisThesolutiontoanapparent lackofmanagementsupport istoimprovethequalityoftherecommendationbypresentingitasacost/benefitanalysiswhichaddressesthebottomline.

WorkshopProblem: Theguard rail in thewarehousehasdeteriorated toapoint that it isunable tosupportanyweightonit.

History: Wehadan incidenton6/13/99where JoseReyesalmost felldown the10 stepsbecause theguard rail didnot support hisweight.He fortunatelycaughthimselfbeforefalling.Wehadasecondnearmissincidenton9/18/99whenJaneSisontrippedgoingupthestairsandgrabbedfortherailwhichdidnotsupporther.Again,fortunatelyshecaughtherselfbeforefalling.

Options to Correct Problem: Wehaveattemptedtotightenandbracetherailbutitcontinuestoworkitselfloose.WetookbidstoreplacetherailandthebidsrangedfromahighofP3,200toalowbidofP1,500.WebelievetheXYZbrandforP2,000willprovetobethebestmaterialforourfacility.ThedisadvantagetothelowestbidofP1,500wasitwouldnotbeguaranteedforoutsideweatherconditions.

Webudgetedxforoff-sitetrainingclasses.

Cost/Benefit:ROI.AveragecostofasevereinjuryinPhilippinesisP9,700whichisverypossibleifoneofouremployeesshouldfallfromthesecondstoryofthewarehousetotheconcretepadbelow.Theestimated indirectcost isP17,500.Totalaccidentcost isestimatedtobeP27,200.ROIwillbeapproximately1,360%!

Payback Period: Iestimatethattheprobabilityofanaccidentoccurringwithinthenexttwoyearsasaresultofthishazardisveryhigh.Therefore,thepaybackperiodisbasedon24months.OurcostforcorrectiveactionisP2,000andthepaybackperiodwould,therefore,belessthan2months(P1,133/month).

Formula for Accident

Hazard + Exposure = AccidentIt takes a hazard and someoneexposed (howclose youaredothedangerzone)tothehazardtoproduceanaccident.

Two Types of Hazard1. Unsafe Act -Aviolationofan

accepted safe standardwhich could permit theoccurrenceofanaccident.

2. Unsafe Condition - Ahazardous physical conditionor circumstancewhich couldpermit the occurrence of anaccident.

Standard

ByvirtueofthepowersvestedintheDepartmentofLaborandEmploymentunderArticle162of theLaborCodeof thePhilippines, thisOccupationalSafetyandHealthStandardsisherebypromulgated for theguidanceandcomplianceofallconcerned. Thisbodyofstandards,rulesandregulationsshallhereafterbereferredtoasSTANDARDS.

Condition 3%Behavior 95%Uncontrollable Acts 2%

Conclusion: Management has some degree of control over 98% of the causes for allaccidentsintheworkplace!

Control Measures

Hierarchy of Hazard Control Strategies1. Engineering Controls-Removeorreducethehazard

Majorstrengths:Eliminatesthehazarditself.Doesnotrelysolelyonhumanbehaviorforeffectiveness.

Majorweakness:Maynotbe feasible if controlspresentlong-termfinancialhardship.

2. Management Controls - Remove or reduce theexposure Reducetheduration,frequency,andseverityof

exposuretohazards. Major weakness: Relies on (1) appropriate

design and implementation of controls and (2)appropriateemployeebehavior.

3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)-Putupabarrier Equipmentforpersonalusethatpresentsabarrier

betweenworkerandhazard. Majorweakness:Relieson(1)appropriatedesign

and implementation of controls (2) appropriateemployeebehavior.

Engineering Control Substitution Changetheprocess Isolation Ventilation

Administrative or Management Control Workassignmen Jobrotation Reduceworkhours Increasebreaks

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Hardhat Earplugs Spectacles SafetyShoes

Causes of Accidents Related to PPE Noequipmentavailable Wrongequipmentuse Incorrectuseoftheequipment Badconditionoftheequipment Do not use personal protection

equipment

Job Hazard AnalysisWhat is a Job? Ajobisasegmentofwork,aspecificworkassignment,anumberofstepsoroperationsperformed in a definite sequence tocompleteaworkassignment.

What is a hazard? Ahazardisthepotentialforharm.Inpracticalterms,ahazardoften isassociatedwithaconditionoractivitythat,ifleftuncontrolled,canresultinaninjuryorillness.

JobHazardAnalysis(JHA) isaproventoolto determine unsafe acts/ practices or

conditionsonajobbyanalyzingthejob,stepbystep&identifypotentialhazardsineachstep.

1. Prepare to Conduct the JHA

Selecting a JHA TeamInvolving others in the process reduced thepossibilityofoverlookinganindividualjobsteporpotential hazard. It also increases the likelihoodof identifying themostappropriatemeasuresofeliminatingorcontrollingthehazards.

An effective JHA team should generally include: Thesupervisor. Theemployeemostfamiliarwithhowthejobisdoneanditsrelatedhazards. Otheremployeeswhoperformthejob. Experts or specialists when necessary, such asmaintenance personnel, occupational

hygienists,ergonomics,ordesignengineers.

Involve Your EmployeesGetworkerstobuyintothesolutionsbecausetheyvehelpedinsomewaytodeveloptheproceduresduetotheiruniqueunderstandingofthejob.

IftheyarenotinvolvedindevelopingtheJHA,theywillnotbeaslikelytoownthesafejobprocedures.Asaresult,theymaynotwanttousesafeproceduresandpracticesthattheybelievehavebeenimposedonthem.

Review Incident/Accident History Reviewyourworksiteshistoryofaccidentsandillnesses.Itsalsoimportanttolookatnearmisseventsinwhichaninjurydidnotoccur,butcouldhave.Theseeventsareindicatorsthatexistinghazardcontrols(ifany)maynotbeadequateanddeservemorescrutiny.

Look for Hazardous Conditions and Unsafe Behaviors MaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDSs) Experiencedworkers Accidentandincidentreports Firstaidstatisticalrecords BehaviorBasedSafety(BBS)reports Safetycommitteemeetingminutes Safetyinspectionreports PreviousJHAs Existingworkprocedures Equipmentmanuals Preventive/corrective maintenance

records

Risk = Probability x Severity Risk isa functionof twovariables:probabilityand severity. Thegreater theprobabilityor

severity-thehighertherisk.

What is the probability?Probabilitydescribesthelikelihoodthataworkerwillbeinjuredorbecomeillifexposedtoahazard.Commontermsusedtodescribeprobabilityare: Unlikely-Injuryfromexposurehaslowprobability.Lessthan

50%chance. Likely-Injuryfromexposurehasmoderateprobability.50/50

Chance. Very likely - Injury from exposure has high probability.

Greaterthan50%chance.

What is the severity?Severityisanestimateofhowserioustheinjuryorillnesswillbeasaresultofanaccident. Thecommontermsusedtodescribeseverityare: Minor - other than serious physical harm that does not

prevent the employee from continuing to work in thesamejob.Serious-seriousphysicalharmthatpreventstheemployeecontinuingtoworkinthesamejob.

Death-fatality

Prioritize Jobs - Worst First

IfaJHAisrequiredformanytasksinyourworkplace,priorityshouldgotothefollowingtypesofjobs: Jobswiththehighestinjuryorillnessrates; Jobswiththepotentialtocausesevereordisablinginjuriesorillness,evenifthereisno

historyofpreviousaccidents; Jobsinwhichonesimplehumanerrorcouldleadtoasevereaccidentorinjury; Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and

procedures; Jobscomplexenoughtorequirewritteninstructions.

2. List the Procedure Steps

One Step - One Action TheprocessofanalysisinthecontextofaJHAincludesbreakingthewholeproceduredownintoitsbasicsteps.Theideaistocarefullydescribeactionsandhazardswithineachstep,andhowtomitigatethosehazardsthroughcontrolstrategies.Eachstepinthetaskbeinganalyzedwilldescribeanaction.Ittellswhattheworkerdoesineachstep.

Steps to Follow in Making Procedure StepsA. Selectingtherightmantoobserve.B. Pointoutthatyouareanalyzingthetask,notevaluatingtheemployeesjob

performance.C. Observinghimperformthejob,andtryingtobreakitintobasicsteps.D. Itmaybehelpfultophotographorvideotapetheworkerperformingthejob.E. Recordingeachstepinthebreakdown.F. Recordenoughinformationtodescribeeachjobactionwithoutgettingoverly

detailed.G. Avoidmakingthebreakdownofstepssodetailedthatitbecomesunnecessarilylong.H. Ontheotherhand,dontmakeitsobroadthatitdoesnotincludebasicsteps.I. Reviewthejobstepswiththeemployeetomakesureyouhavenotomitted

something.J. Ironoutdifferencestocome-upwiththefinalsequenceofjobstepsK. Includetheemployeeinallphasesoftheanalysis-fromreviewingthejobstepsand

procedurestodiscussinghazardsandsolutions.L. Jobscanbedescribedinlessthanfifteensteps.The Two Components of a Step: The Actor and the Action

Actor.Theactorisanindividualorobjectthatdirectlyparticipatesorassistsintheprocedure.TheactorinitiatesachangebyperformingorNOTperformingaparticularactioninastep.

Action.Anactionisthesomethingthatisdonebyanactor.Anactionmaydescribeabehaviorthatisaccomplishedornotaccomplished.

Whendescribinga step inwriting, first identify theactor and then tellwhat theactor issupposedtodo.

Forinstance,takealookatthestepbelow:Maintenance team leader: Attach the lockout device to the hasp.

Inthisexample,theactorisidentifiedbecauseateamofmaintenanceworkersisperformingthetask.Theactor(Maintenanceteamleader)isidentifiedfirstandthentheaction(attach)isdescribed.

Practice Exercises

Identifying basic job steps:As you leave for work today, you discoverthatyourcarhasaflattire.Thecarisparkedon level ground, and the parking brake isalreadyset.Thebumperjackandthesparetirearebothingoodconditionandstoredinthecarstrunk.

IdentifiedBasicJOBSTEPS: Remove a jack, spare tire, and the lug

wrenchfromthetrunk. Loosenlugnuts Raisejack Removeflattire Installsparetire Lowerjack Tightenlugnuts Place flat tire, jack and lug wrench in

trunk.

3. Describe the Hazard in Each Step

How to Identify HazardsA job hazard analysis is an exercise indetectivework.Yourgoalistodiscoverthefollowing: Whatcangowrong? Whataretheconsequences? Howcouldthehazardarise? Whatareothercontributingfactors? Howlikelyisitthatthehazardwilloccur?

Dont Forget Potential HazardsToensureallhazardsareidentified;analyzeeachsteptouncoverpotentialaswellasactual hazards produced by both workenvironmentandtheaction.

Besuretoconsiderthefollowing: Istheredangerofstrikingagainst,beingstruckby,orotherwisemakingharmfulcontact

withanobject? Cantheworkerbecaughtin,by,orbetweenobjects? Istherepotentialforasliportrip? Cantheemployeefallfromoneleveltoanotherorevenonthesamelevel? Canpushing,pulling,lifting,lowering,bending,ortwistingcausestrain? Istheworkenvironmenthazardoustosafetyorhealth? Arethereconcentrationsoftoxicgas,vapor,fumes,ordust? Aretherepotentialexposurestoheat,cold,noise,orionizingradiation? Arethereflammable,explosive,orelectricalhazards?

Some Common Hazards Chemical(toxic,flammable,corrosive,reactive) Electrical(shock,fire,static,lossofpower) Ergonomics(strain) Excavation(collapse) Fall(impacts) Fire/Heat Mechanical Noise Radiation(ionizing,non-ionizing) StruckBy(massacceleration) StruckAgainst Temperature(heat,cold) Vibration Visibility WeatherPhenomena(rain,wind,etc.)

4. Develop Preventive Measures

Control MeasuresA. Engineering Control

EliminateorreducethehazardsB. Administrative Control

ReduceworkersexposuretothehazardsC. Personal Protective Equipment

Barrierthatprotecttheworkersfromthehazards

5. Write the Safe Job Procedure

Points to remember when writing the safe job procedureA. Writeinastep-by-stepformat.Usually,

thismeanswritinganumberofparagraphs.Eachparagraphshouldattemptto:

1. Describe the step. Remember eachstepisdescribesoneaction.

For example, Grasp the breakerswitchandmove it from the top to theoffposition (down).

2. Point out the hazard. Ifastepincludesexposure toahazard, thereare fourpartstothestep: Describetheaction Identifythehazard Describe the possible injury the

hazardcouldcause Identify the safety precaution to

preventtheinjury

Forinstance,Graspthebreakerswitchandmoveitfromtheontotheoffposition(down).

Topreventapossibleseriousburninjuryifanarcflashoccurs,besureyouturnyourheadandlookawayasyouflipthebreakerswitch.

B. Paintawordpicture-concretevs.ab-stract.Theideaistowritetheprocedureinsuchawaythatsomeonewhoisnotfamiliarwiththetaskcanactuallyseeeachstepoccur.

C. Writeinthesecondperson.Forexample,sayBesureyou....Trytoavoidwritinginthethirdpersonsuchas,Besuretheworker....Inmoststepsyouwonthavetoworryaboutthisbecausethepersonyouarewritingtoisimplied.

D. Writeinthepresenttense.Saytakeratherthanshouldbetaken.Thishelpstocreatethewordpictureandstreamlinethesafejobprocedure.

E. Writeasclearlyaspossible.Sayuseratherthanutilize.Replacingmorecomplexwordswithsimplewordshelpstomakesureyouremployeescomprehendthematerial.