General License Course Chapter 2
Transcript of General License Course Chapter 2
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General License Course
Chapter 2
Lesson Plan Module 4 –
HF Operating Techniques
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Basic Operating
• Operating techniques on HF are similar to
operating SSB or CW on 10 meters and 6
meters but are fairly different from VHF and
UHF FM.
• CQ – Calling any station. CQ DX means
calling stations other than in one’s own country
• To join an on-going QSO, give your call sign
during a break in the conversation
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Good Practices
• Choosing a frequency is most important
• Listen, listen, listen
• Ask if the frequency is in use (“Is the frequency in use? This is WØPC”) then ask again, identifying your transmission
• If using CW or digital modes, send: QRL? DE
WØPC
• No one “owns” a frequency – have a “Plan B”
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Good Practices
• Try to put enough separation between your
signal and adjacent signals to minimize
interference.
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Nets and Schedules • Many on-the-air activities are scheduled in
advance
• Courtesy and flexibility are required by
everyone – have a backup plan
• If you’re in a QSO and another station requests the use of the frequency for a
scheduled activity, try to accommodate the
request
• If you’re the net control and the net’s chosen frequency is busy, find a clear frequency
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Band Plans
• The FCC regulations help stations using
compatible modes stay together by dividing
the amateur frequency bands.
• Additional divisions of the band have been
created by radio amateurs and are used on a
strictly voluntary basis. These are called
“Band Plans.”
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Band Plans
• Example of the 20 meter band plan: 14.060 QRP CW calling frequency
14.070-14.095 RTTY/Data
14.095-14.0995 Automatically controlled data
14.100 IBP/NCDXF beacons
14.1005-14.112 Automatically controlled data
14.230 SSTV
• Frequencies Modes/Activities 14.233 D-SSTV
14.236 Digital Voice
14.285 QRP SSB calling frequency
14.286 AM calling frequency
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Band Plans
• Band plans are not regulations and are only
guidelines for operating under normal band
conditions – be flexible!
• When choosing a frequency for SSTV, RTTY,
or PSK31 operation, check the band plan for
recommended frequencies
• DX windows are a section of the band where
stations (other than U.S. stations in the
contiguous 48 states) may be contacted
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Managing Interference
• Interference occurs for several reasons
• QRM – Interference from other signals
• QRN – Static (storms, motors, power lines, etc.)
• Harmful interference – Seriously degrades,
obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts communication
• Deliberate interference – Malicious, willful
• Rare – don’t engage, just avoid it
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Managing Interference
• Learn the characteristics of each band
• Know the strengths and weaknesses of your
station
• Keep your transmitted signal clean
• Use directional antennas
• Reacting to Interference
• No one owns any frequency, be flexible
• Change your frequency if necessary
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CW Mode
• CW (Morse code) – Found at the bottom of
each HF band, but can be transmitted on
almost any amateur frequency
• Speeds vary from 5 to 50 WPM
• Answer a CQ at the speed at which it was sent
• Most CW ops will slow down if you send
“QRS” (send slower) • Code is sent by keys, paddles, bugs, and
keyboards
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AM & SSB Modes
• AM and SSB phone (voice)
• On HF, SSB is the most common phone signal
• SSB (3 kHz) uses less spectrum than AM (6
kHz) because the carrier and one sideband are
suppressed and not transmitted
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AM & SSB Modes
• Upper sideband (USB) is used above 9 MHz
(20 meters – 10 meters) and on 60 meters
• Lower sideband (LSB) is used below 9 MHz
(160 meters, 80 meters, and 40 meters)
• Upper sideband is used on VHF and UHF
bands
• FM is found only on the upper portion of 10
meters
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Image Mode
• SSTV popular on HF
• Permitted wherever phone transmissions are
permitted, except 60 meters
• Computer, soundcard, interface, and software are
required
• Fast-scan (FSTV or ATV) used on UHF and
up
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HF Receiving
• FM radios have controls for frequency or
channel selection, squelch, and volume
• SSB/CW receivers have more controls
• They are designed for non-channelized,
continuous tuning operation
• Squelch is generally not used on HF receivers
because of the high noise levels
• DSP features are used for noise reduction and
filtering
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HF Transmitting – Phone
• Push-to-talk – Just like on VHF/UHF
• Voice-operated-transmit (VOX)
• Hands-free operation
• Great for contesting & roundtable operations
• VOX also used for CW and digital
transmissions
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HF Transmitting – Phone
• VOX controls:
• VOX Gain – The more sensitive the VOX circuit,
the less audio it takes to key the transmitter
• VOX Delay – VOX delay holds the transmitter on
for a short period (it keeps the transmitter from
continuously turning on and off)
• Anti-VOX – The anti-VOX prevents received audio
from turning on the VOX circuit
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HF Phone Procedures and
Abbreviations
• Same basic procedure as VHF/UHF
• Phonetics are important on HF
• Q-Signals – Heard on SSB even though they
were designed as shorthand for CW
• Avoid “CB Talk” and 10-codes (“10-4”) • Obsolete and bad form
• Plain speech is more effective
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HF CW Transmitting
• Morse code is alive and well in Amateur
Radio
• Morse ops use:
• Straight keys
• Iambic paddles
• Bugs
• Keyboards
• Most radios offer full break-in (QSK)
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HF CW Transmitting • Zero beating is adjusting the transmitter
frequency to the other station’s transmitting frequency, producing the same audio tone
• “RST” (Readability, Strength, and Tone). The higher the number the better (e.g., 489, 579,
599, or 5NN)
• Readability (1-5) – Strength (1-9) – Tone (1-9)
• Add “C” to indicate “chirp” on transmission –
479C
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CW Procedures / Abbreviations
• Procedural signals like “K” (over) control the flow of the contact
• Prosigns are two letters sent as a single
Morse character, written with an overscore
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AR End of Message
SK End of Communication
BT Separation (between message text and other
information)
KN Only the station with whom I am in contact should respond
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CW Procedures / Abbreviations
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Abbreviations:
• WX – Weather
• CUL – See you later
• TNX – Thanks
• 73 – Best wishes
• CL – Clear, going off the
air
Q-Signals:
• QRN – Atmospheric noise
• QRM – Man-made noise
• QRV – Ready to copy
• QSL – Acknowledge
receipt
• QRL – Frequency is in use
• QRP – Low power, 5 W or
less
Q-Signals (statement or made
into a question)
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Practice Questions
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When choosing a transmitting frequency, what
should you do to comply with good amateur
practice?
A. Insure that the frequency and mode selected are within your
license class privileges
B. Follow generally accepted band plans agreed to by the
Amateur Radio community
C. Monitor the frequency before transmitting
D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.101(a)] G1B08
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When choosing a transmitting frequency, what
should you do to comply with good amateur
practice?
A. Insure that the frequency and mode selected are within your
license class privileges
B. Follow generally accepted band plans agreed to by the
Amateur Radio community
C. Monitor the frequency before transmitting
D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.101(a)] G1B08
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Which sideband is most commonly used for
voice communications on frequencies of 14 MHz
or higher?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A01
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Which sideband is most commonly used for
voice communications on frequencies of 14 MHz
or higher?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A01
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Which of the following modes is most
commonly used for voice communications on the
160-meter, 75-meter, and 40-meter bands?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A02
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Which of the following modes is most
commonly used for voice communications on the
160-meter, 75-meter, and 40-meter bands?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A02
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Which of the following is most commonly used
for SSB voice communications in the VHF and
UHF bands?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A03
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Which of the following is most commonly used
for SSB voice communications in the VHF and
UHF bands?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A03
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Which mode is most commonly used for voice
communications on the 17-meter and 12-meter
bands?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A04
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Which mode is most commonly used for voice
communications on the 17-meter and 12-meter
bands?
A. Upper sideband
B. Lower sideband
C. Vestigial sideband
D. Double sideband G2A04
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Which mode of voice communication is most
commonly used on the HF amateur bands?
A. Frequency modulation
B. Double sideband
C. Single sideband
D. Phase modulation G2A05
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Which mode of voice communication is most
commonly used on the HF amateur bands?
A. Frequency modulation
B. Double sideband
C. Single sideband
D. Phase modulation G2A05
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Which of the following is an advantage when
using single sideband as compared to other
analog voice modes on the HF amateur bands?
A. Very high fidelity voice modulation
B. Less bandwidth used and greater power efficiency
C. Ease of tuning on receive and immunity to impulse noise
D. Less subject to interference from atmospheric static crashes G2A06
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Which of the following is an advantage when
using single sideband as compared to other
analog voice modes on the HF amateur bands?
A. Very high fidelity voice modulation
B. Less bandwidth used and greater power efficiency
C. Ease of tuning on receive and immunity to impulse noise
D. Less subject to interference from atmospheric static crashes G2A06
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Which of the following statements is true of the
single sideband voice mode?
A. Only one sideband and the carrier are transmitted; the other
sideband is suppressed
B. Only one sideband is transmitted; the other sideband and
carrier are suppressed
C. SSB is the only voice mode that is authorized on the 20-meter,
15-meter, and 10-meter amateur bands
D. SSB is the only voice mode that is authorized on the 160-
meter, 75-meter and 40-meter amateur bands G2A07
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Which of the following statements is true of the
single sideband voice mode?
A. Only one sideband and the carrier are transmitted; the other
sideband is suppressed
B. Only one sideband is transmitted; the other sideband and
carrier are suppressed
C. SSB is the only voice mode that is authorized on the 20-meter,
15-meter, and 10-meter amateur bands
D. SSB is the only voice mode that is authorized on the 160-
meter, 75-meter and 40-meter amateur bands G2A07
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Which of the following is a recommended way
to break into a contact when using phone?
A. Say “QRZ” several times followed by your call sign
B. Say your call sign during a break between transmissions by the
other stations
C. Say “Break Break Break” and wait for a response
D. Say “CQ” followed by the call sign of either station G2A08
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Which of the following is a recommended way
to break into a contact when using phone?
A. Say “QRZ” several times followed by your call sign
B. Say your call sign during a break between transmissions
by the other stations
C. Say “Break Break Break” and wait for a response
D. Say “CQ” followed by the call sign of either station G2A08
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Why do most amateur stations use lower
sideband on the 160-meter, 75-meter and 40-
meter bands?
A. Lower sideband is more efficient than upper sideband at these
frequencies
B. Lower sideband is the only sideband legal on these frequency
bands
C. Because it is fully compatible with an AM detector
D. Current amateur practice is to use lower sideband on these
frequency bands G2A09
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Why do most amateur stations use lower
sideband on the 160-meter, 75-meter and 40-
meter bands?
A. Lower sideband is more efficient than upper sideband at these
frequencies
B. Lower sideband is the only sideband legal on these frequency
bands
C. Because it is fully compatible with an AM detector
D. Current amateur practice is to use lower sideband on these
frequency bands G2A09
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Which of the following statements is true of
voice VOX operation versus PTT operation?
A. The received signal is more natural sounding
B. It allows “hands free” operation
C. It occupies less bandwidth
D. It provides more power output G2A10
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Which of the following statements is true of
voice VOX operation versus PTT operation?
A. The received signal is more natural sounding
B. It allows “hands free” operation
C. It occupies less bandwidth
D. It provides more power output G2A10
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What does the expression “CQ DX” usually indicate?
A. A general call for any station
B. The caller is listening for a station in Germany
C. The caller is looking for any station outside their own country
D. A distress call G2A11
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What does the expression “CQ DX” usually indicate?
A. A general call for any station
B. The caller is listening for a station in Germany
C. The caller is looking for any station outside their own
country
D. A distress call G2A11
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Which of the following is true concerning access
to frequencies in non-emergency situations?
A. Nets always have priority
B. QSOs in progress always have priority
C. Except during FCC declared emergencies, no one has priority
access to frequencies
D. Contest operations must always yield to non-contest use of
frequencies G2B01
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Which of the following is true concerning access
to frequencies in non-emergency situations?
A. Nets always have priority
B. QSOs in progress always have priority
C. Except during FCC declared emergencies, no one has
priority access to frequencies
D. Contest operations must always yield to non-contest use of
frequencies G2B01
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If propagation changes during your contact and
you notice increasing interference from other
activity on the same frequency, what should you
do?
A. Tell the interfering stations to change frequency
B. Report the interference to your local Amateur Auxiliary
Coordinator
C. As a common courtesy, move your contact to another
frequency
D. Increase power to overcome interference G2B03
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If propagation changes during your contact and
you notice increasing interference from other
activity on the same frequency, what should you
do?
A. Tell the interfering stations to change frequency
B. Report the interference to your local Amateur Auxiliary
Coordinator
C. As a common courtesy, move your contact to another
frequency
D. Increase power to overcome interference G2B03
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When selecting a CW transmitting frequency,
what minimum separation should be used to
minimize interference to stations on adjacent
frequencies?
A. 5 to 50 Hz
B. 150 to 500 Hz
C. 1 to 3 kHz
D. 3 to 6 kHz G2B04
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When selecting a CW transmitting frequency,
what minimum separation should be used to
minimize interference to stations on adjacent
frequencies?
A. 5 to 50 Hz
B. 150 to 500 Hz
C. 1 to 3 kHz
D. 3 to 6 kHz G2B04
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What is the customary minimum frequency
separation between SSB signals under normal
conditions?
A. Between 150 and 500 Hz
B. Approximately 3 kHz
C. Approximately 6 kHz
D. Approximately 10 kHz G2B05
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What is the customary minimum frequency
separation between SSB signals under normal
conditions?
A. Between 150 and 500 Hz
B. Approximately 3 kHz
C. Approximately 6 kHz
D. Approximately 10 kHz G2B05
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What is a practical way to avoid harmful
interference on an apparently clear frequency
before calling CQ on CW or phone?
A. Send “QRL?” on CW, followed by your call sign; or, if using phone, ask if the frequency is in use, followed by your call
sign
B. Listen for 2 minutes before calling CQ
C. Send the letter “V” in Morse code several times and listen for a response or say “test” several times and listen for a response
D. Send “QSY” on CW or if using phone, announce “the frequency is in use,” then give your call and listen for a response
G2B06
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What is a practical way to avoid harmful
interference on an apparently clear frequency
before calling CQ on CW or phone?
A. Send “QRL?” on CW, followed by your call sign; or, if using phone, ask if the frequency is in use, followed by
your call sign
B. Listen for 2 minutes before calling CQ
C. Send the letter “V” in Morse code several times and listen for a response or say “test” several times and listen for a response
D. Send “QSY” on CW or if using phone, announce “the frequency is in use”, then give your call and listen for a response
G2B06
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Which of the following complies with good
amateur practice when choosing a frequency on
which to initiate a call?
A. Check to see if the channel is assigned to another station
B. Identify your station by transmitting your call sign at least 3
times
C. Follow the voluntary band plan for the operating mode you
intend to use
D. All of these choices are correct G2B07
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Which of the following complies with good
amateur practice when choosing a frequency on
which to initiate a call?
A. Check to see if the channel is assigned to another station
B. Identify your station by transmitting your call sign at least 3
times
C. Follow the voluntary band plan for the operating mode
you intend to use
D. All of these choices are correct G2B07
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What is the “DX window” in a voluntary band plan?
A. A portion of the band that should not be used for contacts
between stations within the 48 contiguous United States
B. An FCC rule that prohibits contacts between stations within
the United States and possessions in that portion of the band
C. An FCC rule that allows only digital contacts in that portion of
the band
D. A portion of the band that has been voluntarily set aside for
digital contacts only G2B08
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What is the “DX window” in a voluntary band plan?
A. A portion of the band that should not be used for contacts
between stations within the 48 contiguous United States
B. An FCC rule that prohibits contacts between stations within
the United States and possessions in that portion of the band
C. An FCC rule that allows only digital contacts in that portion of
the band
D. A portion of the band that has been voluntarily set aside for
digital contacts only G2B08
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Which of the following describes full break-in
telegraphy (QSK)?
A. Breaking stations send the Morse code prosign BK
B. Automatic keyers are used to send Morse code instead of hand
keys
C. An operator must activate a manual send/receive switch before
and after every transmission
D. Transmitting stations can receive between code characters and
elements G2C01
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Which of the following describes full break-in
telegraphy (QSK)?
A. Breaking stations send the Morse code prosign BK
B. Automatic keyers are used to send Morse code instead of hand
keys
C. An operator must activate a manual send/receive switch before
and after every transmission
D. Transmitting stations can receive between code characters
and elements G2C01
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What should you do if a CW station sends
“QRS”?
A. Send slower
B. Change frequency
C. Increase your power
D. Repeat everything twice G2C02
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What should you do if a CW station sends
“QRS”?
A. Send slower
B. Change frequency
C. Increase your power
D. Repeat everything twice G2C02
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What does it mean when a CW operator sends
“KN” at the end of a transmission?
A. Listening for novice stations
B. Operating full break-in
C. Listening only for a specific station or stations
D. Closing station now G2C03
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What does it mean when a CW operator sends
“KN” at the end of a transmission?
A. Listening for novice stations
B. Operating full break-in
C. Listening only for a specific station or stations
D. Closing station now G2C03
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What does the Q signal “QRL?” mean?
A. “Will you keep the frequency clear?”
B. “Are you operating full break-in” or “Can you operate full break-in?”
C. “Are you listening only for a specific station?”
D. “Are you busy?”, or “Is this frequency in use?” G2C04
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What does the Q signal “QRL?” mean?
A. “Will you keep the frequency clear?”
B. “Are you operating full break-in” or “Can you operate full break-in?”
C. “Are you listening only for a specific station?”
D. “Are you busy?”, or “Is this frequency in use?” G2C04
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What is the best speed to use when answering a
CQ in Morse code?
A. The fastest speed at which you are comfortable copying
B. The speed at which the CQ was sent
C. A slow speed until contact is established
D. At the standard calling speed of 5 wpm G2C05
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What is the best speed to use when answering a
CQ in Morse code?
A. The fastest speed at which you are comfortable copying
B. The speed at which the CQ was sent
C. A slow speed until contact is established
D. At the standard calling speed of 5 wpm G2C05
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What does the term “zero beat” mean in CW operation?
A. Matching the speed of the transmitting station
B. Operating split to avoid interference on frequency
C. Sending without error
D. Matching your transmit frequency to the frequency of a
received signal G2C06
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What does the term “zero beat” mean in CW operation?
A. Matching the speed of the transmitting station
B. Operating split to avoid interference on frequency
C. Sending without error
D. Matching your transmit frequency to the frequency of a
received signal G2C06
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When sending CW, what does a “C” mean when added to the RST report?
A. Chirpy or unstable signal
B. Report was read from an S meter rather than estimated
C. 100 percent copy
D. Key clicks G2C07
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When sending CW, what does a “C” mean when added to the RST report?
A. Chirpy or unstable signal
B. Report was read from an S meter rather than estimated
C. 100 percent copy
D. Key clicks G2C07
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What prosign is sent to indicate the end of a
formal message when using CW?
A. SK
B. BK
C. AR
D. KN G2C08
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What prosign is sent to indicate the end of a
formal message when using CW?
A. SK
B. BK
C. AR
D. KN G2C08
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What does the Q signal “QSL” mean?
A. Send slower
B. We have already confirmed by card
C. I acknowledge receipt
D. We have worked before G2C09
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What does the Q signal “QSL” mean?
A. Send slower
B. We have already confirmed by card
C. I acknowledge receipt
D. We have worked before G2C09
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What does the Q signal “QRN” mean?
A. Send more slowly
B. I am troubled by static
C. Zero beat my signal
D. Stop sending G2C10
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What does the Q signal “QRN” mean?
A. Send more slowly
B. I am troubled by static
C. Zero beat my signal
D. Stop sending G2C10
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What does the Q signal “QRV” mean?
A. You are sending too fast
B. There is interference on the frequency
C. I am quitting for the day
D. I am ready to receive messages G2C11
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What does the Q signal “QRV” mean?
A. You are sending too fast
B. There is interference on the frequency
C. I am quitting for the day
D. I am ready to receive messages G2C11
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Which of the following describes an azimuthal
projection map?
A. A map that shows accurate land masses
B. A map that shows true bearings and distances from a particular
location
C. A map that shows the angle at which an amateur satellite
crosses the equator
D. A map that shows the number of degrees longitude that an
amateur satellite appears to move westward at the equator
with each orbit G2D04
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Which of the following describes an azimuthal
projection map?
A. A map that shows accurate land masses
B. A map that shows true bearings and distances from a
particular location
C. A map that shows the angle at which an amateur satellite
crosses the equator
D. A map that shows the number of degrees longitude that an
amateur satellite appears to move westward at the equator
with each orbit G2D04
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What is QRP operation?
A. Remote piloted model control
B. Low power transmit operation
C. Transmission using Quick Response Protocol
D. Traffic relay procedure net operation G2D10
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What is QRP operation?
A. Remote piloted model control
B. Low power transmit operation
C. Transmission using Quick Response Protocol
D. Traffic relay procedure net operation G2D10
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Which HF antenna would be the best to use for
minimizing interference?
A. A quarter-wave vertical antenna
B. An isotropic antenna
C. A directional antenna
D. An omnidirectional antenna G2D11
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Which HF antenna would be the best to use for
minimizing interference?
A. A quarter-wave vertical antenna
B. An isotropic antenna
C. A directional antenna
D. An omnidirectional antenna G2D11
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Which of the following is a good indicator of the
possibility of sky-wave propagation on the 6-
meter band?
A. Short skip sky-wave propagation on the 10-meter band
B. Long skip sky-wave propagation on the 10-meter band
C. Severe attenuation of signals on the 10-meter band
D. Long delayed echoes on the 10-meter band G3B02
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Which of the following is a good indicator of the
possibility of sky-wave propagation on the 6-
meter band?
A. Short skip sky-wave propagation on the 10-meter band
B. Long skip sky-wave propagation on the 10-meter band
C. Severe attenuation of signals on the 10-meter band
D. Long delayed echoes on the 10-meter band G3B02
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What is the purpose of an electronic keyer?
A. Automatic transmit/receive switching
B. Automatic generation of strings of dots and dashes for CW
operation
C. VOX operation
D. Computer interface for PSK and RTTY operation G4A10
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What is the purpose of an electronic keyer?
A. Automatic transmit/receive switching
B. Automatic generation of strings of dots and dashes for CW
operation
C. VOX operation
D. Computer interface for PSK and RTTY operation G4A10
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