General Knowledge V

7/22/2019 General Knowledge V

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SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

Some Scientific Instruments

Altimeter — An instrument used for measuring altitudes in aircraft.

Ammeter — An instrument for measuring electrical currents in amperes.

Anemometer — An instrument for measuring the force and velocity ofwind.

Audiometer — An instrument for measuring the intensity of sound.

Audiophone — An instrument for improving imperfect sense of hearing.

Barometer — An apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric pres-sure. It is of 2 types — Aneroid and Fortin's Barometer..

Calorimeter — An instrument used for measuring quantities of heat.

Carburettor — An apparatus used in an internal combustion engine forcharging air with petrol vapour.

Cardiograph — A medical instrument for tracing heart movements. Chronometer — An instrument kept on board ships for measuring

accurate time.

Cinematography — It contains a series of lenses arranged to throw onscreen an enlarged image of photographs.

Crescograph — It was invented by J.C. Bose. It is used for measuringgrowth in plants.

Dip Circle — An instrument for determining the angle between thedirection of the resultant intensity of earth's field and the horizontalcomponent at a plane. This particular angle is known as the dip of that place.

Drinker's Apparatus — An instrument used to help breathing in

infantile paralysis. Dynamo — The origin of electricity in a dynamo is the transformation of

mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electrometer — It is an instrument for measuring electricity.

Eudiometer — A glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemicalreactions between gases.



Evaporimeter — Cumulative Pan Evaporimeter used to measure waterevaporation through sunlights.

Galvanometer — An instrument for measuring electric currents of smallmagnitude.

Hygroscope — An instrument used to illustrate dynamics of rotating bodies; a type of spinning wheel fixed to the axle.

Hydrometer — An instrument used for measuring the specific gravity otliquids.

Hydrophone — An instrument for recording sound under water.

Hygrometer — An instrument for measuring humidity in air.

Lactometer — It is used for testing the purity of milk.

Manometer — An instrument for determining the pressure of a gas.

Mariner's compass — An apparatus used by sailors to tell them thedirection. The needle always points north south.

Microphone — An instrument for converting sound waves into electricalvibrations and thus to magnify the sound.

Microscope — An instrument used for mangifying minute objects by alens system.

Odometer — An instrument by which the distance covered by wheeledvehicles is measured.

Phonograph — An instrument for reproducing sound.

Photometer — It is an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; adevice for comparing the luminous intensity of sources of light.

Polarimeter — An instrument used for measuring optical activity.

Potentiometer — It is used for comapring electromotive force (e.ml.) ofcells measurement of the thermal e.m.f. large potential differences andcurrents.

Pyrometer — An instrument for recording high temperatures from a

great distance. Radar — It is an abbreviated form of Radio, Angle, Direction and Range.

It is used for detecting the direction and range of an approaching plane bymeans of radio microwaves. __-"

Rain Gauge — An apparatus for recording rainfall at a particular place. Radiometer — An instrument for measuring the emission of radiant

energy.

Refractometer — An instrument to measure refractive indexes.

Saccharimeter — An instrument for determining the amount of sugar ina solution. It is used in breweries.



Seismometer or Seismograph — An instrument for recording earth-quake shocks.

Sextant — An instrument invented by John Hadley used for measuringthe altitude of the sun and other heavenly bodies.

Spectrometer — An instrument for measuring the energy distribution of

a particular type of radiation. Speedometer — An instrument which indicates the speed at which a

vehicle is moving.

Spherometer — An instrument for measuring curvature of surfaces.

Stethoscope — An instrument used by physicians to hear and analysemovements of heart and lungs.

Stroboscope — An instrument for viewing objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.

Sunshine Recorder — It is used to record sunshine duration (hrs/day)for growth of crops/plants.

Tachometer — An instrument for determining speeds of aeroplanes and

motor-boats. Teleprinter — An instrument which prints automatically messages sent

from one place to another on telegraph lines.

Telstar — It is a space communication satellite developed by Bell foroverseas communications. It was launched on July 10, 1962 from CapeCanaveral (U.S.A.). Besides telephone calls, Telstar enables televisionmicrowave transmission to be made from and to any country with atransmitting and receiving station.

Telescope — It is an apparatus used for observing distant objects.

Theodollite-Aninstrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Thermocouple — An instrument based on thermoelectricity used formeasuring temperatures.

Thermometer — An apparatus used for measuring temperature (maxi.and mini.)

Thermometer (Dry and Wet Bulb) — It is used to measure atmospherichumidity.

Thermostat — An instrument used to regulate temperature to a parti-cular degree.

Viscometer — An instrument to measure viscosity.

Wind Vane — An instrument for measuring wind direction, indicatedwith NJS E.W directions.



SCIENTIFIC TERMS EXPLAINED

Absolute Zero — On the temperature scale is the lowest temperature

theoretically possible. The theoretical point is equivalent to — 459-6°F or —

273-16° at which all molecular motion stops.

Acupuncture — It is an ancient technique, very much in vogue in China,

of deadening pain. It is claimed that by the use of acupuncture major surgical

operations can be performed without anaesthesia. The underlying principle is

that there are several points in the body at which if needles are struck, a

numbing effect is produced.

Allometry — It denotes the relationship between die growth rates of an

individual plant part/or an organ/or organism.

Allotropy — Existence of a chemical element in two or more forms

differing in physical properties but giving rise to identical chemicalcompounds.

Allelopathy — Also known as antibiosis of allelochemical inter-action,

which has direct or indirect inhibitory influence of one plant species or others

and V/s.

Anabolism — Building up of complex substances from simple ones in

living tissues. It is a part of the process of metabolism.

Anaesthetics — Drugs causing unconsciousness such as chloroform.

Antibiotics — These are the drugs which are produced by bacte-ria and

which act against other strains of bacteria e.v. Penicillin, Streptomycin,

Teramycin, Chloromycetin etc.

Astigmatism — It is an aberration of an optical system that causes lines

in some directions to be focussed less sharply than lines in other directions.

To the eyei^causes defective vision.

Atomic Energy — It is produced due to the splitting up of atoms of

certain radio-active elements. The energy produced in this manner can be

used for constructive or destructive purposes.

Atomic number — The number of electrons, or what is equivalent, die

positive charge on the nucleus, of an atom.

Black box — It is an apparatus which records the flight data of an

aeroplane and is also a voice recorder.



Bacteria — Are minute organisms appearing under a microscopic

observation as a group of rods or spheres. Some are harmful bacteria for they

help in the spread of disease, some are useful for making soil fertile.

Bioeco compass — A unique device developed by Timiryazev Agricul

tural Academy in Moscow, which can give reliable forewarning of natural

calamities like floods and droughts.Blood group — Dr. Costello and later Dr. Moss classified blood into

various groups viz. AB, A and O according to the viscosity of blood. Patients

are administered blood of their own group.

Blood Transfusion — This is process of transfusing blood of one person

into the blood stream of another person.

Calorie — The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram

of water through 1 °C.

Centripetal Force — The force which tends to pull whirling objects

towards the centre of rotation.

Centrifugal Force — The force with which a body revolving round the

centre tends to fly off.Catalyst — A substance which aids or speeds up a chemical process

without itself undergoing any change.

Chemotherapy — Treatment of diseases by means of a chemical com-

pound having a specific bactericidal effect.

Chlorophyll — The green pigment contained in the leaves of plants. It

enables the plants to manufacture food with the help of sun light. It was first

discovered by PJ. Pelletier (1778-1892) and J.B. Caventon (1715-1887) in

1818.

Colour Blindness — It is an inborn condition in some people of not being

able to distinguish between certain colours.

Deficiency diseases — These are the diseases which are caused due tothe deficiency in the body of certain vitamins.

Dialysis — It is a machine used for blood purification when the kidneys

malfunction. The process is also known as dialysis.

Dry Ice — It is solid carbon dioxide.

Efflorescence — The property possessed by certain crystalline substances

of losing their water of crystallization when exposed to the air and becoming

amorphous. Example — washing soda.

Electric Motor — It is a device to transform electrical energy into

mechanical energy.



Electrolysis — It is the passage of an electric current through an

electrolyte with subsequent migration of ions to the electrodes.

Ecology — It is the study of the balance of nature, how different living

beings and inanimate objects function together as a harmonious whole.

Endemic — A disease which becomes prevalent in a particular area on

account of its sorrounding conditions.

Enzymes — These are organic catalysts which actually accelerate the

chemical reactions occurring in the living organism. For example lipase

accelerates the hydrolysis of fats; diastase helps the conversion of starch to

glucose; zymase quickens fermentation of sugar to alcohol.

Epidemic — A disease which attacks many people in a particular area at

one time.

Escape Velocity — It is the minimum speed which a space craft must

have to escape the earth's "Gravitational Pull". It is 11-2 km/ sec. from the

earth.

Exbiology — The new science which deals with life or possibilities of life

existing beyond the earth i.e. on other planets.Fossils — The remains or forms of a plant or animal which are found

deposited at a particular place over a long period of time in the form of rocks.

Fly ash — A waste product from thermal power stations using coal. The

strategic metal., germanium can be extracted from fly ash.

Fungi — A class of plants which have no chlorophyll.

Gene — An elementary unit of heredity. It occurs along the length of the

chromosomes which surround the nuclei.

Genetic Code — The code of life by which inherited characteristics are

handed ctownjxom one generation to another. The code bearing material

is...D.N.A. (deoxyribonucleic acid) a biological matter which makes

transmission of characteristics possible.

Green House (Glass House) — Heating influence by solar radiation

reaching ground surface, allowed by C02, ozone, dust, water, vapours,

atmosphere etc.

Haemoglobin — The red pigment present in the blood functioning as an

oxygen carrier.

Hibernation — Condition of sleep during certain parts of the year.

Hormones — These are chemical substances produced by ductless or

endocrine glands.



Heavy water — The usual chemical formula for water is H20. Thissignifies that two atoms of hydrogen are linked with one atom of oxygen toform one molecule of water. The formula for heavy water is DzO.

Hydrophobia — It is usually caused by the bite of a mad dog. It is anincurable disease. Once it develops, the patient dies of it. It can be prevented

by injections discovered by Pasteur. Injections are known as ARV (Anti-rabic venom).

Hydroponics — It is the process of growing plants by feeding them onnutrients without using soil.

Implosion — It is a technique for detonating underground nucleardevices.

Ionisation — It is the process of splitting up of a molecule into ions.

Iron Lung — A mechanical device consisting of a chamber in whichalternate pulsations of high and low pressure of the thorax of a patient

produce normal lung movements. It is used in cases in which respirationmuscles are paralysed, e.g. in poliomylitis.

Isotopes — Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number butwith different atomic mass number are known as Isotopes of that element.They contain different number of neutrons.

Kinetic energy — It is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of itsmotion.

Laser Beam — 'Laser' is the abbreviated form of 'Light, Amplification, by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. It is a device for producingconcentrated, powerful monochromatic and coherent beam of light. It is usedin medicine, warfare etc.

Light Year — An astronomical measure of distance; the distancetraveUed by light in vacuum in one year. The velocity of light is, 3 x 10s m/s

(1 light year = 9-46 x 10

15

m)

, Meson — A new particle which holds the protons and neutrons of/ the

atomic nucleus discovered by a Japanese scientist Yukawa. {'I

Metabolism — It is a chemical process concerned with the burning and

regeneration of tissues occurring in living organisms.

Myopia — Short-sightedness. A myopic man cannot see distant objectsclearly while he can see near objects quite clearly.

Nitrogen Fixation — Nitrogen has the property of reacting under specialconditions to form a number of useful products. Owing to this property diefree atmospheric nitrogen is converted into so many nitrogenous compounds.



Neutralization — Addition of acid to alkali or vice-versa, so that thesolution is neutralized, the properties of the compounds disappear.

Neutron Bomb — Developed by the United States, the bomb causesnegligible damage to buildings and other installations, but kills peopleinstantly through radiation.

Nuclear Fission — It is the process of breaking apart of the nucleus of anatom.

Nuclear Fuel — It is a substance which undergoes nuclear fission in anuclear reactor.

Osmosis — In the process of a solution being separated from its puresolvent by a semi-porous membrane, the molecules of the solvent begin totravel across the membrane and reach the solution to dilute it. The processgoes on till concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. This

phenomenon is known as Osmosis.

Outer space — The part of the universe which lies beyond the earth'satmosphere where the density of matter is very low.

Oxidation — It is a process of addition of oxygen. Photosynthesis — Itis the process by which green plants manufacture food in the form of

carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight.

Polymerization — Chemical union of two or more molecules of thesame compound to form larger molecules. The process results in the forma-tion of a new compound of the same empirical formula but greater molecularweight.

Potential energy — It is the energy possessed by the body by virtueof its position or shape.

Protoplasm — It is the living matter present in the cells of animal andvegetable life.

Psychedelic drugs — These are the drugs which produce a mental state

of great calm. Radiation — The process of transmission of heat in straight lines without

heating the intervening medium.

Radio activity — It is a characteristic of substances like uranium,thorium, radium and actinium to emit radiation which can penetrate opaquesubstances, affect a photographic plate in the dark and ionize gases etc.

Refraction — When a ray of light enters from a rare medium to a densermedium, it is bent or refracted towards the normal. Mirage is formed byrefraction.

Rocket — A type of vehicle driven by the engine which does not dependupon air as medium. It is therefore capable of working in outer space.



Relativity theory — Theory associated with Albert Einstein based on the

principle that all motions are relative and that time and space are mutually

inseparable.

'RRR' Bomb — The U.S. Government has begun secret exploratory

research on a new nuclear 'fast bomb' known as RRR bomb (Reduced

Residual Radiation bomb) for the military, that would produce increased heatand blast but reduced radioactive fall out.

Specific gravity — Relative weight of any kind of matter expressed by

the ratio of given volume to the same volume of water (for liquid or solid

matter) and of air (for gas).

Spectrum — When a narrow beam of light passes through a prism, it

disperses into seven colours. The coloured image is known as spectrum.

Sterilisation — (a) Removing the power of procreation by means of

operation, (b) disinfecting instruments and other materials before performing

a surgical operation.

Telex — Means Teleprinter Exchange. It enables subscribers to have their

own teleprinter communication direct with any other subscriber having the

same facility.

T.N.T. — Tri-nitro-toluene, highly explosive substance. It is manufac-

tured by the action of concentrated nitric acid on toluene.

Torricellian Vacuum — The vacant space above the level of mercury in

the barometer is known as Torricellian Vacuum. It is so called because of its

being discovered by Torricelli. /

Ultra Violet Rays — The sunlight is composed of several colour such as

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. In the spectrum below this

colour there exist other rays known as ultra violet rays. These rays possess a

short wave length but high frequency.

Ultra sonic — It means frequency in excess of about 20,000 cycles per

second.Virus — Small microscopic agents containing nucleic acid capable of

multiplying in an organism and causing many types of diseases such as

plague, small-pox, mumps, measles, typhus, Poliomytatin etc.

Vitamins — These are minute organic compounds present in food

products and are important for maintenance of health. Deficiency of these in

food causes deficiency diseases. The most important vitamins are five in

number; A, B, C, D and E.

Xerography — It is a new process of graphic reproduction and photo-

graphy recently developed in India by National Physical Laboratory, New

Delhi.



Working Principle of Some

Scientific Instruments

Diesel Engine

It is a low cost internal combustion engine with high efficiency. It

consists of a cylinder with air-tight piston and provided with two valves. As

the piston compresses the mixture of air and diesel, the temperature increases

to 600°C leading to its ignition. The gases formed by ignition expand and

push the piston out with a great force. It is connected with the gear which in

turn is connected with the wheels which are set in motion. Finally die piston

forces the inner gases out through another valve. This cycle is repeated again

and again.

Davy's Safety Lamp

It was invented by Sir Humphrey Davy to save die lives of the miners

working in the mines. It consists of an ordinary lamp surrounded by acylinder of wire gauze instead of glass chimney. The inflammable gases from

the mine enter the gauze and burn inside the lamp with a blue flame. The

gauze conducts the heat so well mat the temperature outside and near die

gauze never reaches the ignition point.

Dynamo

It is a device which transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The mechanical energy needed is obtained generally from a water turbine. It

consists of a rectangular coil of wire called armature which rotates in a strong

magnetic field created by electro magnet. As the coil rotates a current is

induced in the coil.

Heart Lung Machine

This is a newly invented machine which promises a revo-lutionary

advance in heart surgery. The patient's circulation is temporarily exteriorised

through the machinery by passing the heart which is left empty and idle,

enabling the surgeon to work deliberately by direct vision without risk of

severe haemorrhage. The heart lung machine, besides artificially circulating

and oxygenating the patients' blood can also cool it if hypothermia is

necessary.

Lightning Conductor

When heavily charged cloud comes over the building, it induces an

opposite charge on the upper end of the pointed rod of the lightning

conductor and similar kind of charge is repelled into the earth. If the cloud is



positively charged, the pointed end becomes negatively charged. From th

pointed ends charge begins to leak setting up an electric wind which

neutralises some of the charge of the cloud, thus decreasing the potentia

difference. Thus lightning will not strike the building.

Periscope

It is a device used by crew in submarines to see the surface of the water

The head of the instrument is visible over the surface of water. Light from an

object is twice or thrice reflected through a rectangular pipe in which mirror

are fixed and reaches the eye-piece in which the image is seen.

Radar

It is an abbreviated form of Radio, Angle, Direction and Range. It is an

instrument used to detect the direction and distance of distant invisibl

objects. A narrow beam of high frequency radio-waves is sent in al

directions from the instrument. The invisible object in the space reflect

these waves back. Radar receives these waves and by the time taken by them

determines the distance and direction of the invisible object.

.Refrigerator ,; ,| ft is a machine used for keeping temperature sufficiently low so as to

preveM? foodstuffs ^$a* getting hpdhy prevented the growth of bacteria o

mould* n mem. ^#| modem t$faaa8iom atojjjfcm » liq^effe^ ii«der|ugh

presMBc at the b^ggst. The liquid fises in the Mgjper portion, where food

stuffs are kept. Theif it evaporates and since etaj^ation produces cooling

effect the temperate of the place goes downi **hfe process goes oa and

foodstuffs are prevented from becoming bad.

Rocket

The underlying principle of the flight of a rocket is Newton's Third law

of Motion viz., to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It is self-propelled vehicle which depends upon the force provided by a fue

carried alongwith it. As the fuel burns, products of combustion are forced ou

at terrific speed at the rear of the vehicle and reaction imparts motion to it i

the forward direction. It has its own oxygen supply for burning the fuel and

therefore, there is no dependence on air for combustion or propulsion.

Steam Engine

The motive power in a steam engine is provided by superheated steam

This, steam under high pressure enters the cylinders at one end. It pushes th

piston out and pppies in when escaping out from the other end of th

cylinders. This process drives the piston back and forth. This piston is



HYGIENE AND PHYSIOLOGY

[Questions and Answers]

Q. 1. Amino-acids are transported from cytoplasm to the site for

protein synthesis by —

(a) w-RNA (b) r-RNA

(c) t-RNA (d) DNA

Ans. (c)

Q. 2. The enzymes needed for TCA cycle in respiration are present

in —

(a) Endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Inner mitochondrial membrane

(c) Outer mitochondrial membrane

(d) Lysosomes

Ans. (b)

Q. 3. With what parts or organs of the human body are the following

diseases associated — (a) Cataract 1 (b) Pneumonia

(c) Jaundice I (d) Pyorrhoea

Ans. (a) eyes (b) lungs (c) liver (d) gums.

Q. 4. Which of the following is not a symptom of heart attack ?

(a) Nausea and Sweating

(b) Numbness and achinfe of arms

(c) Squeezy feeling in chest

(d) Pain in legs !

Ans. (d) |

Q. 5. Which of the following is known as female germ cell ?

(a) Ovum | (b) Neuron(c) Leukocyte i (d) Erythrocyte

Ans. (a) Q. 6. What is

Bacteria ?

Ans. These are very tiny living organisms, which belong to vegetable

kingdom. They can be seen with the help of microscope.



Q. 7. Give the names of five ductless glands present in the human

body?

Ans. Thyroid, Pituitary, suprarenal, pancreas, testis.

Q. 8. Liver receives blood from the alimentary Canal through.

(a) Hepatic artery (b) Hepatic vein(c) Hepatic Portal vein (d) None of the above

Ans. (c)

Diseases Part of the body Diseases Part of the body

affected affected

Cataract Eyes Diabetes Pancreas

Diptheria Throat Goitre Thyroid gland

Jaundice Liver Meningitis Spinal cord and Brain

Pneumonia Lungs

Pleurisy Lining of the chest Pyrrhoea Gums

Wall Rheumatism Joints

Trachoma Eyes Typhoid Intestines

Tuberculosis Lungs, Intestines

Some Medical Terms

Abscess — A painful swelling in which pus is present on any part of the

body.

Acidity — Presence of excessive acid in the stomach.

Allergy — Hypersensivity to a particular substance.

Antibiotics — Drugs which completely destroy bacteria.

Anti-body — Substances in blood which neutralize and counteract the

activities and the poisons produced by bacteria and viruses responsible for

various diseases.

Anti-dotes — Substances which neutralize the effect of poison.

Balanced diet — Diet with the quantity and variety of food needed for

good health. Balanced diet contains all the following substances in proper

proportion — Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Vitamins.

B.C.G. — Bacillus Calmette Guerin, a drug which is a mild strain of

tubercle bacilli; is now being used to strengthen resistance to the infection of

the T.B. bacillus.

Blood Sugar — Blood sugar is the amount of glucose in the circulating

blood.

Caesarean operation — Operation named after Julius Caesar who was

born this way. The abdomen of the mother is opened to take out the child



since delivery in the natural way is impossible. The operation is no longerconsidered to be serious.

Chemotherapy — Control of infection by chemicals.

Dermatology — Branch of medicine dealing with skin diseases.

Germicide — A germ killing substance.

Haemorrhage — Escape of blood due to the rupture of blood vesselsinside the body.

Immunity — A state of the body to resist the development of disease.

Narcotic — Drug that dulls the nervous system.

Opthaimia — Inflammation of the eyes.

Pasteurization — Method of treating foods, specially milk to make thesefree from disease causing bacteria. Milk is heated to 60°-70° centigrade for30 minutes and then rapidly cooled and sealed. This is called pasteurizedmilk.

Puberty — Age of sexual maturation.

Septic — Blood poisoning. Uker — Breach in the continuity of a surface.

Vaccination — Inoculation with vaccine to prevent diseases.

Amrit Kalash — A new herbal wonder drug to cure heart ailments.

Systems of the Human Body

(1) The digestive system, (2) The circulatory system, (3) The respiratorysystem, (4) The excretory system, (5) The nervous system, (6) The skeleton,(7) The muscular system, (8) The reproductive system.



SCIENCE DEALING WITH DIFFERENT SUBJECTS )

Q. 1. The branch of science that deals with tumors is known as —

(a) Serology (b) Oncology

(c) Chromology (d) Urology

Ans. (b)

Q. 2. Epidemiology is the study of —

(a) Dermis diseases

(b) Epidermis diseases

(c) Diseases of dermis and epidermis

(d) Epidemic diseases

Ans. (d)

Agriculture — Qilrure of aft cultures. ,,'.' , , Agrmwwqr — Agros = tfm + noraoas * cultivate* u! Mtt of growing

& { crops. , / - »

|*•; t Atrauiw«iu-SciCTceofftghitcrfaefoplanes. , ;' ffi;4"'", \

"'. Awrtau^-StnKtureofbumMbody. ' ^ ;, ]****" ' '

ArWicuttwe — Cultivation of tees and vegetalies. u ,

Aatrouwuj — Study of heavenly bodies. *

Biology — Science of living bodies.

Botany — Science of plant life.

Chemistry — Composition and properties of various elements in nature.

Cryptography — Secret writing.

Cyrogenks — Concerned with the production, control and application ofvery low temperatures.

Cytogenetics — Cell formation.

Cytology — Dealing with cells.

Entomology — Insects study.

ExbMogy — Science de#|| with life or possibilities jof life existingbeyond the earth.

Floriculture — Flowers cultivation.

Geology — Condition artdsttucture of me earth.

''*■' Horticulture-Art of i

J:'.



(Hortus = garden; + cluture = cultivation or coleure). Hydroponics —

Culture of plants without soil, with the help of chemical solution containing

nutrients.

Iconography — Teaching by pictures and models.

Jurisprudence — Science of law.

Lexicography — Compiling of dictionary.

Meteorology — Atmospheric phenomenon.

Mycology — The study of fungi.

Neurology — The study of nerves.

Numismatics — Coins and medals.

Obstetrics — Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy.

Odontograpy — Science and study of Teeth. *

Olericulture — Vegetables growing.

Ornithology — Study of birds.

Osteology — The study of bones.

Palaeontology — Study of animal fossils.Pathology — (Pathos = disease + logus-knowledge) Study of diseaes.

Pedagogy — Education.

Phrenology — Skull and brain.

Philately — Stamp collecting.

Philology — Study of language.

Phonetics — Concerning the sounds of a spoken language.

Physiography — Natural phenomenon.

Phytogeny — Origin and growth of plants.

Pomology — Fruits study.

Psychology — Study of mind.

Seisomology — Study of earthquakes.

Sericulture — Silk-worm breeding.

Sociology — Social problems and human progress.

Telepathy — Communication between two minds at a distance with the

help of emotions, thought and feeling.

Therapeutics — Healing of diseases and laws of health.

Tribiology — The study of increasing surfaces in relative motion.

Virology — Study of viruses.

Zoology — Science of Animal life.



Units of Measurement

Ampere — Unit of electric current.

Angstrom — The unit of wavelength of light.

Bar — It is the unit of atmospheric pressure; one bar is equal to a pressure

of 1013 x 105 N/m2.

Calorie — The unit of heat.

Coulomb — Practical unit of quantity of electricity is called a Coulomb,

1C=1 A.s.

Decibel — The commonly known unit of loudness of sound.

Dyne — C.G.S. unit of force.

Erg — The unit of work or energy in C.G.S. system of units.

Farad — The unit of the capacity of a condenser is farad.

Foot Candle — The unit of brightness of light is called a Footcandle.

Horse Power — The practical unit of power. 1 HP. = 746 watts.

Joule — It is the unit of work or energy in SI system. It is equal to 10 7

ergs.

Knot — It is a measure to know the speed of a ship.

Light year — It is the distance which the light covers in vacuum in one

year. (1 Light year = 9-46 x 1015m)

Nautical Mile — A unit of distance used in navigation-one minute of

longitude measured along the Equator. It comes approximately to 6,080 feet.

Newton — Unit (written as newton) of force in the meter-kilogram-

second (MKS) system.

Ohm — Unit (written as ohm) of electrical resistance of a conductor.

Quintal — Metric measure of weight, 1 quintal — 100 kg.

Volt — The unit (written as volt) of potential difference.

Watt — Unit (written as watt) of power.



GEOGRAPHY

[Questions and Answers]

Q. 1. Which of the following rivers has the largest drainage basin ?

(a) Amazon (b) Congo

(c) Mississippi (d) Nile

Ans. (a)

Q. 2. At the equator, the duration of day is —

(a) 10 hours (b) 12 hours

(c) 14 hours (d) 16 hours

Ans.(b)

Q. 4. fo which states sMutod?

(i) Ajanta, (ii) Aurovile, (iii) Hampi, (iv) Kaziranga, (v) Nalanda, (vi)Obra.

Ans. (i) Maharashtra, (ii) Puducherry, (iii) Karnataka, (iv) Assam, (vBihar, (vi) Uttar Pradesh.

Q. 5. Where are the following located and what are they associatedwith?

(i) Dalai Street, (ii) Pentagon, (iii) Writers Building, (iv) Chequers, (v)

Shantivan. An«. (i) Dalai Street hi Mumbai, is associated with the Stock Exchange

market. < ■ * •■ •' ' : ''"

(ii) Pentagon in Washington, is the building which houses the U.S.Defence Headquarters.

(iii) Writers BuMdHtg in Kolkata, is, the West Bengal GovernmentSecretariat.



(iv) Chequers — Property chequers court, country house in Buck-inghamshire, England, 50 km north-west of London, the official countryresidence of British Prune Ministers.

(v) Shantivan — On the bank of the Yamuna off Ring Road in Delhi isthe place where Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru was cremated in 1964.

Q. 6. Kushinagar is known for —

(a) Old capital of Kushan Empire

(b) Fast growing city

(c) Largest Sugar factory in India

(d) Place where Lord Buddha breathed his last Ans.

(d)

Q. 7. The shape of earth is —

(a) A sphere (b) An oblate spheroid

(c) A tetrahedron (d) A circular disc

Ans. (b)

Q.8.The Indian Standard Time is the local time of a place situated i° at 82i E longitude

near —

(a) Allahabad (b) Delhi

(c) Chennai (d) Ujjain

Ans. (a)

Q. 9. What are the following places important for and in whichstates are they situated ?

(i) Perambur, (ii) Sriharikota, (iii) Konark, (iv) Thumba, (v)Mount Abu.

Ans. (i) Perambur — Integral Coach Factory is situated here nearChennai in Tamil Nadu.

(ii) Shriharikota — It is India's Satellite launching centre and is situatedin Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.

(iii) Konark — Famous for its Sun Temple and Black Pagoda. It issituated in Puri district of Odisha.

(iv) Thumba — Known as rocket launching station, it is situated inKerala State.

(v) Mount Abu — It is famous for Dilwara temple. It is situated inRajasthan.



Indian Towns, Architectures, Monuments and

Buildings

Abu Mt. (Rajasthan) — It is famous for Dilwara temples. It is centre of

Jain Worshippers too.

Adam's Bridge — It is a part of sand and Rock Bank touching at two points with Indian soil at two places between Mannar Peninsula and

Dhanuskoti.

Aga Khan Palace — In Pune where Mahatma Gandhi was kept interned

with his wife Kasturba Gandhi. Kasturba died in this palace.

Agra (ILP.) — The Taj Mahal, beautiful monument stands near the bank

of Jamuna river at Agra. Indo-Pak Summit was held here on July 15,2001.

Ajmer — (Rajasthan) — Pilgrim centre for the Muslims; tomb of Khwaja

Muin-uddin Chisti.

Ajanta — Located near Jalgaon in Maharashtra is known for Buddhist

cave temples which are finely ornamented with sculpture and caved with

colourful paintings.Aloor — A tiny village in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh, from

where the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh launched the National Food-

For-Work Programme on Nov. 14,2004, for generating employment to feed

the poor.

Amarnath — In Jammu and Kashmir, situated at a height of about 4054

metre in Kashmir state. A centre of pilgrimage for Hindus.

Ambernath — In Maharashtra near Mumbai, Machine Tools Prototype

factory is situated here.

Amber — A fort situated near Jaipur. It is famous for the finest specimens

of Rajput architecture.

Amritsar — In Punjab, famous for the Golden Temple; Jallianwala Baghtragedy took place here on April, 13,1919.

Anand — Located in Gujarat, it is famous for co-operative milk dairy

which produces AMUL butter, milk powder etc.

Anand Bhawan — One time residence of Pt. Mod Lai Nehru in

Allahabad, now it has been dedicated to the Indian National Congress. Late

Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was born at this place.

Angarpota — Angarpota and Dahagram are two enclaves given by India

to Bangladesh in exchange for Berubari enclave under the Indo-Bangladesh

Border Demarcation Agreement signed on May 16,1974.



Angia Bank — Is an offshore area, 121 km. off Maharashtra's Ratnagiri

coast where Sagar Samrat moved from Bombay High area in Feb. 1977 to

explore a new oil be a ring structure of the Ratnagiri coast, outside the

established fields of Bombay High.

Ankleswar — Located in Gujarat, it is famous for oil fields.

Arvi — A place near Pune in Maharashtra, India's first T.V. reception

centre is being established here.

Aurangabad — One of the important towns of Maharashtra State; tombs

of Aurangzeb and his wife; Ellora and Ajanta Caves.

AurovUIe — An international township being constructed with the help

of UNESCO 8 kms away from Puducherry.

Avadi — In Tamil Nadu is known for heavy vehicles factory.

Badrinath — A place of pilgrimage for Hindus near Gangotri Glacier in

Himalayan rocks.

Belladelha — A place in Chhattisgarh, is known for Belladelha Iron Ore

Project.

Banaras (Varanasi) (ILP.) — An ancient city of Northern India famous

for Vishwanath Temple, Sarnath, Locomotive Factory.

Bengaluru — Capital of Karnataka, Hindustan Aircraft Factor}-. Tele-

phone industries and Machine Tools Factories are located here.

Bardoli — Associated with late Sardar Patel; it is in Gujarat state. The

famous non-payment of taxes campaign by peasants of Bardoli was started at

this place by Sardar Patel.

Barauni — It situated in Bihar and famous for a big oil refinery.

Benaulim — A beach side resort in Goa where PM Atal Behari Vajpayee

spent five days in celebration of New Year 2003. It is for the first time that an

Indian PM visited Goa for New Year celebrations.

Bijapur — Famous for historic remains, mosques, tombs and palaces.

Bhopal — Capital of Madhya Pradesh; Heavy Electricals Factory.

Bhubaneshwar — The new capital of Odisha, famous for Lingraja

Temple. The resolution on socialism and democracy was adopted here by the

AJ.C.C. in it session of Jan. 1964.

Belur — In Karnataka state; famous for Cheena Kesava temple of the

Hoysala period.

Belur Math — It is a monastery near Kolkata founded by Swami

Vivekanand. There is a beautiful temple dedicated to Sri Ram Krishna

Paramhansa.



Bokaro — Is located in Jharkhand State known for the 4th steel plant sup in public sector with the help of U.S.S.R.

Bongaigaon — Is a place in Assam where the Government of India hestablished a refinery and petro-chemical complex at a cost of Rs. 19crores.

Buland Darwaja — Gateway of Fatehpur Sikri built by Akbar. This the highest and the greatest gateway in India. It was erected to commemoraAkbar's victorious campaign in the Deccan.

Cambay Basin — Place near Baroda where oil fields have beediscovered and production has commenced.

Cape Comorin — Southern most place of India in Tamil Nadu wheArabian Sea and Bay of Bengal meet the Indian Ocean. It is known foVivekanand Rock Memorial and the temple of Kanyakumari. It is

picturesque spot for the visitors to enjoy the Sun Rise and Sun Set.

Chandigarh — Capital of Punjab. It was designed by Le Corbusier.

Cherapunji (Meghalaya) — The place of heavy rainfall 426 inchyearly.

Chidambaram — It is a Town in South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu 24Kms from Chennai city. It is famous for its great Hindu Shiva Templdedicated to Natraja of Shiva in his aspect of cosmic dance.

Chittorgarh (Rajas than) — The ancient capital and fortress of Udaipuknown for Tower of Victory and Mira Bai's Temple.

Chitranjan — In West Bengal, famous for Locomotive Works.

Chilka — A lake on the East Coast of India on the Kolkata- Chennline, about 90 kms from Bhubneshwar by rail. It is an excellent place ffishing and duck shooting.

Coimbatore — Is situated in Tamil Nadu and known for CottoIndustrial centre; Govt, of India Forest College; Air Force Administrativ

College.

Cyberabad — The city of Hyderabad of Andhra Pradesh acquired thname of Cyberabad with giants like Oracle and Microsoft setting up officthere. A 'Silicon Valley' is being developed there.

Damodar Valley (Jharkhand and W. Bengal) — Known for DamodValley Project meant for power transmission and irrigation.

Dandi — Famous for Salt Satyagrah (Dandi March) by Mahatma Gandhin 1930.

Dakshineswar — About 8 kms from Kolkata where Swami Vivekananwas initiated into religious life by Swami Ram Krishna Paramhansa.



Dalai Street — Stock Exchange Market in Bombay.

Daudhan (Madhya Pradesh) — A dam is proposed to be cons-tructed in

Daudhan (MP.) on river Ken through which surplus water in Ken river basin

will be diverted to water deficit Betwa Basin by a 231 km link canal.

Daulatpur, Nasirabad (Haryana) — During his visit to India former

President Carter of the U.SA. accompanied with his wife went into this

village on the eve of their departure for Riyadh for a glimpse of the rural

India in January 1978.

Dhanbad (Jharkhand) — Famous for coal mines and the Indian School

of Mines. National Fuel Research Institute is also situated here.

Dhariwal (Punjab) — It is known for woollen textiles.

Digboi (Asom) — Known for rich oil fields and oil refinery.

Dilwara Temples — Near Mount Abu (Rajasthan) there are Jain &

Hindu Temples constructed, between 11th and 13th centuries A.D.

Dum Dam (W. Bengal) — At Kolkata famous for International Air Port

and Government Arsenal.

Durgapar~-Is located in W. Bengal. It is famous for the Steel Plant set

Bp in public WK^wimlne help of UX. -'

Ait island & Bombay harbour is famous for rock cat

^fcmples.

^ "' -' EBor»~-Is situated in Aurang*bad, Maharashtra.' It Is famous for

wonderful Qptjtoltist cave tempos and architecture. KaSash Temple is

*■*■'locatedhere. | * ■ ■ > . • ■ ;u "•

Farakka Dam — Constructed over Ganga in West Bengal. The proposed

barrage is the only effective way of freeing the Hoogly of its salinity, and

improving Kolkata's water supply and preventing harbour Kolkata from

silting. Previously Pakistan, now Bangladesh objected to the construction of

the dam. Both the countries, however, reached an agreement over the

Farakka issue in September, 1977.

Fatehpur Sikri — 35 Kms from Agra built by Emperor Akbar in 1569 incommemoration of his victory in the Deccan.

Fateh Sagar Lake (Udaipur, Rajasthan) — A Rs. 14 lakh solar obser-

.,. vatory being set up on an island in mis lake. It will be the first of its kind in

fipwVdd. » p --\ Firozabad — An industrial town in Agra Division, it is famous for glass-

bangles industry.

% Gateway ^Iadia — In Mumhai harbour, erected in 1911 on George

V's yisit to India. ;



Gaya — In Bihar, the place where Lord Buddha got enlightenment;

famous for pilgrimage.

Gilgit — North West Province of Kashmir lying on the southern slopes of

Hindukush, includes Chitral and Swat now under illegal occupation of

Pakistan.

Golkunda — A ruined city of India located at about 11 km. west of

Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. Formerly there was a diamond mine.

Gwalior — An industrial town in Madhya Pradesh, is famous for pottery

and textile industry; tomb of Tansen; Laxmi Bai's Chhatri and a great fort of

Gwalior.

Gomteshwara (Karnataka) — Famous for the 2000 years old statue of

the Jain Sage carved out of a single stone.

Golden Temple — In Amritsar (Punjab) sacred temple of Sikhs.

Haldighati — A pass in Rajasthan where in 1576 a battle was fought

between Rana Pratap's and Akbar's forces.

Hallargi — Hallargi is a place 37 kilometre from Belgaum (Karnataka)

where India's first Special Economic Zone dedicated to Aerospace industry

was inaugurated on November 14, 2009 by Union Minister for CivilAviation, Praful Patel.

Harsud — A town in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh which is

being abandoned by residents as it is on the verge of submersion by waters

from the India Sagar Dam during this (2004) monsoon.

Hilkaka — A 100 square kilometer Enclave near Surankot in Doda

district of J & K which remained under the control of terrorists till April 21,

2003 when Indian Army's Romeo Force recaptured it under the Operation

Sarp Vinash.

Hirakud — A multipurpose project at Mahanadi in Sambalpur district of

Odisha. It is the longest dam (4801-2 metres) in the world.

Infosys City — Infosys the leading IT Company of India has developed

the Infosys city near Bangalore, which is the largest campus in the worldamong IT services companies.

Jadugoda — A place in Jharkhand where a famous Uranium Ore Mill is

situated.

Jalahalli (Karnataka) — Near Bangalore; known for Technical Training

College and Machine Tools Factory. |

Jalianwala Bagh — A garden in Amritsar (Punjab); scene of massacre of f

innocent Indians by the British on April 13,1919. f

Jamshedpur — Situated in Jharkhand a centre of Iron and Steel. Tata j

Iron and Steel Factory is located here. }

Jantar Mantar — In Delhi, it is an observatory constructed in 1724

during the days of Maharaja Jai Singh II of Amber.



Jealgore — In Jharkhand, famous for Central Fuel Research Institute.

Jwala Mukhi — Located in Himachal Pradesh (in Kangra Valley) where

search, exploitation and digging operation for oil are in progress.

Jama Masjid — Built by Shah Jahan, India's biggest mosque in Delhi.

Kadavallur — A tiny village 35 km north of Thrissur (Kerala), which has

experienced the unique phenomenon of having pairs of twins rising year after

year. Presently, it is home to more than 70 pairs of twins.

Kandla — An important port in the State of Gujarat.

Kangla Fort — The historic fort in Imphal, which remained seat for

Manipur kings for 200 years and has been the focal point of social unrest in

the State ever since the British occupation in April 1891, and later by the

Army and Assam Rifles, was handed over to the Manipur Chief Minister by

the Director General of Assam Rifles, on Nov. 20,2004.

Khadakvasla — A centre of National Defence Academy is situated at

Pune.

Kailash Temple — Rock-out temple in Ellora Caves.

Kali Banga — Is situated in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan whereexcavation conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. It revealed that

the site could be a pre Harappan said to be different from that of the

succeeding Harappans.

Kanshiram Nagar — It is the 71st district of Uttar Pradesh which is

created in the year 2008.

Kanpur — Is located on the bank of the Ganga in U.P. It is an industrial

centre known for sugar mills, cotton mills, woollen mills, soap, iron, leather,

tent and hosiery factories.

Kanya Kumari — A famous temple of the Virgin Goddess is situated at

Cape Comorin on the extreme southern tip of India where the Bay of Bengal,

Arbian sea and the Indian ocean meet.

KargU — Kargil is a district of Jammu & Kashmir State. India launched

'Operation Vijay' to oust the Pakistan backed intruders who had taken

possession of the main hilly heights in this sector of the State.

Katchal Island (Port Blair) — It was believed that the site located off

Campbell bay, South of Port Blair in India, would see the first sun-rise of

January, 2000 according to the Royal Greenwich Observatory. But later on

the astronomers claimed that Dong in Arunachal Pradesh and not Andmans

would see the first sun-rise of Jan. 2000.

Khajuraho — Is in Madhya Pradesh famous for mediaeval Hindu tem-

ples; a tourist centre.



Three Indian Sites in World Heritage List

The ruins of Champaner-Pavagadh (Gujarat), the Victoria Terminus(Mumbai) and Chola Temples of Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) have made it toUNESCO World Heritage List.

Kochi — Kochi in Kerala will have Asia's first sky city, for which deckhave already been cleared. The project, an eight and a half km hi-techflyover flanked by a full-fledged township, will be operational in threeyears's time. The FICCI had recently rated Kochi as one of the fastesgrowing cities of the country.

Kodai Kanai — Is a town and a hill station in Tamil Nadu famous for itobservatory for the study of Solar Physics.

Kolapakkam — The Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circlehas discovered three feet tall Buddha sculptures in Kolapakkam village, 20km from Chennai. The ASI also found five inscriptions in Tamil, two owhich were issued by Raja Raja Chola (AD 985-AD 1014).

Konark — Is located 16 kms north to Puri (Odisha), is famous for BlackPagoda and Sun Temple.

Korba — It is situated in Chhattisgarh. A huge aluminium plant BALCOis situated here.

Kotabal — An ancient urban settlement discovered in Anantnag districin South Kashmir where a team of Jammu & Kashmir Arch-aeology Deptthas found an ancient civilization spread over several hectares of land.

Koyali — Is situated in Gujarat and is famous for Petro-chemicaComplex.

Koyana — Is in Maharastra and is famous for the hydel power station.

Lothal — Ancient town, situated on the sea-plain of former Saurashtra(Gujarat), 720 kms south-east to Mohein-Jodro. The excavations madehere reveal the extension of Indus-Valley-civilization upto this and beyond.

Lumbini — Birth place of Lord Buddha in Nepal. The Second WorldBuddhist Summit was held here from Nov. 30 to Dec. 2,2004.

Lunej — Oil wells found in Cambay Basin. Madurai —Is situated in Tamil Nadu and is famous for Minakshi Temple

dedicated to Lord Shiva. Mahabalipuram — Is located in Tamil Nadu and is known as a religious

place.



Mandi — It is a village in Mujaffarnagar district of UP. where gold jewellery of the times of Harappan civilization was found following casualfarming operation by the farmer. Archaeological Survey of India is nowdoing follow up research and further excavations.

Madhur — An important pre-historical site dating back to 10,000 years

in Dharampuri district of Tamil Nadu where a large collection of Neolithicstones dating back to 3,000 BC has been excavated throwing light on a Neolithic habitation there.

Marungur — Marungur, 17 km from Vadalur in Cuddalore district inTamil Nadu came into news when three potsherds with Tamil Brahmiinscriptions were discovered in an urn from a burial site there.

Matur — A village in Karnataka 10 km from Shimoga has thedistinction of being the only place in India where the entire local populationtranscending all age groups, converses only in Sanskrit. The village is now

popularly known as Sanskrit gram.

Mirzapur (UP.) — It is a district city in UP. famous for carpets, brassware and lac-industries.

Moradabad — It is located on the bank of Ram Ganga; is famous for brassware, enamel and cutlery industries.

Nagpur — Former capital of Madhya Pradesh and now in MaharashtraState, textile mills, oranges; Central Environment Engineering Institute issituated here.

Nangal — It is situated in Punjab and famous for heavy water factoryand fertilizer factory.

Nayla — It is a village in Rajasthan, which U.S. President Bill Clintonvisited during his Indian visit in March 2000.

Nepanagar — It is situated in Madhya Pradesh and is known forgovernment owned newsprint factory.

Neyveli — Neyveli Lignite Project in Tamil Nadu; a Thermal Power

Station is also situated here. Nirmal Hridaya — The home for destitutes in Kalighat (Kolkata). It

is run by Mother Teresa's Missionaries of charity.

Paparpatti — A place in Dharamawaram district of Tamil Nadu wherethe notorious sandal wood smuggle, Veerappan was killed by Special TaskForce of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Perambur — Situated in Tamil Nadu is famous for the Integral CoachFactory where Passenger coaches are manufactured.

Paradeep — Is located near Cuttack in Odisha is a major port in deep-sea was a scene of destruction following its being bit by a cyclonic storm inOctober 1999.



Pimpri — An industrial centre in Maharashtra is known for penicill

factory.

Pokhran — A place in Rajasthan where the first underground nucle

experiment was made by India on May 18,1974. It also witnessed five mo

nuclear explosions in May 1999.

Porbunder — In Kathiawar (Gujarat) is the birth place of MahatmaGandhi.

Port Blair — The capital of Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay

Bengal-a Union Territory of India.

Prabuddha Nagar — It is a newly formed district. Its headquarter is

Shamli. The name Prabuddha Nagar has been decided by Ms. Mayawati, th

Chief Minister of U. P. on 28 Sept., 2011.

Puri — Located in Odisha a Hindu pilgrim centre is known for Jaganna

Temple; it is also the summer capital of Odisha.

Raj Ghat — On the Bank of the Jamuna in Delhi; is known for th

Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi.

Rajgir — Located in Bihar is a Place of pilgrimage for the Buddhist

During the Mahaparinirvana celebrations Buddhists from foreign countrivisit this place. India's 40th Ordnance factory is being constructed here whi

is expected to be completed by 2005. President Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kala

visited this factory (Under construction May 2003)

Rameshwaram — Located in Tamil Nadu is a holy place of pilgrimag

of the Hindus.

Ranchi — Jharkhand is known as a hill station and Lac Research Institu

is situated here.

Raniganj — Located in West Bangal; is known for rich coal fields.

Rana Pratap Sagar — Located in Rajasthan is known for Hydroelectr

Power on Chambal Project. Atomic Power Plant has also erected near it.

Red Fort — Red Stone Fort built by Shahjahan in Delhi near the Jamun

Sabarmati — Located near Ahmedabad. Site of Gandhiji's Sabarma

Ashram from where he began his Dandi March.

Sarnath — Located in Varanasi (UJP.) is famous as a centre of Buddh

pilgrimage in India where Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon aft

attaining Enlightenment.

Sevagram Ashram — A village near Wardha where Mahatma Ga

lived and worked in this Ashram for many y I

Shantivan — Located on the bank of Yamuna in Delhi where late Pt. j

Jawahar Lai Nehru was cremated in 1964. J



Zojila — A pass in the way from Srinagar (Kashmir) to Leh and then toYarkand in Tibet.

Places in Recent News, Pattanam — Pattanam situated 25 km north ofKochi (Kerala) came into news when largest assemblage of Romanamphorae (transport containers of wine, oil and fish sauce) in India were

found in the excavations carried out by the Kerala Council for HistoricalResearch.

Foreign Towns, Architectures, Monuments etc.

Abadan — Famous for oil fields in Iran.

Abu Simbel — Famous ancient mosque cut out of rock is located in

Egypt-Alexandria — A famous city and sea-port of Egypt, in Mediterraneasea.

Alice Springs — Are situated in Central Australia. These are famous

springs with medical properties.

Almaty — Kazakhistan, where a conference of the Asian countries washeld in June 2002 for discussing ways and means for confidence building in

the region and curbing international terrorism.

Abuja — The new capital of Nigeria, where the 36th Conference ofCommonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) was held in December2003.

Angkor Vat — A ruined city in Cambodia where fine specimens ofancient Indian art and culture are found.

Amsterdam — Former Capital of Holland. Now, the chief port of Netherlands, famous for diamond cutting industry.

Astana — Capital of Kazakhistan, where India attended the ShanghaiCooperation Organisation Summit in July, 2005.

Athens — Capital of Greece, noted for the ancient Greek ruins.

Aswan Dam — A dam has been constructed across the river Nile inEgypt with the collaboration of the Soviet Union.

Baghdad — The capital of Iraq, fell to the U.S. led coalition forces onApril 9-10,2003 during Gulf War-H.

Baku — An area of oil field and oil refinery of Russia in Azerbajan. {

Balkans — The politically important areas of S.E. Europe consisting of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Turkey, Greece etc.

j

Bam — A town in Iran, which witnessed over 50,000 people dead and several thousands injured in a severe earthquake on December 26,2003.



Boddam — An island in the neighbourhood of Diego Garcia (a U.S.

military base in India Ocean) is being developed by the British into Naval

port where nuclear sub-marines and ships will be stationed. India will be

within striking distance from the new base as it is from Diego Garcia, where

U.S. B-1 bombers with nuclear warheads are ever ready on a maze of

runways.

Brandenburg Gate — It was used to be the main gate between East and

West Berlin during Berlin wall days and Germany was divided between East

and West Germany.

Broadway — It is in a New York, famous for the broadest street in the

world, theatres and cinema halls.

Brussels — Capital of Belgium; known for lace, carpets, silk and cotton

cloth, H.Q. of NATO.

Beunos Aires — Capital of Argentina; the largest city and port of S.

America; wheat, maize and linseed are exported.

Cairo — Capital of Egypt, an excellent airport; non-aligned nations

meeting held here in 1964.

Caldor Hall — Caldor hall named after the world famed American

sculptor, Alexander Stirling Caldor, is a famous Art Gallery in Philadelphia

(U.S.A.).

Calgoorlie — Well known gold mines in West Australia.

Camp David — It is the mountain retreat of the U.S. President in

Maryland (U.S.A.). It was the venue of the 13-day summit held here in

September, 1979 participated by President Jimmi Carter of the U.S.A.

President Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel Red

negotia.

Cape Kennedy — A rocket launching centre and headquarters of National

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is situated in Florida

(U.S.A.). It has been named after John F. Kennedy, the former President ofthe U.S.A.

Canton — Lies at the mouth of the Sinkiang, the largest port of South

China.

Cape Trafalgar — In spain, where the famous Battle of Trafalgar was

fought in 1805.

Caracas — It is the capital of Venezuela. It was the venue of the 12th G-

15 summit conference in Feb. 2004.

Chicago — Is situated on the Lake Michigan in the U.S.A., a great

railway centre, the largest grain and meat market in the world.

•



Chittagong — Biggest harbour of Bangladesh, exports raw jute, hidesetc; a scene of bitter fighting in 1971 between Pakistani occupation forcesand freedom fighters.

Cologne — City and port of Germany is famous for the manufacture olEau de Cologne; violently bombed by British air-force during World Wai II.

G-8 25th Summit was held here in June 1999.Colombo — Capital of Sri Lanka and fine natural harbour; Colombt Plan

was drawn here in 1950; Colombo proposals were formulated in 1962 toresolve the Sino-Indian dispute.

Colosseum of Rome — One of the most magnificent ruins of the worldand name of the amphitheatre in Rome.

Copenhagen — UN Climate Change Convention, named the 15tbConference of the Parties (COP15) was held in Copenhagen, Denmark inDecember 2009.

Cotopaxi — A volcanic mountain in the Andes in South America. It isthe highest volcano in the world (5897 metres) and it emits lava.

Croydon — One of the world's largest airports in England.

Curico —

Curico is a town in Chile founded in 1743 it is situated in a picturesque and wine producing area. The town was flattered by a powerfulearthquake which hit chile in February 2010.

Dacca — Capital of Bangla Desh; known for the production of jute.

Dardanelles — Straits between Europe and Turkey in the Black Sea.

Denver — Denver is a place in the U.S A. where historic convention ofDemocratic Party of the U.S.A. was held in which Barack Obama, anAfrican-American black Negro accepted his historic nomination for U.S.Presidency on August 29,2008

Detroit — The biggest car-manufacturing town (U.S .A.) in the world.

Doha — The capital of Qatar. A five-day (June 12-16,2005) 2nd summitof 132 member Group of 77 (G-77) was held here. The fifteenth Asiad willalso be held at Doha in 2006. It has also hosted a WTO conference.

10 Downing Street — Official residence of the Prime Minister ofEngland.

Dundee — Chief centre of jute industry and an important fish market inScotland (U.K.).

Dusseldrof — An industrial centre of Germany is famous for manu-facturing of hardware.

Dublin — Capital of Ireland, famous for brewing and poplin industry.

Eiffel Tower — Built in 1887-89, by Gaustav Eiffel. 300 metres high,now used as a wireless station.

Elba — An island in the Mediterranean sea, where Napoleon was exiledfor the first time.



Geneva — An important City in Switzerland is famous for manfactoring of watches; Headquarters of Red Cross Society, InternatioLabour Organisation, World Health Organisation.

EX. Arish — A town in Sinai which on May 25, 1979 marked the firtransfer of territory under the Egypt-Israel peace treaty.

Empire State Building (UJS.A.) — One of the loftiest structures of thworld having 102 storeys.

Fleet Street — A street in London. This (with adjoining streets) housthe offices and printing establishments of many of the leading Britisnewspapers and press agencies.

Flushing Meadows — On Long Island, New York (U.S.A.) famous aU.N.O. meeting place.

Genoa — A port city of Italy where G-8 summit was held in July 2001.

Greenwich — Situated on the river Thames near London (England). It situated on the zero meridian, well known for its astronomical observatorInternational Standard Time is calculated from here.

Great Wall of China — The total length of the wall is about 2,240 Km

Its structure was started by the Chinese Emperor Shih Hawang. Grozny — The Chechen Capital, which has been reduced to rubble aft

six months of bombing by the Russian forces. No house was left intact.

The Hague — The seat of the Court, Government and Parliament Netherlands and also seat of International Court of Justice.

Hamburg — A great entrepot and warehouse port of Germany situateon the Elbe; imports raw materials and exports manufactured good.

Havana — Capital of Cuba, known as cigar manufacturing centre.

St.Helena — British island in the South Atlantic, where Napoleon wexiled for the second time; he died there in 1821.

Helsinki — Capital of Finland : the venue of 1952 Olympic gameSALT talks were held here in 1970-71.

Hiroshima — An industrial centre of Japan which was destroyed by aatom bomb dropped on 6th August, 1945.

Hong Kong — Former British Colony transferred to China in 1997, wathe venue of the Sixth Ministerial Conference of the World TradOrganisation (WTO) from December 13-18,2005.

Hollywood — A place in California, U.S A. is known for film industry.

Independence Hall — A hall in Philadelphia (U.S.A.) wherePhiladelphia the independence of U.S A. was declared on 4th July, 1776.

Istanbul — A sea-port of Turkey, stands on the Straits of Bosphorusformerly known as Constantinople; centre of trade between Asia and Europe



Johannesburg — It is a city of South Africa where19th edition of World

Cup Football was organised in June-July 2010 in which Spain emerged the

Champion.

Jerusalem — Holy city of the Jews and sacred for the Christians, Jews

and Muslims. After the Arab-Israel war of June 1967, the city is under the

occupation of Israel, at present a scene of voilence between terrorists of PLOand Israeli forces.

Jiuquan — China successfully launched its Shenzhou-7 manned space-

craft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in Gansu province on Sept.

25,2008.

Kilinochchi — The name of a district in Sri Lanka, which has been under

the control of LTTE for the last seven years. The Government of India sent a

consignment medicine to the district hospital in Nov. 2005. It may be

recalled that owing to incessant heavy rains, the population of the city is hard

hit by lack of medicines in the hospital.

Kimberley — The biggest diamond market in the world is situated on the

east of Kalahari desert in South Africa.

Kirkuk — A city in Iraq which was seized by U. S. forces in its gulf war-

n in April 2003.

Kourou — The place in French Guyana where a Space Station is situated

for launching artificial satellites. India's Insat-3B was launched from here in

March 2000.

Kremlin — Large fortified citadel in Moscow, now the secretariat of

Russian Government. A Hot Line teleprinter link was established between

Kremlin and the White House. A twenty-year Treaty of Friendship and co-

operation was signed by Russia and China here on July 16,2001.

Kuriles — A group of small islands in the North Pacific, now occupied

by Russia. Relations between Russia and Japan find these islands on obstacle

to be normalized.

Lake Superior — The largest fresh water lake on the border of U.S.A.

and Canada.

Leeds — England; cotton and chemical industries.

Leningrad — Formerly known as Petersburg, it is the most important sea

port of Russia; ship-building is an important industry. It is situated at one of

the Gulfs of Finland.

Lop Nor — A place in the Sinkiang desert of China where China's nuclear

installations are located. It is also China's site for atom and hydrogen-bomb

text explosions.

Louvre — Formerly the place of the kings, now an art-gallery in Paris

OFrance).



Lisbon — Capital of Portugal and magnificent harbour, exports cock anwine.

Liver pool — Lies on the river Messey in England and is famous foship-building and soap-making industries.

London — Capital of England; situated on the river Thames; a grea

industrial and commercial centre.

Los Angeles — A port of California; the famous film industry oHollywood is established here; known as the cinema city of the world. Th1984 Olympics were held here.

Lusaka — Capital of Zambia; The non-aligned Summit was held here iSeptember 1970. Commonwealth Prime Ministers met here in 1979.

Macau — A Portuguese colony, off South China coast, reverted back tChina in December 1999.

Madrid — Capital of Spain; a railway centre; produces wine.

Manchester — A well known cotton manufacturing centre in England, is one of the world's largest superior cloth manufacturing centres.

Mandalay — The old capital of Burmese King, has the jail where Indiafreedom fighter like Lala Laj Pat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were interne

by the British during the freedom movement.

Marseille — It is a place in France where 9th Indian-European UnioSummit was held in the last week of Sept. 2008.

Mecca — Sacred place for the Muslims, is situated in Saudi Arabiaknown as the birth place of Prophet Mohammad.

Meena — Sacred place for the Muslims, near Mecca in Saudi Arabia. Iwas a scene of stampede in Feb. 2004 among the Haj pilgrims, in whichhundreds of pilgrims were killed.

Monaco — A tiny state under Prince Rainer on the border o

France; famous gambling centre. Montreal — Situated at the mouth of St. Lawrence, noted for iron and

steel works and for motor cars, vehicles, 21st Olympic Games were heldhere in July/Aug. 1976.

Mururoa Atoll — It is in South Pacific where France had exploded itsthird nuclear explosion on Aug. 19,1973.

j

Nagasaki — The second city of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in World War II. !

Naples — The most beautiful and the largest city of Italy. It is also a sea port exporting silk. ;

*



New Castle — An important port on the Tyne in England; famous for themining and export of coal, and also ship building and iron industries.

New York — The largest port of the U.S.A., U.N. Headquarters,Headquarters of World Bank, International Monetary Fund; exports mostly

manufactured goods of the U .S A. New Orleans — It is the greatest cotton and wheat exporting centre of

U.S.A. in the world. A powerful Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans onAugust 29,2005 killing thousands of persons.

Niche Pyramid, the — Which is the most famous building of El Tajin isan ancient town in the Mexican State of Veracruz. Between 600 and 700B.C., it was a flourishing town and centre of one of the civilizations ofAmerica with the highest stage of development. It is still being explored.

Notre Dame — An ancient Church in Paris is famous for Gothicarchitecture.

Ogaden — The disputed region of Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa in thedesert region.

Okinawa — The largest and the most important of the Ryukyu islands ofJapan. During World War II the islands were occupied by American forces.They were returned to Japan in Mar. 1972. G-8 Nations 26th Summit washeld here in July 2000.

Olympia — The birth place of the ancient Olympic games in a valleyabout 17 Kms. from Pyrgos a town known for folk art. All the buildings ofOlympia were used either for worship or for games.

Oslo — Capital of Norway, is known for the export of fish.

Palomar Mount — In California (U.SA.), famous for world's largesttelescope set up here.

Pearl Harbour — It was a U.S. naval base in Hawain islands. It was the

scene of Japanese attack on December 7,1941. Pentagon — It is an enormous building in Washington of the Ministry of

Defence of the U.S.A. It came into the news on Sept. 11, 2001, when theterrorists damaged it by crashing a hijacked plane against it on this day.Hundreds of people were killed.

Pillars of Hercules — The mountains on both sides of the entrance to theMediterranean sea, supposed to have been divided by the arm of Hercules.

Pisa — A town in Italy famous for the leaning tower of Pisa one of theseven wonders of the medieval world.

Pittsburg — It is the biggest iron and steel manufacturing centre ofU.S.A. in the world, also known for milk, glass and petroleum industries.



Potsdam (Germany) — A post Second World War conference amongPresident Truman, Stalin and W. Churchil took place in East Germany in1945; famous for the Potsdam treaty among the allies; deliberations aPotsdam led to the creation of the U.N.

Pyinmana — Myanmar proposes to shift its capital from the presen

Yangon to another city Pyinmana. This city is located in Mandalay divisionwhich is situated in the centre of the country, while Yangon is situated insouthern part of Myanmar.

Qingdao — A place in China, South of Chinese capital, Beijing where

the third Asia Co-operation Dialogue (ACD) meeting was held in June

2004.

Ruhr — An Iron and Steel manufacturing centre in Germany known fo

its rich coal and iron ore fields.

Saar — Rich iron ore and coal fields on the border of France and

Germany. In 1935, Saarland was handed over to Germany after a plebiscite.

Sattahip — A high security naval base in Thailand about 160 km south

east of Bangkok, where three-day (Sept. 16-18,2002) peace talks brokened

by Norway were held between Sri Lankan Government and LTTE aimed a

resolving the Island's two decade old ethnic conflict.

Scotland Yard — Headquarters of Metropolitan Police i n London andalso of the Criminal Investigation Department.

Seattle — Major industrial hub of USA, Seattle was hit by a 6-8

magnitude earthquake on March 1, 2001. WTO conference was also held

here in 2000.

Seychelles — A small island in the Indian ocean; previously a British

colony now independent admitted to the UJM.O. in September 1976.

Shanghai — The financial capital of China, Shanghai, was the venue fothe fifth summit of SCO (Shanghai Co-operation Organization) on June 15

16,2006.

Shat-al-Arab — It forms the boundary line between Iraq and Iran.

Sheffield — An industrial centre in England known for cutlery, steel rail

and armour plates for ships.

Sicily — An island under Italy which is to be connected with themainland by the construction of a bridge.

St. Lucia — It is the small Caribbean island which achieved itsindependence from Britain on Feb. 21,1979 after 195 years of British rule.

«



St. Petersburg — This, the cultural capital of Russia was built by Tsar

Peter, the Great on May 27, 1703. The tercentenary celebrations were held on

May 31,2003 in which India's Prime Minister, Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee also

participated along with other SO Heads of State and Government. Built on

more than 100 islands and connected by 500 bridges and hence named'Venice of North', Petersburg is one of the great cities of Europe. The G-8

summit was held in St. Petersburg in July 2006.

Salina — A city in Kansas (USA) where the millionaire American

adventurer-aviator, Mr. Steve Fossett, completed his solo, round- die-world,

non-stop trip on March 4,2005, thus becoming the first person to accomplish

this feat.

Sao Paulo — In Brazil, the venue of the 11th conference of the

UNCTAD — United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in June

2004.

Taipei-101 — It is a 101 storeyed structure built in Taipei (Taiwan)

having a height of 508 meter. It is now the highest structure of the world

replacing the Petronas towers of Malaysia.

Tora Bora — It is a rough mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan.

The terrorist mafia Osama-bin-Laden was suspected to be hiding in the Tora

Bora hills. The USA bombed the place intensively.

Trincomalee — A port on the east cost of Sri Lanka. It is reported that

China has designs of establishing a naval base here.

Vatican — The name given to the official residence of the Pope at Rome;

The smallest country in the world.

Wailing Wall — It is the western wall of a Jewish temple which had been

built in Jerusalem 200 years before Christ. The temple was destroyed by the

Romans in 70 A.D. The wailing wall is the only extent sign of the temple.

Wall Street — Stock Exchange market in New York (U.S.A.).

Walvis Bay — A tiny Atlantic island which was annexed by the British in

1878. It has been ruled by the South African administration all this time.

Weimar — It is the regional capital in the district of Erfurt (Germany). It

was the venue of the world Sanskrit Conference in May 1979.

Places in Recent News, Port-Au-Prince — It is the capital of a

Caribbean state Haiti. A powerful earthquake hit the Haitian capital, Port-Au-

Prince on January 12, 2010, killing thousands of people and flattening

schools, hospitals and other government buildings.

Porto Alegre — Porto Alegre is in Brazil where in January 2010 the

World Social Forum meet was held.



Westminster Abbey (London) — It contains tombs of many sovereigns,

unknown warriors and other great persons.

Yellow Stone Park — The oldest and largest park in U.S.A. known for

3,000 geysers and hot springs. The spectacular falls and impressive canyons

of the yellow stone river are the major attractions of this place.

Yogyakarta (Indonesia) — A massive earthquake measuring 6-2 on the

Richter scale struck Yogyakarta in the Java Island of Indonesia on May 27,

2006. More than 6,000 lives were lost in the earthquake.

Important Residences of the World

Bogor Palace — Summer palace of the President of Indonesia.

Buckingham Palace (London) — King/Queen of England. 10-

Downing Street (London) — Prime Minister of U.K. Elysee Palace

(Paris) — French President. Rashtrapati Bhawan (New Delhi) —

Indian President. Vatican City (Rome) — Pope. White House —

U.S. President.

Indian Towns Associated with Industries orFactories

Agra (UJP.) — Marble, learner, carpets, stoneware.

Ahmedabad (Gujarat) — Cotton Textiles.

Aligarh (UP.) — Locks, cutlery and dairy industry.

Ambernath (Maharashtra) — Machine Tools Prototype Factory.

Ankleshwar (Gujarat) — Oil fields.

Bangaluru (Karnataka) — Cotton textiles, toys, carpets, motors,Hindustan Aircraft, Telephone and Machine tools.

Bareilly (UP.) — Resin industry, Bamboo wood work, Match Factory.

Batanagar (W.B.) — Shoes

Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) — Steel.

Bokaro (Jharkhand) — Steel plant.

Miimbai — Cotton textiles, cinema, woollen goods etc.

Kolkata (W.B.) — Jute, Electric bulbs and lamps.



Chitranjan (W .B.) — Locomotive.

Chhindwara (M. P.) — Coal, Lime-stone.

Churk (U .P.) — Cement.

Cochin (Kerala) — Ship-building, coffee, coconut, oil, coirmat rubber.

Cyberabad (Andhra Pradesh) — Electronics Computer etc. Information

Technology.

Dalmianagar (Jharkhand) — Cement.

Delhi — D .D.T., Textiles and Housing.

Dhariwal (Punjab) — Woollen goods.

Digboi — Petroleum.

Durgapur (WB.)- Steel.

Firozabad (U .P.) — Glass.

Guntur (AP.) — Cotton manufacture.

Gwalior (MP.) — Pottery.

Jaipur (Raj.) — Embroidery, pottery, brassware.

Jalahalli — Machine Tools Factory and Electronics.

Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) — Iron and Steel goods.

Jharia (Jharkhand) — Coal.

Katni (MP.)-Cement.

Kalamassery (Kerala) — Hindustan Machine Tools.

Khetri (Rajasthan) — Copper.

Ludhiana (Punjab) — Hosiery.

Moradabad (UP.) — Utensils, Calico-printing.

Mysore (Karnataka) — Silk.

Narora (UP.) — Atomic Power Unit.

Nangal (Punjab) — Fertilizers.Nepanagar (MP.) — Newsprint.

Neyveli — Lignite.

Nunamati — Oil-refining.

Perambur (Tamil Nadu) — Integral Coach Factory.

Pimpri (Maharashtra) — Penicillin Factory.

Pinjore (Haryana) — Hindustan Machine Tools.

Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan) — Hydro Power Plant.

Rawatbhata (Raj.) — Atomic Power Plant near Kota.



Raniganj (W3.)-Coal mines.

Renukoote (UP.) — Hindustan Aluminium works.

Rourkela (Odisha) — Steel, Fertilizers.

Rupnarainpur (WU.) — Cables.

Saharanpur (UP.) — Mangoes, Cigarette factory, paper mill. Sindri (Jharkhand) — Fertilizers.

Singareni (Andhra Pradesh) — Coal.

Singhbhum (Jharkhand) — Copper.

Srinagar (Kashmir) — Woollen Shawls, silks, wood work embroidery.

Surajpur (Haryana) — Cement factory.

Surat (Gujarat) — Textiles.

Sbolapur (Maharashtra) — Cotton textiles.

Tarapur (Maharashtra) — Atomic Power Plant.

Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu) — Cigar.

Titagarh (WJ.)- Paper and Jute.

Trombay (Maharashtra) — Atomic Reactors, Fertilizers, oil refineries,Uranium Thorium Factory.

Vyaypur (MP.) — Fertilizers.

Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) — Ship building, Iron and Steel andOil refinery.

Zainkot (J & K) — Hindustan Machine Tools (Watches).

Foreign Towns Associated with Industries

Baku (Azerbaijan) — Petroleum.

Bangkok (Thailand) — Ship building, Teak wood.

Belfast (Ireland) — Linen goods, Ship building.

Buenos Aires (Argentina) — Dairy Products, meat.

Cadiz (Portugal) — Coork.

Chicago (U.S.A.) — Agricultural implements, grain and meat, auto-mobiles.

Cologne (West Germany) — On river Rhine, Eau-de-Cologne, cottonand woollen industries.

Dacca (Bangladesh) — Jute, Famous for muslin in olden days.



Detroit (U.S A.) — Motor cars.

Dresden (East Germany) — Optical and photographic apparatus.

Essen (W. Germany) — Engineering works, Krupps Iron and SteelWorks, coal mining.

Glasgow (Scotland) — Machinery, Textile.

Havana (Cuba) — Tobacco, cigars, sugar.

Hollywood (U.S A.) — Film industry.

Johanesburg (S. Africa) — Gold mines.

Kimbeiiey (S. Africa) — Diamond mining.

Leeds (England) — Woollen goods.

Los Angeles (U.S A.) — Film production, oil mines.

Lyons (France) — Silk industries.

Mauritius (Indian Ocean) — Sugar.

Milan (Italy)-Silk.

Morocco (North Africa) — Leather. Multan (Pakistan) — Pottery, dates, durries.

Munich (W. Germany) — Lenses.

New Orleans (U ̂A.) — Cotton.

Pittsburg (UJS A.) — Iron and Steel, coal petroleum.

Plymouth (England) — Ship-building.

Sheffield (England) — Cudery.

Sylhet (Bangladesh) — Tea, shell carving.

Venice (Italy) — Glass manufacture.

Vienna (Austria) — Glass manufacture.

Wellington (New Zealand) — Dairy products.

Yenganyaung (Burma) — Petroleum.

Countries Associated with Industries

Afghanistan — Carpets, wool, dry and fresh fruits.

Australia — Wheat, wool, meat, dairy products.

Austria — Machinery, textile, learner goods.

Belgium — Glass, textiles.



Brazil — Coffee.

Canada — Wheat, machinery, newsprint.

Chile — Copper.

China — Rice, tea, silk, iron and steel, oil refining.

Cuba — Sugar, Tobacco. Denmark — Dairy products.

England — Textiles, machinery, medicines, motor cars.

Finland — Textiles, paper.

France — Textiles, silk, wine.

Germany — Machinery, iron and steel goods, equipment and transportequipment, chemical products, refrigerators, television, washing machines,lenses, radio etc.

Ghana — Gold, manganese, coffee.

India — Sugar, hides and skins, mica, manganese, tea, lac, jute, textiles.

Indonesia — Sugar, spices, rice, oil, rubber, cinchona. Iran — Petroleum, dry fruits, carpet.

Iraq — Petroleum, dates.

Italy — Textiles, mercury.

Japan — Automobiles, machinery, textiles, toys, silk, hosiery elec-tronics.

Kuwait — Petroleum.

Malaysia — Tin, rubber.

Mexico — Silver, petroleum.

Netherlands — Machinery, electrical goods, aircraft.

Russia — Heavy machinery, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals.

Saudi Arabia — Oil and dates.

Spain — Lead.

Sweden — Matches, timber.

Switzerland — Watches, electrical equipment.

Taiwan — Rice, Camphor.

South Africa — Gold and diamond mining.

UJSA. — Automobiles, machinery, coal, wheat, petroleum.

Vietnam — Tin, cinchona, rubber, rice and teak.

West Indies — Sugar, tobacco.



Minerals — where found (India)

Aluminium — Ketala, UP. and MP.

Antimony — Punjab and Kamataka.

Asbestos — Bihar, Kamataka, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.

Bantonite — Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir. Bauxite — Bihar, Odisha, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Beryllium — Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir and Bihar.

Carborundum — Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kamataka andKashmir.

Cement — Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana.

China Clay — Kerala, Rajmahal Hills, Singhbhum district of Bihar.

Chromite — Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Bhagalpur (Bihar); Ratnagiri(Maharashtra); Salem (Tamil Nadu); Shimoga and Chitradurg (Kamataka);Keonjhar (Odisha); Ladakh (Kashmir).

Coal — Raniganj (W. Bengal); Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpur (Jharkhand);

Panch Valley and Chanda (MP.); Singareni (Andhra) and Mukum (Assam). Cobalt — Rajasthan and Kerala.

Copper — Singhbhum and Hazaribagh (Jharkhand); Khetri (Rajasthan)and Balaghat (MP.).

Diamond — Panna, Chhatarpur and Satna districts of Madhya Pradeshand Kernool (A.P.).

Felspar — Rewa (MP.); Burdwan (W. Bengal); Alwar and Ajmer(Rajasthan); Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu).

Fuller's Earth — Rajasthan, MP. and Kamataka.

Gold — Kolar and Hatti gold-fields (Kamataka) and AP.

Graphite — Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.Kamataka, Odisha and Kerala.

Gypsum — Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu), Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.

Heavy Water — Talcher (Odisha), Kota (Rajasthan), Baroda (Gujarat),Tuticorn (Tamil Nadu).

Dlemenite — Bihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Iron Ore — Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj(Odisha), Durg, Belladila (Chhattisgarh) and Kamataka.

Limestone — Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu.



Lead — MP., A.P., UP. and Gujarat. 1

Manganese — Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Goa andKarnataka.

Mica — Kodarma in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand, Nellore(Andhra Pradesh), Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Tirunal Valley (Tamil Nadu).

Monazite sands — Travancore coast (Kerala).

Petroleum — Digboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Asom;Jwalamukhi (HP.); Cambay, Ankleshwar (Gujarat), Bombay High.

Salt — Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan) Rann of Kutch (Gujarat).

Salt petre — Punjab, UP. and Bihar.

Silmanite — Assam, MP.

Silver — Chitradurg, Balari (Karnataka); Singhbhum, Santhal Pargana(Jharkhand), Zawar (Rajasthan) and Cudappah (A.P.).

Tin — Hazaribagh (Jharkhand).

Thorium — Travancore (Kerala). Tungsten — Rajasthan, WJ3., Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Turmeric — Kerala, Andhra Pradesh.

Uranium — Bihar and Rajasthan.

Zinc — Zawar and Angucha mines in Udaipur and Bhilwara districts ofRajasthan.

Zircon — Occurs in the beach sands of Kerala and Cape Comorin (Tamil Nadu).

Minerals, Crops and Other Products where Found

Aluminium — U.S A., Canada, Norway, Switzerland, France and India.

Carpets — Iran and India.

Cheese — USA., England, Netherlands and Australia.

Coal — U.S A., England, Germany, Russia, Australia and India.

Coca — Ghana, S. America and West Indies.

Coffee — Brazil, Columbia, Indonesia, Ethiopia.

Copper — Chile, U.S A.

Cotton — U.S.A., Uzbekistan, Egypt, India, Brazil, Argentina andPakistan.

Electric Bulbs — U.S A., England, India.

Gold — S. Africa, Australia, Canada, S. America, India.

Grapes — France, Italy, Portugal, California (USA.).



Ilmenite — India.

Iron Ore — U.S A., Russia, UK., France, Germany, India.

Jute — Bangladesh, India.

Manganese — Russia, India.

Mica — India. Monazite — India.

Petroleum — U.S A., Venezuela, Russia, Middle East Countries, Iranand Indonesia.

Plastic Goods — England, U.S A., Japan.

Rke — China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan and Burma.

Rubber — Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, China and India.

Silk — China, U.SA.,France, India and Japan.

Silver — Mexico, U.S A., Peru and India.

Steel — U .S A., Germany, Russia, England and Japan.

Tea — India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan and Indonesia.

Tin — Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, China and Thailand.

Wheat — China,U.S A.,India, Canada, Argentina, and Australia.

Wool — Australia, Argentina,New Zealand and S. Africa.

Plants of Chief Industries in India

Iron and Steel — Jamshedpur, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Bhadravati

(Kamataka), Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Rouikela (Odisha), Durgapur, Kulti,

Hirapur (W. Bengal), Visakhapatnam (AP.), Salem (Tamil Nadu).

Ship-building — Vishakhapatnam, Cochin, Mazgoan, Bombay.

Cotton Industry — Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Sholapur, Coimbatore,

Nagpur, Madurai, Kanpur, Delhi, Bengaluru, Ludhiana, Indore, Koikata etc.

Petroleum Refining — Digboi, Trombay, Vishakhapatnam, Barauni,

Nunamati, Koyali, Mathura.

Aircraft — Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Nasik, Koraput.

Cement Industry — Lakheri (Raj.) Okha, Gwalior, Churk, Katni,

Surajpur, Bhadravati, Kaimor (MP.).

Coal Mining — Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpur

(Jharkhand), Singareni (Andhra Pradesh), Kukum (Assam).



Crops of India

Rabi crops — These are winter crops sown in October/November and

^eaped in March/April. These are wheat, barley, gram, linseeds, mustard etc.

Kharif crops — These are the crops raised in rainy season. They are own

in June/July and harvested in September/October. These are maize, ice,

cotton, millets etc.

Zaid (Summer) crops — Like Cucurbits — Lauki, Khera, Bhindi, Torai

etc. sown in February/March and harvested in May/June.

Cash crops — Crops which are produced for trading purposes and not for

consumption by the farmer and his family for subsistence are known as cash

crops; e.g., cotton, jute, oil seeds, tobacco, maize (Cobbs) etc.

Chief Crops and the State Producing Them

Barley — UP., Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Cardamom — Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Cashewnut — Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Odisha.

Coffee — Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills) and Kerala.

Cotton — Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, U.P., Tamil Nadu,

Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.

Gram and Pulses — U.P., Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,

Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Ground nut — Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and

Madhya Pradesh.

Jute — Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

Maize — U.P., Bihar, Punjab and Rajasthan.

Rice — West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,Bihar, Tamil Nadu, UP. and Odisha.

Rubber — Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andman & Nicobar.

Saffron — Jammu & Kashmir State.

Sugarcane — UP., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab

and Gujarat.

Tobacco — Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP., West Bengal, Maharashtra,

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.

Wheat — Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,

Maharashtra.



SOME CURIOS

The Largest, Longest, Biggest, Highest,

Smallest in the World

Archipelago, Largest

Largest Railway Bridge

Bird, largest Bird,

smallest Building,

Tallest

Longest Irrigational Canal

Canal, longest (Joining two

oceans)

City, largest population

City, biggest in area

City, highest

City, most expensive

Capital, highest

Highest, Aerodrome

Continent, biggest

Continent, smallest

Country, biggest

Region, highest Delta, largest

Desert, biggest

Dam, World's highest gravity

Dam largest

Diamond, largest

Electorate, largest

Epic, biggest

Indonesia

Herey P. Long Bridge, Lovisiana,

U.S.A. (7 km.) Ostrich

Humming bird

Burj Khalifa, Dubai (828 metre high

with 168 storeys) Thekalakumsky

Canal (1200 km) Suez Canal (168

km)

Tokyo (Japan)

Mount Isa (40,978 sq. km.)

(Queens Land-Australia)

Van Chuan (China), (5,100 metres

high)

Tokyo

La Paz (Bolivia) (3,632 metres high)

La Paz (Bolivia) (4,080 m)

Asia (4,40,00,000 sq. kms)

Australia (80,60,000 sq. kms)

Russia (1,70,75,400 sq. kms)

Tibet (4,875 metres)

Sunderban (India)The Great Sahara

Rogunskaya (Tadzhikistan)

(84,00,000 sq. kms)

Grand Coulee Dam (U.S.A.)

The Cullinan (over 1 ^ lb.)

India (About 60 crores)

Mahabharat



Genius, World's greatest

Highest airfield

Irrigation scheme, World's

biggest

Island, biggest in the World

Island Sea, largest

Mountain Peak, world's highest

Lake, deepest

Museum, World's biggest

Ocean, biggest

The Paper with the largestcirculation in the world

Park, biggest Peninsula,

largest Plane, World's largestPalace, biggest Planet, largest

Planet, smallest Plateau,

highest Population, largest

Railway Platform, longest

River, world's longest Region,

world's coldest Stamp, world's

first Tallest Building in the East

Tallest Building in the world

Telescope, Largest Radio

The richest country in the wor(in terms of Gross Nationalproduct per inhabitant)

Tramway, world's first

Tunnel, longest Thoroughfare,

world's largest Volcano,

highest

Leonardo-da-Vinci painter sculptor,architect, engineer, scientist etc.

Daulat Beg Oldi (Laddakh, 16,800 ft)

Lloyd Barrage, Sukkhur

(Pakistan)

Greenland

Mediterranean Sea

Mount Everest (Nepal) 8,848 metres

Baikal (Russia, 1940 metres)

British museum (London)

The Pacific

The Times of India

Yellow Stone National Park (USA)

Arabia (32,50,000 sq. kms)

Superjumbo Airbus A 380 (France)

Vatican (Italy)

Jupiter

Pluto

Pamir

China [127-5 crore (2001)]

Storvik (Sweden)

Nile (6648 Kms)

Verkhoyansk (Siberia)

Penny Black (British)

"Sunshine 60" in Tokyo

Burj Khalifa (UAE)

New Mexico (U.S A.)

Yellow Stone National Park (USA)

Arabia (32,50,000 sq. tans)

Superjumbo Airbus A 380 (France)

Vatican (Italy)

Jupiter

Pluto

Pamir

China [127-5 crore (2001)]

Storvik (Sweden)

Nile (6648 Kms)

Verkhoyansk (Siberia)

Penny Black (British)

"Sunshine 60" in Tokyo

Burj Khalifa (UAE)

New Mexico (U.S A.)

Switzerland (21,330 UJS. Dollar Percapita)



Volcano, largest Watt,

world's largest * Waterfall,

world's highest

Water, Lowest body of

Zoo, largest in the world

An observatory situated at thehighest place in the world

Mauna Lea (Hawai)

The Great Wall of China

In Venezuela (Angel Falls) (979metres)

Dead Sea (around 1300 feet belowsea-level)

Kruger National Park, South Africa

Indian Astronomical observatory,situated at Hanle, Laddakh

Largest, Smallest, Highest and Longest in

India

Biggest Hotel

Highest Mountain PeakLargest Populated CUy

Longest River (Flow in India)

Highest Waterfall

Largest Lake

Longest Electric Railway Line

Largest State (area) Largest

State (population)

Longest River Bridge

Highest Gateway

Wettest place or heaviestrainfall

Tallest Statue

Largest Tunnel

Oberai-Sheraton on the shore of the

Arabian Sea in South Bombay. K 2

(8,611 metres) Mumbai

Ganga (2510 km)

Gersoppa Waterfall, Karnataka,

(830 ft.)

Wular Lake, Kashmir

Kolkata to Delhi

Rajasthan (4,43,446 sq. kms)

Uttar Pradesh (166,197,921>-2001census

Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna (5-75 km.Long)

Buland Darwaja 54 metres (FatehpurSikari, Agra)

Masinram (Meghalaya)

Statue of Gomateshwar, Karnataka (47metres high)

Jawahar Tunnel (J & K State), 1 j km.,

Banihal Pass)



Largest Museum Indian Museum, Kolkata

Densest population West Bengal (904 persons per sq. kms;

Largest Zoo Zoological Gardens, Alipur, Kolkata

Largest Forest State Asom

Largest Road Grand Trunk Road (2,400 kms)

Largest Delta Sunderban Delta (12,872 sq. kms)

Largest Cave Temple Ellora (Kailash Temples, Maharashtra)

Largest Cantilever Span Bridge Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)

Highest Tower Qutub Minar, Delhi

Largest Dome Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur (Karnataka)

Largest Mosque Jama Masjid, Delhi

Highest Straight Gravity Dam Bhakra Dam

Smallest State (area) Goa

Smallest State (population) Sikkim

Largest Desert Thar (Rajasthan)

Largest man-made lake Govind Sagar (Bhakra)

Largest Corridor Rameshwaram Temple Corridor

(121 metres long)

Largest Animal Fair Sonepur Fair, Bihar.

Geographical Surnames

Blue Mountain Nilgiri hills

Bengal's Sorrow Damodar river

City of palaces Kolkata

China's Sorrow Hwang Ho

City of Seven Hills Rome

City of Skyscrapers New York

City of Eternal Springs Quito (S. America)

Cockpit of Europe Belgium

Dark Continent Africa

Empire City New York

Emerald Island Ireland

Eternal City Rome



Forbidden City

Gift of the Nile

Gateway of India

Gate of Tears

George Cross Islands

Granite City

Garden Province of S. Africa

Holy Land

Hermit Kingdom

Island of Cloves

Key to Mediterranean

Land of the Midnight Sun

Land of the Rising Sun

Land of the Thousand Lakes Land of the Golden Pagoda

Land of Morning Calm

Land of Maple Leaf

Land of Thousand Elephants

Land of White Elephants

Land of five rivers

Land of Thunderbolt

Manchester of the Orient

Pillars of Hercules

Playground of Europe Queen of the Adriatic

Rose Pink City

Roof of the World

Sugar Bowl of the World

Venice of the North

Windi City

Whiteman's Grave

World's Loneliest Island

Yellow River

Lhasa

Egypt

Mumbai

Bab-el-mondab

Malta

Aberdeen (Scotland)

Natal

Jerusalem

Korea

Zanzibar

Gibraltar

Norway

Japan

FinlandBurma

Korea

Canada

Laos

Thailand

Punjab

Bhutan

Osaka (Japan)

Straits of Gibraltar

SwitzerlandVenice

Jaipur

The Pamirs in Central Asia

Cuba

Stockholm

Chicago

Guinea (West Coast Africa)

Tristan De Cunha (mid-Atlantic)

Hawang-Ho (China)



Wonders of the World

Ancient

1. Hanging Gardens of Babylon; 2. Temple of Diana al Ephesus (Rome); 3. Statue of Jupiter at Olympia;4. Mausoleum of Mausolus (Ruler of Halicarnassus); 5. Pyramids of Egypt; 6. Light House at Alexandria; 7.Colossus of Rhodes 912 ft. statue of Helos, the sun God, stands at one side of the harbour.

Medieval World

1. Colosseum of Rome; 2. Great Wall of China; 3. Porcelain Tower of Nanking; 4. Stonehange ofEngland; 5. Mosque at St. Sophia (Constantinople); 6. Catacombs of Alexandria; 7.- Leaning Tower of Pisa; 8.Taj Mahal (Agra).

Deserts

Atacama (North Chile), Colorado (California, U.S.A.) Great Arabian (most of Arabia); Gobi (Mangolia);Great Australia (Western portion of Australia); Kalahari (S. Africa); Kara Kum (Turkmenistan); Kyzylkum(Uzbekistan); Libyan (East Sahara); Mohave (SE.California); Nubian (East Africa); Sahara (North Africa); TakalaMakan (South Sinkiang, China); Thar (N.W. India); Great Victoria (Australia).

General Knowledge V

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Transcript of General Knowledge V