General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting...
Transcript of General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting...
![Page 1: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Name des Wissenschaftlers
HELCOM Workshop on status of nutrient bookkeeping in the Baltic Sea countries 28-29 April 2015, Oldenburg, Germany
Bernhard Osterburg, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Braunschweig
General overview on the purpose and
advantages of nutrient bookkeeping for
modern farming and environment protection
![Page 2: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Structure
1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture
2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations
3. Nutrient balances versus fertilisation plans
4. Discussion
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 2
![Page 3: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nutrient balances in agriculture: background
• N and P surplus important agri-environmental indicator
• ‚Pressure indicator‘ for potential losses into theenvironment = potential pollution
• Surface & groundwater, marine environment (NO3, P)• Gaseous emissions (NH3, N2O)
• Habitats sensitive to nutrient inputs (N, P)
• Impacts: water pollution, eutrophication, acidification, PM (particulate matter), climate (greenhouse gases)
• Resource efficiency: high energy input (mineral N), non-renewable, scarce resource (P)
• N and P are major nutrients, a key for crop productivity
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 3
![Page 4: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nutrient balances in agriculture: Legal basis and international agreements
EU directives related to N (and P) emission
• Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC)• Marine strategie Framework Dir. (MFD, 2008/56/EG)• Nitrates Directive (ND, 91/676/EEC)• Groundwater Directive (GWD, 2006/118/EC) • National Emission Ceilings Dir. (NEC, 2001/81/EC)• Fauna Flora Habitats Directive (FFH, 92/43/EEC)International agreements• International Marine Protection (PARCOM / HELCOM)• Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution• Kyoto protocol
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 4
![Page 5: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nutrient balances and “accounting” in agriculture: Purpose
National and regional level: Nutrient balances• Environmental observation• International environmental reporting (national or
regional level, e.g. OECD national N surface balance)• Basis for modeling of water pollution• Input for ranking of water bodies according to WFD
Farm and field level: Nutrient accounting• Nutrient management at farm level (balances vs. plans)• Basis for technical advice, benchmarking • Legal thresholds, mandatory rules
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 5
![Page 6: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Example 1: National balances EUROSTAT Gross N balance (2001-2010)
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gro
ss N
Su
rplu
s k
g N
/ha
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
The Netherlands
United Kingdom
![Page 7: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Example 2: Analysis of national time seriesGermany - national N farm gate balance 1990 - 2010
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 7
in kg N/ha UAA Diff. 2010-1990
Fertilizer -26,34
N deposition -1,4
N fixation -1,33
Seeds -0,31
Feed (inland) 6,06
Feed (import) -3,66
Sum of inputs -26,98
plant products 17,47
livestock products 7,04
Sum of outputs 24,51
Reduction of N balance -51,49
![Page 8: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Example 3: Regional balances Germany, gross N surface balance (2003)
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 8
N surface balance
in kg N/ha UAA
< 50
50 - < 80
80 - < 100
100 - < 120
120 - < 150
> 150
no data
![Page 9: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
org. N/ha
N-s
urp
lus
in
kg
N/h
a U
AA
Example 4: Farm balances Germany, gross N surface balance (1999/00-2000/01)
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 9
![Page 10: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Concepts 1: Farm Gate Balance
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 10
Farm gate balance(+ / - stock changes)
Surplus Output
Accumulation in soil, leaching into ground and
surface water, volatilisation, denitrification etc.Crops for
market
Animal
products
Source: Bach und Frede, 2005
Input
Secondary
fertilisers
(compost )
Legumi-
nous N-
fixation
Mineral
fertiliser
Atmosph.
deposition
(net)
Seeds,
plants
Feed con-
centrates,
forage
Purchased
animals
![Page 11: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Concepts 2:Surface (Field) and Stable (Livestock) Balance
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 11
Stable balance
Output (leaving the farm)
Surface balance
Crop production
Manure /
slurry
NH3-
volatilisationharvest Livestock
production
(stable)Feed from own
production
Input
Secondary
fertilisers
(compost)
Legumi-
nous N-
fixation
Mineral
fertiliser
Atmosph.
deposition
(net)
Seeds,
plants
Feed con-
centrates,
forage
Purchased
animals
Surplus
Accumulation in soil, leaching into ground and
surface water, volatilisation, denitrification etc.
Crops for
market
Animal
products
Livestock
production?
![Page 12: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Concepts 3:Fertilisation planning
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 12
Stable balance
Output (leaving the farm)
Crop nutrient
requirements
Manure /
slurry
NH3-
volatilisationharvest Livestock
production
(stable)Feed from own
production
Input
Secondary
fertilisers
(compost)
Legumi-
nous N-
fixation
Mineral
fertiliser
Atmosph.
deposition
(net)
Seeds,
plants
Feed con-
centrates,
forage
Purchased
animals
Surplus
Accumulation in soil, leaching into ground and
surface water, volatilisation, denitrification etc.
Crops for
market
Animal
products
Livestock
production
Soil N
mineralised
Fertiliser plan
![Page 13: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Uncertainties and methodological variations
General uncertainties:
• Data on amounts of fertiliser and harvested products
• Coefficients for nutrient content (default values)
• Yearly variations
Methodological variations:
• Which nutrient flows are considered?
• Gross versus net nutrient accounting (nitrogen): Deductions from total nutrient flow in order to account forgaseous nutrient losses or low nutrient availability
• Gross (farm gate) balances: appropriate AE indicator
• Net (surface) balances: appropriate for farm benchmarking
• Fertiliser plans: appropriate for farm management
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 13
![Page 14: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nutrient balances versus fertiliser plans
In both concepts:
• Inputs of fertilisers, accounting for losses etc. is similar
• Fixing the yield levels, realised or expected, is crucial
Fertiliser plans: fixing crop nutrient requirements is crucial
P: balances useful only for several years avg., observation of soil P
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 14
Year t-3 Year t-2 Year t-1 Year t
Backward looking:Nutrient balance
Forward looking:Fertiliser plan
![Page 15: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Data for calculation and verification of nutrient balances and fertiliser plans
• Main difference is the calculation of yields
• Verification of real yields versus usefulness of standard yields
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 15
nutrient balance fertiliser plan
Mineral N input real input ≈ planned + real input
Manure N input heads x excretion – loss =
livestock numbers livestock register =
excretion rates, losses standard rates =
legume N fixation area x standard rate =
other N input receipts/accounts =
Cultivated area area register / IACS =
N removal with harvest real yields ≠ standard yieldsMarketed crops receipts/accounts ≠ standard yields
Cereals etc. for feeding plausiblility checks ≠ standard yields
Higher N content (wheat) receipts/accounts =
Forage crops consistent with excretion ≠ standard yields (?)
![Page 16: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% of total winter wheat area
yie
ld i
n t
/ h
ec
tare
Is assumtion of standards yields useful?Yields of winter wheat throughout Germany (2010)
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 16
≈ 60 kg N / ha
![Page 17: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Discussion
• Integrated abatement strategy needed, curbing N surplus while increasing N use efficiency and avoiding negative impacts on productivity
• Using the N balance or fertiliser plans as indicator for good practice? Policies addressing P surplus and pollution?
• Maximum N balance surplus versus maximum nutrient inputs
• Mandatory versus voluntary, advice-oriented approaches
• Crucial points: verification of yield levels, control of mineral fertilisers purchase, manure im- /exports
• Impacts: N – concentration versus total loads
P – control of runoff
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 17
![Page 18: General overview on the purpose and advantages of nutrient ... · 1. Purpose of nutrient accounting in agriculture 2. Concepts, uncertainties, methodological variations 3. Nutrient](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071214/604404fa120eda7c5560ca28/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thank you for your attention
Contact: [email protected]
28.04.2015 Purpose and advantages of nutrient bookkeepingSeite 18
Livestock
production
(stable)