General Livestock Feeding Topic # 3046 Ms. Blakeley .
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Transcript of General Livestock Feeding Topic # 3046 Ms. Blakeley .
Animals are the result of:
Genetics Health Care and Management What they eat• all feeds come directly from plants
• 2/3 of livestock feed is not suited to humans
What are Nutrients?
Chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used, and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals
_________ are needed by animals in definite amounts varying with age, function, use etc.
Nutrients
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
Carbohydrates
More abundant and cheaper Very easily __________ and turned
into body fat Easier storage than fats Found in all __________________ (corn, wheat, barley, oats, & rye)
Proteins
Complex compounds made of amino acids
In all _______ and _________ cells Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25
tells the amount of protein Plants make their own protein
Source of Protein
Animal Proteins are superior for monogastrics• better balanced in essential amino
acids Milk and Eggs are abundant in
essential amino acids
Plant Protein Sources
Supplements• ________ by-products
• __________ meal
• _____________ meal
• linseed meal
• peanut meal
• safflower meal
• rapeseed meal
Fats
Needed in fairly _______ amounts Most sources of __________ are
sources of fat Especially oil seeds and animal by-
products
Minerals
Minerals are the ____________ elements of animals and plants
Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called ______)
2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)
Vitamins
Roughages, concentrates, feeds, by-products & some are made by the body itself
Required in ________ amounts for normal growth
Specific functions
Feed Additives
_____% of food animals get some drug during lifetime
chemicals that regulate growth, modify rumen activity, improve feed efficiency increase 15% each yr.
lower production _______ unsafe if used improperly
Antibiotics
produced by _______ __________ bacteriostatic properties• growth stimulators
• better feed efficiency Low levels in feeds High (therapeutic) levels in feeds
What is a Feedstuff?
any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them
most provide one or more nutrients _______________ = flavor, color,
palatability, adding bulk, preservatives
Feed Classifications
_____________ __________________ (By-product feeds) Special Feeds Additives, Implants, & Injections
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
Most extensively used system %TDN = %DCP + %DCF +
%DNFE + (%DF x 2.25)• DCP: digestible crude ________
• DCF: digestible crude _______
• DNFE: digestible ________ free extract
• DF: digestible ______
Roughages
______ feeds low in weight per unit Contain more than 18% crude fiber Low in _________ Natural feeds of ruminants Generally low in digestibility Protein varies
Roughages
Pastures ______• varies more than any other feed
• harvest at optimum time
• cure properly 20% moisture or less Crop Residues• left in field after harvest
• straw, corn stalks, etc
Roughages
_______ = fermented forage plants• mostly corn or sorghum
Haylage = low moisture silage• grass or legume wilted to 40-60%
moisture before ensiling Green Chop (soilage)• fresh plants cut & chopped in the field,
transported & fed to confined animals
Roughages – Other
• cottonseed hulls
• corncobs
• sawdust
• beet tops
• root crops
• oat hulls
• peanut hay
• newspapers
Concentrates
Feeds high in energy and low in _______ (under 18%)
Availability and Price Need to substitute concentrates for
each other as price changes Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats,
wheat, triticale
By-Product Feeds (roughage and concentrate)
Feeds ______ ______ from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing• Milling by-products from:– cereal grains– oilseeds– root crops– dried beet pulp and tops– distillery and brewing – unused bakery products– fruits and nuts
By-Product Feeds
Effective & Profitable Use:• price
• composition be known
• palatable and consumed
• not adversely affect carcass quality– chemical residues– pesticides
Special Feeds
_____________: first milk given by mammals after parturition• contains antibodies
• within 15 min to 4 hours
• surplus colostrum can be frozen for up to a year or more
• can feed cow colostrum to lambs etc., but some diseases are species specific
Special Feeds
Milk ___________• can’t replace colostrum
• is fortified with vitamins, minerals & antibiotics
• higher fat reduces diarrhea
Special Feeds
Fats and _______• acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases
______• increases calories of ration (2 1/4 times
energy of carbohydrates)
• controls dust– animals don’t like dusty rations
• lessons wear on feed mixing equip.