General Motors in partnership with MichCon & Detroit Edison The Chevy Voltron Saving the planet, one...

General Motors in partnership with

MichCon & Detroit Edison

The Chevy Voltron

Saving the planet, one car at a time.©



Group 3: Hydrogen Generation



Annual Hydrogen Fuel Needs

– Estimated size of fleet10m people in Michigan/300m people in U.S. 100,000 Voltrons in the country 10 years ≈ 30,000 cars

– Estimated fuel needs10,000 miles/yr avgcar uses 3.83L of H2/100miles

98.86 miles/kg H2

≈ 3,100,000 kg H2/year



Hydrogen Production Methods

Electrolysis or Steam Methane Reformation (SMR)

Current H2 generation

95% SMR4% Electrolysis1% Other


MichCon & Detroit EdisonElectrolysis

• Cathode (reduction): 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)

• Anode (oxidation): 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e−


MichCon & Detroit EdisonElectrolysis

• Electricity Generation– Coal – Wind– Solar

• Centralized versus home electrolysis


MichCon & Detroit EdisonElectricity Sources

Coal Wind Solar Thermal Solar

Cost ($/kWh) (industrial)

0.05 0.06 0.13 0.20

Cost ($/kWh)(residential)

0.11 N/A N/A N/A

Efficiency 0.35 0.30 0.60 0.15

Emissions(kg CO2/kWh) 0.915 0 0 0


MichCon & Detroit EdisonCentralized vs. In Home

Centralized Home

(kWh/kg H2) 50 54.2

Efficiency 0.8 0.7

Emissions 0 0

Total (kg CO2/ kg H2) 45.75 49.56

$/kg H2 (coal) 3.13 5.96

$/kg H2 (wind) 3.63

$/kg H2 (solar thermal) 7.13

$/kg H2 (solar) 10.63

Capital cost of industrial electrolyzer $10mAdd $0.63/kg for operating costs and return on investment


MichCon & Detroit EdisonSteam Reformation

• ChemistryCH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 (syngas)

CO + H20 → CO2 + H2

CH4 +2 H20 → CO2 + 4H2

• 63% Efficiency

• 2.5 kg CO2/kg H2


MichCon & Detroit EdisonSequestration?

• Sequestration ~40% energy output used toward sequestration

• Never been done on commercial scale• Enhanced existing oil recovery (Used on

Oil field)• Emissions 85-95% reduction carbon

• To be economic for coal, CO2 cost $25-30/ton (Europe currently $15/ton)

• Steam Reformation $23.45 metric ton of H2 produced


MichCon & Detroit EdisonDistribution

• Pipelines $2.94/kg H2

– Better for small distances and large flows– Installation cost ~$1 million / mile– Operating cost is relatively small.

• Gas Tube Trucks $2.09/kg H2

– Load 300kg– $250,000 per truck

• Cryogenic liquid tankers $0.18/kg H2

– Need to cool and pressurize $1125/kg H2

– Load 4000kg– $600,000 per truck


MichCon & Detroit EdisonComparisons

Centralized Production

Cost of H2

($/year)Plus Transport Cost (Trucks)

EfficiencyEmissions (kg CO2/yr)

Emissions (tons CO2/yr)

Steam Reformation

$6,851,000 $13,330,000 63% 7,781,000 8,577

Electrolysis from Coal

$9,703,000 $16,182,000 28% 141,825,000 156,335

Electrolysis from Wind

$11,253,000 $17,732,000 24% 0 0

Electrolysis from Solar

$32,953,000 $39,432,000 12% 0 0



)

)


MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Recommendation

• Centralized SMR• Carbon Sequestration

• Total CO2 emission: 778,100 kg/year

• Total Cost: $13,402,695

• Comments: • National security: 15% Comes from U.S.• Methane transport• Supply Limited


MichCon & Detroit EdisonGroup 2: Energy Storage



What the Consumer Wants

• The mind of a consumer– Do not think about or see the fuel tank, unless gas price

increases Must be affordable– Expect not to be inconvenienced by having to refuel an

unreasonable ammount Must have a high range per charge

– Expect not to be inconvenienced by the time it takes to refuel or the complexity Must have simple time saving ways to fill up

– Expect to fill up almost anywhere Must have infrastructure

US DOE, National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap


MichCon & Detroit EdisonPotential Efficiency Gains


MichCon & Detroit EdisonDaytime Running Lights

• Decrease accidents 5%

• Decrease energy consumption 53% – (72kWh/yr -> 34kWh/yr)

• HID-Xenon uses 30% less energy than LEDs!– (50W -> 35 W)


MichCon & Detroit EdisonHydrogen Storage

• Compressed Hydrogen Tanks– Type I - All metal cylinder– Type II - Load-bearing metal liner hoop

wrapped with resin impregnated continuous filament

– Type III - Non-load-bearing metal liner axial and hoop wrapped with resin-impregnated continuous filament

– Type IV - Non-load-bearing non-metal liner axial and hoop wrapped with resin-impregnated continuous filament

– Type V - Type of construction not covered by Types 1 through 4 above

US DOE, National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap


MichCon & Detroit EdisonMetal Hydride

• Metal Hydrides are a storage medium for hydrogen

• Hydrogen is released by increasing temperature to 120oC-200oC (use waste heat from fuel cell)

• Good energy density by volume• Energy density by weight worse than

other options• Lifetime of tank reduced by as much as

50% due to impurities present in hydrogen through cycling

• Hydrogen release kinetics may be too slow for vehicular applications and recharge time is slow



• Pros– High energy density by mass

• H2 → 33-40 kWh/kg

• Gasoline → 10-14 kWh/kg

– CO2 emission free

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

– Safety Of H2 Tanks

• 2.35 factor of safety• Tested to double max pressure, 500x more

cycles without leaking• Dropped 6 feet, shot with rifle, burned



• Cons– Low energy density by volume

• H2 → 0.53-0.75 kWh/L (2.36 when liquified)

• Gasoline → 8.76 kWh/L– Restrained by:

• Volume• Weight• Cost• Efficiency• Refueling times


MichCon & Detroit EdisonHow Batteries Work

Convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy

Anode and cathode separated by conductive electrolyte

Electrolyte can be solid or liquid

The voltage across the cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte


MichCon & Detroit EdisonNickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

• Cathode made of Nickel oxyhydroxide NiO(OH)– NiO(OH) + H2O + e- ↔ Ni(OH)2 +OH-

• Hydrogen Absorbing Alloy at Annode– OH- + MH ↔ H2O + M +e-

• Pottasium OH- used as Electrolyte• Metal Alloy used to control endo/exo-thermic

reactions caused by energy absorption in metals due to hydrogen.

• Used in Prius, Honda Insight, and Ford Fusion.

1 http://www.powerstream.com/BatteryFAQ.html


MichCon & Detroit EdisonHow Good is it?

• Gravimetric energy density of 70 Wh/Kg

• Volumetric Energy density of 300 Wh/L

• Relatively low toxicity,• Price 2.75 Wh/US$

– Due to high price of Ni; industry and technology for recycling Ni already exists

1. http://www.powerstream.com/BatteryFAQ.html


MichCon & Detroit EdisonProblems

• Can not be stored for large amounts of time – (3 yrs at room temp)

• Lifetime of approximately 500 - 750 cycles.• 90 % of Rare earth metals (and a larger

percentage of Lanthanum alone) used in US are produced in China. *

(http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/)



Conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries

• Based on the reversible insertion and extraction of Li ions

• Relatively new technology compared to Ni-MH batteries– First commercial cells released by Sony in 1991,

used extensively in consumer electronics

• Higher energy density than Ni-MH, and costs are falling



Conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries Cont’d

• Materials:– Electrolyte: Li ions in an organic solvent– Anode: High surface-area carbon – Cathodes: Ni-Co-Mn, Ni-Co-Al, Mn oxide

spinel, Fe-phosphate


MichCon & Detroit EdisonLithium Titanate

• Most Li-ion battery research has focused on developing new cathode materials.• Altair Technologies has developed Li-titanate as an alternative anode material to carbon. • 30x higher surface area of Li-titanate gives 4x higher max power output [1]• Battery lifetime now as long as that of the car [2]• New=Expensive

This 2008 electric sportscar made by Lighting Co (UK) uses Li-titanate batteries. It costs$173,000.

[1] "Anode'r' way". Power Management Design Line. Feb 2007. [2] http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7081

Nanocrystalline Li-titanate.Source: www.altairnano.com/


MichCon & Detroit EdisonLithium Polymers


MichCon & Detroit EdisonBattery Requirements-Large increase in

efficiency due to decrease in weight

Volt -3500 lbs (total)1

Hypercar-1733 lbs 2

(+ weight of battery)

-Weight loss is counteracted by battery as range is increased

-Chevy volt -40mi/(16kWh*0.5) = 6mi/kWh

from useful capacity

2 GM

3Hypercar source

Figure shows the fuel efficiency in miles per gallon as a function of total vehicle weight 4. :efficiency vs vehicle weight source


MichCon & Detroit EdisonWeights and Range

• Lithium ion battery• 0.13 Wh/kg as energy density

• 50 kWh 384 kg

32% of weight of car

178 miles of range 3.57 mi/kWh efficiency

• 30 kWh 230 kg

22 % of weight of car 125 miles of range

4.1 mi/kWh efficiency

• Using 50 % of battery’s capacity (30-80% charge range)

• Lithium Titanate

• Total weight of car approximately 1000 kg (2200 lbs)

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

40 70 100 130 160

Effi

cien

cy (m

iles/

kWh

capa

city

)

Vehicle Range

Fuel Efficiency vs. Range

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

40 70 100 130 160

Batter

y Sys

tem

Wei

ght (

kg)

Vehicle Range

Battery Weight vs. Range


MichCon & Detroit EdisonWeight Gainer

Fuel efficiency calculated using fuel efficiency/weight relationship in comparison to Chevy Volt which weighs 3500 lbs and gets 2.5 mi/kWh out of the total capacity. It is measured in mi/kWh. Also assuming only 50% of total capacity is usable.


MichCon & Detroit EdisonRange and Capacity

– Rate of change in efficiencies with higher weight of higher capacity battery

• Linear increase in range • 35 % loss between 25 kWh and 50

kWh due to higher weight of battery



Energy Density (by mass)

Energy Density (by volume)

Power Price/kWh

Efficiency

Lifetime

Refuel Time

Gasoline 10-14 kWh/kg

8.76 kWh/L 12.3 kWh/kg

$0.05 18-20 % ---- 3-5 min

Conventional Li-ion polymer

0.12-0.20 kWh/kg

0.27 kWh/L 1000 kW/kg

$200 99.9 % 20+ 1.5 hrs

LiTi 0.11-0.18 kWh/kg

0.240 kWh/L

4000 kW/kg

$1680 >99 % 2+ 2-3 min

NiMH 0.07 kWh/kg

0.30 kWh/L 1 kW/kg

$360 66 % 500-750

7-10 hours

H2 Gas 33.3 kWh/kg

0.75 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW

$0.10 53-58 %22 %

20 5 min

H2 Liquid 33.3 kWh/kg

2.36 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW

$0.18 53-58%17 %

10-15 15 min

Metal Hydride H2 Storage

0.026 kWh/kg

1.13 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW

$5.75 0.65% 100 1 hr


MichCon & Detroit EdisonGroup 1: Power Train


MichCon & Detroit EdisonOverview

• Drivetrain candidates

• Drivetrain qualitative analysis

• Numerical analysis

• Suggested drivetrain

• Methods to Reduce Cost


MichCon & Detroit EdisonDrivetrain Candidates

• Battery Motor Wheels• Gasoline Generator Motor

Wheels• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Motor

Wheels• Hydrogen ICE Wheels



Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis

• Battery/Electric Motor Pros– High socket-to-wheel efficiency– Theoretically Renewable– Zero emissions– Efficient motor– Good Performance Characteristics

• Battery/Electric Motor Cons– Heavy/Bulky Battery– Recharge Times– Range




• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Pros– Efficiency Not Limited by Otto Cycle– Theoretically Renewable– No Emissions– Work on Recycling Materials– Efficient Motor

• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cons– Cost: Platinum Availability– Durability: Resistance to Vibrations– Bad Operation in Freezing Conditions– Limited lifetime




• ICE/Generator– Emissions of CO2 and NOx

– Efficiency drops with more gasoline use• 2.06 km/MJ from 0-40 miles• 1.86 km/MJ from 40-60 miles• 1.24 km/MJ from 60-80 miles

– Price is susceptible to OPEC fluctuations




• Hydrogen ICE Pros– Simple transfer from traditional ICE– Wide flammability range (run lean)– Low ignition energy (ensure prompt lean

combust.)– High autoignition temperature (high

compression ratios)– High diffusivity (homogenous mixture in

cylinder and safety)– Theoretically Renewable




• Hydrogen ICE Cons– Premature Ignition

• Hotspots (low ignition energy)– High Compression Ratio

• High temperature needed to ignite– Low Power Output

• Lean mixtures– Potential for Emissions

• NOx and CO2


MichCon & Detroit EdisonNumerical Analysis

System Efficiency Emissions (CO2)

Initial Cost

cost/mile

Battery/Motor

86.5 % (socket to battery)90% (motor)77% total

0 $500/kWh+$10/kW

$0.02

HICE Pending Compression Ratio

~60% (Ford 9.4:1)

0, ideally $23/kW $0.058 – 0.091

ICE/Generator

15% (ICE)60% (generator)9% total

50 g/km $27/kW $0.04

HFC 40% (gas-to-wheel) 0 $73/kW+$10/kW

$0.07

4.1,1

12H1

2

1

VV


MichCon & Detroit EdisonSuggested Drivetrain

• Battery/Electric Motor– Low cost/mile– High efficiency– Zero emissions– Need to mitigate 5% self-discharge/month– Investigate Li-Ti supplement

• Endure more cycles• Faster charge time



Reduce Hydrogen System Cost

• Gasoline Price Floor• Production Tax Credit for Fuel Cells and

Hydrogen Storage• Income Tax Credit for consumers who

purchase vehicles• Subsidy for hydrogen fuel



Group 4: Electricity Generation and Charging


MichCon & Detroit EdisonZero-emissions Electricity

Average Commuter Statistics

Commute, min/day1 52

Commute, miles/day1

32

Calculated Average mph

37

Miles Traveled/day 40

1 ”Poll: Traffic in the United States” <http://abcnews.go.com/technology/traffic/story?id=485098> 2/13/2005*GWh demanded per year 10 years from now when a fleet will be 30,000 cars

Range, miles

Miles/kWh

GWh/year Required*

Cost?

50 2 219 $$$$$$100 4 109.5 $$$$150 6 73 $$

Battery StatisticsBattery Storage, kWh 50Working Range (80-30%)

50%


MichCon & Detroit EdisonZero-emissions Electricity

= 73 GWh/year

+ +

Battery Statistics1

Battery Storage, kWh 50Working Range (80-30%)

50%

Range, miles 150Miles/kWh 6

1 Specifications reported by Cake-B



Michigan Energy Data

• Current Electricity– In 2007, MI consumed

108,503,102 MWh of electricity1

– Price: 11.37 cents/kWh (Jan 2009)1

– 3% is Renewable• 103 MW of Wind Energy3

• Wind Potential– NREL assessed Michigan has

potential for 16,560 MW Wind Capacity2

– Red areas exhibit 8-8.8 m/s winds at 50m (Class 6 – Outstanding)2

• Off-shore but some close to shore at shallow depths (<30m) available2

• Can utilize low-population areas like UP

1 Michigan Public Service Commission, http://www.mi.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-16377---,00.html 2 Land Policy Institute, Michigan State University, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf3 Michigan Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic Growth, http://www.michigan.gov/dleg/0,1607,7-154-25676_25774---,00.html Image provided by NREL, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/windmaps/mi_50m_800.jpg


MichCon & Detroit Edison Cost

Total Power Needed to Power 30,000 cars a year

8333 kW

Capacity of a Wind Turbine (ex. Siemens SWT 3.6)3

3075 kW at ~ 20% efficiency = 622.46 kW

Turbines Required to fully power 30,000 cars/year

13.38 (14)

Cost of Turbines4 ($2,667/kW)(3075kW)(14) = $114.8 million + 2% maintenance = $117.1 million

Added cost/kWh to electricity sold in MI over next 10 years

$0.00013

New Cost per KWhOR Payback time if 1¢ is added to each kWh

11.38 cents/kWh (from 11.37 cents/kWh)0.13 years

Cost/mile (at 6 miles/kWh) 1.90 cents/mile

Full Range (150 miles) $2.85

Typical Commute (32 miles)4 $0.61

1 Specifications reported by Cake-B2 ABC News – http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id=485098&page=13 Land Policy Institute, Michigan State University, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf4 Cnn.com and Delaware Audubon Society, http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/06/23/wind.turbines/, www.delawareaudubon.org/conservation/windpowersettlement.html



Efficiency & Emissions

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions– Wind creates no GHG Emissions

(0 g C/mile)1

• Turbine-to-Wheels Efficiency– Losses due to:

• Inefficiency of wind turbine (72%)2

• Distribution (6%) and Transmission (2%) through grid (overall 2.24%)3

• Other (0.0775%):– Conversion from AC to DC power (5%)3

– Self-discharge of battery (8% max)3

– Battery charge Inefficiency (0.1%)4

– Electric Motor Inefficiency (10%)4

– End Efficiency of Wind: 20.2%1 CapeWind, http://www.capewind.org/article37.htm,2 Michigan Chamber of Commerce, http://www.michamber.com/docs/homepage/hb456,2.pdf3 Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment, http://www.efcf.com/reports/E18.pdf4 Specifications reported by Cake-B


MichCon & Detroit Edison Hydroelectric Power

• Consumers Energy: 13 hydroelectric plants– 1,139 GWh generated annually1

– 1.05% of Michigan total annual electricity usage2

• ~30% of US hydropotential tapped to date (U. of Oregon)2

• Fleet of 30,000 vehicles requires 73 GWh/yr– 6.4% of total Michigan hydro-capacity

Advantages Disadvantages

Cheap Reservoir level fluctuation

Low operating costs

High capital costs

High efficiency Environmental impact1 Consumers Energy Electric Utility – www.consumersenergy.com2 State of Michigan – http://www.mi.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-16377---,00.html 3 http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/ph162/l14.html


MichCon & Detroit Edison Cost & Efficiency

• No carbon emissions• Hydroelectric power is ~90% efficient5

– Power lines - 90%– Battery charge – 99.9%– Discharge - 99.9%– Electric motor - 90%– Total well-to-wheels efficiency = 73%

• Flexible capacity– Charging can be carried out during off-peak hours

1 http://www.coldenergy.com/difference.htm2 www.autoblog.com/2007/03/26/average-cost-of-driving-remains-flat-at-52-2-cents-mile/3 www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/FEG20084 ABC News – http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id=485098&page=15 Univ. of Michigan - http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/pubs/engineer/06F/feature/index.html#8

Hydroelectric

Cost 9 cents/kWh1

Cost 1.5 cents/mile

Full Range (150 miles)

$2.25

Typical Commute (32 miles)4

$0.48


MichCon & Detroit Edison Photovoltaics

1 www.michigansolarsolutions.com/residential.html2 www.solarelectricsupply.com/systems/grid-tie/discount-gridtie.html from Sanyo, 2007

Advantages Disadvantages

4.2 sunlight hours/day1

High Installation Costs

Net Metering Law

Solar Cell Efficiency ~15%

Tax Incentives

Zero emissions

“Well-to-Wheels Path”

Efficiency

Most Efficient Solar Cell2 22%Inverter Efficiency2 96.6%Wires 97%Effect of dirt, dust, pollen 90%Power lines 90%Battery Charge 99.9%Battery Discharge 99.9%Electric Motor 90%Total Efficiency 15%


MichCon & Detroit Edison Cost

1 www.solarbuzz.com/statscost, 1/20092 www.michigansolarsolutions.com/residential.html

Annual Basis For 10 Years

After Fleet is Built

Vehicles 3,000 30,000

GWh Required 7.3 73

kW System2 4,762 47,619

Number of Panels

24,420 244,200

Cost ($0.30/kWh)

$2.19 million $21.9 million + 1% maintenance = $22.1 million

Photovoltaic

Cost 30 cents/kWh1

Cost 5 cents/mile

Full Range (150 miles) $7.50

Typical Commute (32 miles)

$1.60


MichCon & Detroit Edison Feasibility

• Use only solar panels? Vehicles require 3-4 hours to charge at 220 V. Most consumers will charge overnight.

• Install PV panels on office buildings, parking garages

• Decision: Use 10% solar to account for daytime chargers

• Based on a SANYO 195-Watt HIP-195BA19 Solar Panel:

Annual Basis For 10 Years

After Fleet is Built (30,000 Vehicles)

Vehicles 300 3,000

GWh Required1 0.73 7.3

kW System2 476 4,762

Number of Panels 2,442 24,420

Cost ($0.30/kWh) $219,000 $2.19 million + 1% maintenance = $2.21 million1 40 miles/day driven, 6 miles/kWh

2 4.2 hours of sun/day



Powering the Fleet

• Best Balance:– 90% Wind Energy (cheaper, handles

most charging done at night)– 10% PV Solar Energy (installed in

commercial locations for charging during the day )

– Since most day refills will be done with battery swapping, Solar energy will compensate for long-term day charging (at the office, restaurants)

• Final Costs– Cost of all new energy sources: $149

million– 1.90 cents/mile– 0 g C/mile– 19.7% Panel and Turbine-to-Wheel

Efficiency



Viability of Vehicle Roof Photovoltaics

• 2010 Prius to have a solar panel powered fan = marketing advantage?

• Current Prius aftermarket availability.– SEV & Solatec

• Average 23% fuel economy improvement• Kit price w/ installation: $2000-$4000• Economics: 150,000 lifetime miles

– Break-even gas price average = $4– Saves 750 gallons of gasoline

• Environmental Impact:– Reduction of 1.8 million grams Carbon with PV installed– Reduction of 18 barrels of oil with PV

• Recommendation: speed to market is primary importance • 1st generation without • 2nd generation. Optional kit offers dealerships additional

sales profit, level marketing advantage for Prius.



Viability of Battery Swapping

• Battery Swapping with a SmartV2G system = profitable– Significant revenue source, up to $4,000 a year per vehicle1 – Batteries are leased: >50% plug-in requirement– Lease designed for various customers – Smart Meter / Programmable Charger: battery >60%

requirement• Customizable by the customer

• Battery Swapping – Retrofit existing fueling stations, price defined by lease plan

• Swapping stations also V2G for peak shaving, revenue generation.

• SmartV2G– Replacing a 100 MW peaking gas turbine unit requires appx.

30,000 vehicles supplying 6.6 kW with availability of 50%2

1 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071203133532.htm


MichCon & Detroit EdisonBattery Swapping Details

• Battery swapping has received significant government and venture capital investment during the last two years.– Informational video:

http://www.betterplace.com/press-room/videos-detail/whats-better-place/

– Israel, Denmark, and Australia = invested $500 million - $1 billion

– California & Hawaii already initiated partnership agreements

• Fully automated battery swapping– Battery State-of-Charge alerts driver of need to charge / swap– Smart Battery System tracks battery life



What is Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power?

Each electric drive vehicle (EDV) has: 1) connection to the grid2) system to communicate with grid3) onboard metering and control



V2G – Rethinking the Automobile

• Storage capacity of the electricity grid:

» < 2.2%• Average time a car is parked:

» > 92%

What V2G has to offer the grid:1. Quick response time to demand2. Low stand-by costs3. Low capitol cost per kW

Disadvantages:1. Limited storage2. Short device lifetime3. High energy cost per kWh


MichCon & Detroit EdisonV2G Power Markets

• Four types of electric power markets:

»Baseload power»Peak power»Spinning reserves»Regulation»And soon to be “storage of renewable

energy”

– All controlled by a REAL TIME grid operator


MichCon & Detroit EdisonEconomics of V2G Power

As an example, a typical small electric vehicle:

Net profit = $4928 – $2374 = $2554 per yearor

$76,620,000 for fleet of 30,000 cars, per year


MichCon & Detroit EdisonImplications of V2G Power

Highly recommended under any scenario:- Peak load leveling with nighttime recharging - Peak shaving during daytime: 100 MW capacity with

30,000 car fleet- Good for intermittent renewables

Limitations:– Assumed battery can supply only 1.25kW over an average peak

period – 4 hours– Limited by carrying capacity of home wiring– $400 cost per home for a basic 6.6kW V2G system

• Included in the price of the car / battery lease agreement?

Conclusion: Makes sense now, and will be pivotal in helping usher in more intermittent renewables in the future


MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Conclusions

• For a zero emissions vehicle the most attractive option currently is Steam Reformation

)

)



Energy Density (by mass)

Energy Density (by volume)

Power Price/kWh

Efficiency

Lifetime

Refuel Time

Gasoline 10-14 kWh/kg

8.76 kWh/L 12.3 kWh/kg

$0.05 18-20 % ---- 3-5 min

Conventional Li-ion polymer

0.12-0.20 kWh/kg

0.27 kWh/L 1000 kW/kg

$200 99.9 % 20+ 1.5 hrs

LiTi 0.11-0.18 kWh/kg

0.240 kWh/L

4000 kW/kg

$1680 >99 % 2+ 2-3 min

NiMH 0.07 kWh/kg

0.30 kWh/L 1 kW/kg

$360 66 % 500-750

7-10 hours

H2 Gas 33.3 kWh/kg

0.75 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW

$0.10 53-58 %22 %

20 5 min

H2 Liquid 33.3 kWh/kg

2.36 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW

$0.18 53-58%17 %

10-15 15 min

Metal Hydride H2 Storage

0.026 kWh/kg

1.13 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW

$5.75 0.65% 100 1 hr



• Initial costs are more complicated



• Final Costs– Cost of all new energy

sources: $149 million– 1.90 cents/mile– 0 g C/mile– 19.7% Panel and Turbine-

to-Wheel Efficiency

• V2G– DO IT!!!!


MichCon & Detroit EdisonDesign Option 1

• PV/Wind ->Li-ion batteries->Electric Motor


MichCon & Detroit EdisonDesign Option 2

• SMR with sequestration -> H2 -> fuel cell hybrid vehicle (10% of total capacity held by batteries)

120$/kW (DOE) 10,000$/kW (DOE)


MichCon & Detroit EdisonComparison

Electric Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicle

General Motors in partnership with MichCon & Detroit Edison The Chevy Voltron Saving the planet, one...

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