General Introduction to Artificial Consciousnesslea.hamradio.si/~s51em/book/artifico.pdf ·...

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General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness The Philosophy of the Informational, Formalization, and Implementation Rev. 1.7/October 4, 2004 A Study in Progress This work is dedicated to the memory of author’s aunt and teacher, for her trust, moral, intellectual and financial sup- port during the author’s studies at The Realgym- nasium in Maribor, in 1939–48 (Tegetthoff Gym- nasium in Marburg/Drau, 1943–45), and at The University in Ljubljana, in 1948–54

Transcript of General Introduction to Artificial Consciousnesslea.hamradio.si/~s51em/book/artifico.pdf ·...

  • General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    The Philosophy of the Informational, Formalization, and Implementation

    Rev. 1.7/October 4, 2004

    A Study in Progress

    This work is dedicated to the memory of author’saunt and teacher,

    Mi Joipina Pepca Rogina,Mar 5, 1893 { February 18, 1969,for her trust, moral, intellectual and financial sup-port during the author’s studies at The Realgym-nasium in Maribor, in 1939–48 (Tegetthoff Gym-nasium in Marburg/Drau, 1943–45), and at TheUniversity in Ljubljana, in 1948–54

  • Anton P. �Zeleznikar|June 8, 1928

  • Anton P. Železnikar

    General Introduction to ArtificialConsciousness

    The Philosophy of the Informational, Formalization, and Implementation

    Ljubljana, Slovenia

  • Abstract

    Artificial Consciousness (AC) is a metaphor for informational consciousness as a man-machine organization, struc-ture, and implementation perspective. AC can be conceptualized, designed and, as a consequence, implementedon the basis of informational philosophy, theory and formalism, expressed by a form of pre-mathematical sym-bolism (formulas, formula systems, schemes, graphs). This kind of formalism represents a new approach to aformalism in which formulas, formula systems, schemes, graphs, etc. perform as informationally emergent entities.Such a formalism fits the requirements for the emergent consciousness components (informons and entropons)as well as possible. This paper is on the way of a future AC project in all possible organizational, structural, andemergent complexity.

    The study brings a systematic and survey overview being necessary to understand, design, and implementthe artificial consciousness. Several informational shells of metaphysicalism and metaphysicalistically organizedconsciousness structures are discussed. All the formalism proceeds from the informational, that is, also conscious-ness axioms and rules of procedure. One of the most important means for emerging organization of informationaland consciousness systems is decomposition of operands, formulas and formula systems in a serial, circular andparallel way, in a spontaneous, unforeseeable, unpredictable, and uncertain manner.

    Keywords: axiomatism, causalism, circularism, consciousness, counterinforming, decompositionalism, embedding,emergentism, entropon, externalism, formula, formula system, frame, gestalt, graph, inferentialism, informational,informing, informon, internalism, metaphysicalism, parallelism, phenomenalism, serialism

    Copyright c© 2004 by the author.All rights reserved. No part od this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior writtenpermission of the author. Printed in Slovenia.

    Address of the author:

    Anton P. ŽeleznikarVolaričeva ulica 8, SI–1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia, The European Union.

    [email protected] page: http://www.artifico.org

    CIP—Publication Cataloging Record

    National and University Library, Ljubljana

    n Artificial Informational Consciousness (nnn)nnn.nn(nnn)

    General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness: An Informational Approach, Formalization, and Implementa-

    tion / [Author:

    Anton P. Železnikar].

    Published by Anton P. Železnikar, 2004

    ISBN 961–. . . .

    1. Železnikar, Anton P.

    nnnnnnnn

    Po mnenju Ministrstva za kulturo Republike Slovenije št. nnn − nn/99 z dne nn. nn 2004 šteje knjiga medproizvode, za katere se plačuje 8 % davek od prometa proizvodov.

  • Preface

    The idol is that of the creative oomph, and the market place is that of the changing scene inphilosophy of science. Ever since the so-called scientific revolution philosophers have been concernedwith the logic and method of discovery.

    —Matti Sintonen [111] 241

    The idea on the informational began as a joy of curiosity and brimming over of the initial impossibility ofphilosophy and formalization particularly. The initial question was whether the emerging from something ornothing can be formalized at all or, nevertheless, formalized at least to some reasonable and implementationconcerning degree. The informational landscape seemed to be picturesque and beautiful in its various kinds ofinfiniteness, approaching possibilities, coming near as possible to particular problem solving within the author’sscope of view. In this sense, it was only a question of time and effort when the essential breakthrough will becomepossible and evident for applications in the domains excerpting informational nature. The beauty emerged notonly from the new conceptualism, constructivism, and philosophical insight but dominantly from consistency ofthe new formalism, its informational symbolism compactness and derivativeness.

    This work is a guide and already a handbook through the wide and complex landscape of the informational—its exhaustive and challenging philosophy and a general new concept of formalization. Within the philosophicalcommunity and scientific community, the theory of the informational means an original, a specific, new and assuch an objectively, reasonably and essentially shifted and remote project against the traditional and mainstreamuse, formalism and platitude. Informational consciousness together with its informational background, of course,reaches far beyond the technicalities of the artificial (intelligence) and the formalistic (mathematics) and entersinto the essentiality of the natural of consciousness as an individual phenomenon.

    In which way did the theory of the informational emerge and how was the concept of informational conscious-ness connected to it? What was the genesis of this long-termed project started in 1980s when the author ofthis essay was essentially confronted with his new life circumstances, philosophy, and possible new informationaltechnology? Several answers must and can be given to these basic ontological questions.

    Symbolism in this essay is mostly new and built up systematically. The choice of the general operator symbol,|=, goes back to the basic and one of the most significant works in the theory of algorithms, Markov’s normalalgorithms [83], giving the symbol a general informational attribute. From this symbol other operator symbols arederived, e.g., =|, 6|=, 6=|, ||=, |=particularization, etc. Markov’s theory of normal algorithms was an essential collapsein authors research life from which, later, his work on overlapping algorithms arose1, and as his dissertation couldbe conceptualized.

    Without any doubt, the most significant impulse for a wider understanding of the informational was originatedby the book of Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores, Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundationfor Design [125]. This work linked the author’s attention to Heidegger’s Being and Time [47]. The consequencewas the study of Heidegger’s circularly structured sentence formulation and later, the design of the unifiedformalization of the informational. For instance, in April 1987, at Stanford University, Winograd disagreed withthe dynamic determination of information and his opinion at that time was that what I have intended must begiven another name (term), that is, not that already belonging to the Shannonian concept of information. Atthat time, in the proposed new understanding of information already, although implicitly, the phenomenal view of

    1Železnikar, A.P. 1967. Overlapping algorithms. Mathematical Systems Theory 1:325–345.

    i

  • ii Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    information and its informing was supposed, as seen from the authors first essay in this direction, with the titleOn the way to information (published in [127] and republished, together with other initial essays in [146]).

    Heidegger’s influence [46] on author’s concepts was substantial in developing the informational concepts ofunderstanding and interpretation. Such an initial effort of formalizing his concepts (¶ 32 in [47]) by the newlyemerging informational formalism was made in a series of papers entitled An informational approach of Being-there as understanding [150, 151, 152]. In 1988, the development of appropriate operator symbolism was startedintroducing several tens of symbols with the new meaning into author’s papers.

    The next reason for such a project was conditioned by the author’s status as adviser to the general managerof Delta Computers Company during 1980–1990. These have been the most productive, critical, and researchintensive time in his life, contacting the leading personalities of industry and academia environment in Japan andThe United States of America. Later, in Iskra Delta Computers, an ambitious project named PARSYS [128, 129]was started with the aim to develop a microprocessor based 32-bit parallel computer system.

    As human being of the postmodern (deconstructivist) epoch I am a scientist, constructivist (in the senseof deconstructivism), and environmentalist2. My theory (science) is informationally interactive (multidisciplinaryand environmentally sensitive), my construction is culturally and socially conditioned (considering individual andcollective consciousness with philosophical and scientific foundation), my artificial consciousness is embodied(informationally machined [154, 163], computerized). I am a thinker (cognitivist, constructor) and engineer,inclined to abstract and practical solutions (formalizing, mathematizing and engineering). The informationalmeans to me the emergent as interactive and constructive, and objective with constraints and counter-constraints.The informational is far apart from being purely objective, scientific, cognitive, reasonable, constructive, and thelike. It is interactively emergent. It comes up in informational and maybe other kind of collapses (physical,phenomenal) being unforeseeable, entirely uncertain, and surprising. Thus, informational is emergently impacting,observing, interactive, constructive, embodied, conscious, unconscious, uncertain, unexpected, and otherwisepossible. I am an informational emergentist meditating the verb to inform to the extreme possibilities of meaningvariability and freedom. When I deconstruct the world I decompose it informationally in an interactive wayby the existent and emerging experience. As a result of my consciousness, experience is constructed, beinginformationally decomposed during my life within a culture and society into which I was thrown and fallen. Myscience emerges from this natural ground and its environment and, thus, being constructively different to sometraditional positions of the mainstream science. The consequence of this attitude is my serious and idle talk,informational ambivalence, and research curiosity. I feel myself as an embodied informational being (entity)looking into the physical and the phenomenal world. In short, my consciousness informs as a conscious unity andthe same for artificial consciousness is provided—philosophically, theoretically, methodologically, formalisticallyand, lastly, in a machining way.

    In which particular way the essay is being written and what has been in the respect of a wider and easiercomprehension in the mind of the writer? At least, philosophy, symbolism, and formalism could come in thegreater part of the essay unknown, frequently uncommon, and new to the reader’s will of understanding. Sys-tematic learning and interiorization of informational and formalistic concepts, also their firm understanding andinterpretation will be necessary to a reasonable extent. The support to the reader in this sense is given by a kindof guide structure of the essay. Several concepts are repeated, however differently interpreted, with the aim tofortify the essence of informational and formalistic conceptualism. This systematic approach was useful for thewriter and will be such for the reader too. For this reason, the titles in the table of contents, and in the lists offigures and tables are a bit more exhaustive than usually. At the end of the essay, a versatile and exhausted indexof concepts is listed, where identical notions can be searched from different conceptual points of view. Thus, theessay can be used as a background and guide for further philosophical, formalistic-theoretical, and technologicaldesign and development in the field of artificial and natural consciousness research. On the other side, details andtechnicalities will definitely clear several questions which otherwise, without an expository clarity, would remainunrevealed and not essentially understood by the reader.

    In the text of the essay a compact style of presentation is used, so the reader is not forced to ransackexaggeratedly around the searching for understanding of terms and symbolic formalism. For instance, in a specificsubsection or subsubsection, the explanation of terms and symbolism by minimal differences is repeated, so thereader can remind the details in reading a specific text. Such a style of writing makes the essay a bit moreexhaustive and longer, however rises the intelligibility without an additional effort for the reader.

    Some words have to be said to the scientific and technological vision for a future3 of artificial consciousness

    2The idea of such a position goes back to Hayles, N.K. 1995. Searching for common ground. In M.E. Soulé & G.Lease, Eds. Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction. Island Press. Washington D.C.

    3See, for instance, America’s vision for a digital future. 1999. Euroabstracts 37:5:9.

  • Preface iii

    (AC) in the view of the informational—its theory, methodology, and formalism. Concepts of artificial consciousnesswill soon become a standard domain of information technology which seems to be seriously inadequate especiallyin terms of the informational as presented in this essay. Artificial consciousness calls for a long-term research andhigh-risk projects in the framework of government agencies, IT corporations and academia. It refers to the majorproblems of nowadays information technologies concerning large software systems (informational programming,informational entity programming), Internet as a component enabling informational emergentism (in the designand operation of large information networks), development of bigger and faster computers (informational machinewith a standard AC software support), and socio-economic issues which will arise from AC as a part of informationrevolution. All this calls for the rededication of current high-tech research and development in the new direction ofartificial consciousness as an informationally emergent phenomenon. Thus, AC brings a more critical and strongerview into the information future.

    During the writing of this essay, the author was confronted with several problems of the balkanized environmentand disturbing difficulties. One of the most disturbing everyday happening were the confused, behavior-disordered,and aggressive Xanthippean and feminist circumstances when the author’s writing was repeatedly declared notonly as useless and a work of nonsense but also as an insane undertaken without any such or other theoreticaland practical value bringing benefit and money into his pocket. The reader will hardly understand which kind ofself-control in motivation and especially in mental concentration was necessary to hold the author in a conditionof the hard, consistent, and effective work. Now, when all this is passed, the author is glad to offer his workto the reading and studying auditory. The author expresses his thanks to the very few of them who have beenhallowed in his work, given the moral and optimistic support to him in the last few years.

    A serious study of the informational and the conscious within it, the corresponding philosophy, formalism,logotypographical terminology, and methodological design, can be embraced merely in the book-form essay,serving simultaneously as a guide, learning means, reminder, and design motivation. The author hopes that inthis respect the work lying before the reader will be of use especially in the understanding of the new approachand in internalization of concepts. These are gathered in the most concentrated form by informational andconsciousness axioms in Sect. 15 and Subsect. 24.5, respectively.

    Artificial consciousness as explored informationally in this essay comes next in the theoretical computer scienceand theoretical artificial intelligence. Beside the fundamentally new axiomatism and methodology, it puts into theforeground the informational emergentism not being explored systematically in computer science neither in artificialintelligence. Artificial consciousness belongs to the new frontiers of theoretical informatics4 and as a machineimplementation to the new frontiers of computer science—as an organizational structure of the informationalmachine. Within this context, it has to tackle with informational algorithms, complexity, and models of consciouscomputation, exploring the new informational logic, meaning, specification, and verification5.

    Everything—the study of the informational and conscious in this essay also—having any value in the futuretakes risk for granted. In studying and writing this essay, the author has experienced shocked surprises concerningthe understanding of the informational. It may happen that somebody of the rare meticulous readers will experi-ence the background of the exposed theory lurking behind the proposed philosophy and especially its formalisticapparatus. By this, new comprehension, experience, and possibilities of philosophical and scientific research willcome to the conscious level.

    Ljubljana, October 4, 2004 Anton P. Železnikar

    Acknowledgment

    It is unusual to write down an acknowledgment to the teachers who essentially influenced the author’s styleand contents of the essay, dedicated to the problems emerging in the previously unexplored context of artificialinformational consciousness. The author has to look into his own understanding of his own history offering tohim substantial life happenings.

    4Theoretical informatics includes the whole of mathematics—the theoretical and the applied—as its subdomain. In thissense, mathematical expressions will be used throughout the study (essay) in a common way.

    5A similar, however, still traditional determination of theoretical computer science can be found in TC1 to hold firstconference on theoretical computer science. 1999. IFIP Newsletter 16:4:2. The author believes that in the next decades thearchitecture, methodology, and implementation of artificial consciousness will become customary and evident in theoreticaland engineering computer science. In that concern, informational principles will become widely used in the old and newsciences, for instance, in the more exact and applicative communication theory.

  • iv Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    Author’s first teacher in German was Fräulein Agatha Schell in Slovenjgradec, Yugoslavia, in 1934–38. Ithappened to the author, under the German occupation, in 1941–43, at the Hauptschule in Windischgraz, wherethe teaching of his Klassenlehrerin, Fräulein Ilse Pichlhöfer was an impulse in the mathematical understandingand, simultaneously, in the understanding of the German language. In years followed the knowledge acquiredfrom her enabled the author to study autonomously chapters of mathematics and to read the German philosophy.A further qualitative impulse came from professors of the Tegetthoff Gymnasium in Marburg/Drau, in 1943–45,where most of them held doctor’s degree of science and philosophy, so the teaching was highly professional andfirst-class in contents. An essential knowledge in English and German was acquired by Professor Dr. Heller, Ph.D.of the Oxford University, and Professor Dr. Fürst6, respectively. The Tegetthoff Gymnasium was said to be oneof the professionally best in the Third Reich.

    Studying at the University in Ljubljana, the author’s most famous teacher was Professor Venčeslav Koželj,an unsurpassable improviser and mathematical combiner in the field of theoretical electromagnetism. His lecturesand papers have substantially influenced the author’s inclination to theoretical problems in a mathematical sense.A push into theoretical direction was given to the author by the physicist, Professor Anton Peterlin, the scientificdirector of the Jožef Stefan Institute, when the author started his first employment in 1955–58. His introductioninto the art of scientific writing was supported by selective instruction, advice, and help. Later, one of the mostimportant theoretical influence on the author was made by reading the A.A. Markov’s Theory of Algorithms [83],abstractly and conceptually one of the most relevant works in the domain of mathematical studies of algorithms.The author’s dissertation concerning Overlapping Algorithms was based on Markov’s constructive methodologyand symbolism. In the Seminary for mathematical logic at the Mathematical Department of the University inZagreb the subject of overlapping algorithms could be discussed and criticized, especially by Dr. Kajetan Šeperand Prof. Vladimir Devidé. Some other substantial impacts came from the study of matters and books mentionedin the Preface and Bibliography.

    One of the most relevant events in author’s life was the leaving of the Jožef Stefan Institute, in 1980,and continuing his professional work in the computer industry, the Delta Computers, being a subdivision of theElektrotehna in Ljubljana, cooperating with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), at that time the second mostpowerful computer producer in the world. As an adviser to the general manager, Mr. Janez Škrubej, the authorhas had the opportunity to visit the most important places of computer system research and development inJapan and the United states of America. Besides, the necessary free time and free choice of the advanced studiesand problems was offered to the author in the framework of the Delta Computers management. The work on theinformational problems in this essay began already in 1986 in Iskra Delta Computers.

    Finally, the proposal for the conference organization concerning artificial consciousness was given by ProfessorSuhrit K. Dey, the Mathematical Department of the Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, IL. For this confer-ence (Consciousness in Science and Philosophy, November 6–7, 1998), the author prepared for the first time asystematical presentation of the informational background of consciousness, by a philosophical and the rigorousformalistic approach, as described in this essay. Also, this author’s essay (in the form of a book) was begun to bewritten on Professor Dey’s insisting, with the belief that the time for such a concept implementation by moderntechnology will arrive definitely, sooner or later.

    Thus, the author’s greatest gratitude and thanks goes to Professor Dey and his wife Roma, who have madethe Conference possible. The author is especially thankful for the Banquet to his honor during the Conference,with the Certificate of Appreciation in recognition of his outstanding contributions in the field of informatics. Thiswas the only but the most beautiful gift for the author’s seventieth anniversary in 1998.

    Another opportunity to the author of this book—to enforce concepts, formalism and implementation of infor-mational consciousness in information system reporting—was given by his keynote address to The 9th EuropeanConference on Information Systems (ECIS 2001) [180]. For the Conference, the book was free available and

    remained available on http://www.artifico.org in a complete printable form (PostScript now and PDF format

    in the future). The author thanks goes to Prof. Jože Gričar, the chairman of the local organizing committee ofECIS 2001.

    At last, the book project was substantially supported by the possibility of e-mail communication, Internetaccessibility, and the Internet presentation of the book. Here, my very cordial thanks goes to my friends, en-trepreneurs and system engineers, Andrej Souvent and Marko Kovačevič. Prof. Ante Lauc, University in Osijek,Croatia, an economist and psychologist by profession, was the closest observer and keen stimulator of the ideasconcerning the informational and, especially, autopoiesis, since the beginning of the project. To him goes my verylast thanks and gratitude.

    6The author apologies to both of his professors for he cannot call into his consciousness their first names.

  • Contents v

    Contents

    1 Introduction: Informational Constitution of the Conscious 11.1 A frame outline of the roots and contents of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Essential problems and quests concerning consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

    1.2.1 Intentionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.2 Mind-body problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.3 Computing or computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2.4 Computational versus informational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2.5 Semantics-meaning problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

    1.3 The informational whole and fragmentary wholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 New operating systems and informational machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

    2 Supervenience Relating the Physical, the Informational, and the Phenomenal 72.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 Serial supervenience in Chalmers [23, 170] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 Bicircular, emergent, and metaphysicalistically structured supervenience in Železnikar [170, 179] . 92.4 Reasonableness of combined supervenient conceptuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.5 The philosophical and the informational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.6 Being and informing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.7 The informational vs. the memetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.8 Biserial circular supervenience of the physical consciousness, informational consciousness, and

    phenomenal consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.9 Supervenience of the informonical and the entroponical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

    2.9.1 The name, its informing, informon, and entropon: a fore-projection . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.9.2 A Heideggerian-informational correspondence to informon-entropon pair . . . . . . . . . 19

    3 Informational Operands 223.1 General informational operands as markers, signifiers, and denotations of formula, formula system,

    formula scheme, gestalt, graph and frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.2 Special informational operands of occurrence, concern, and functionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.3 What does an informational operand represent? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.4 The operand as a name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.5 The emergence of an operand out of the informational nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.6 The emergence of an operand out of the informational all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7 A word or a word phrase as an operand name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

    4 Informational Operators 284.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.2 General binary operator and its duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.3 Operator composition and operator array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.4 Naming of an operator, its particularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.5 Informational emergence of an operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.6 Complexness and concealment of operators in large contexts: operator meaning . . . . . . . . . 31

    5 Informational Formula, Subformula, Length, and Number of Subformulas and Possible Formulas 325.1 What is an informational formula? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.2 An introduction to the informational formula phenomenalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.3 Formula structure: operands, operators, and subformulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.4 Right-directional serial formula marked by ϕ→bα1, α2, . . . , αn→c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.5 Reverse or left-directional serial formula marked by ϕ←bα1, α2, . . . , αn←c . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.6 Bidirectional or the proper biserial formula marked by ϕ�bα1, α2, . . . , αn�c, Subsect. 5.6 . . . . 365.7 Split biserial formula (system) marked by ϕ→,←bα1, α2, . . . , αn→,←c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.8 A short summary concerning non-circular formulas, their schemes, and measures . . . . . . . . . 385.9 Circular serial or circular right-directional formula denoted by ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→

    ⌋. . . . . . . 39

    5.10 Circular reverse serial or circular left-directional formula denoted by ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn←

    ⌋. . . . 40

  • vi Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    5.11 Proper circular biserial or circular right-left-directional formula denoted by ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn�

    ⌋40

    5.12 Split circular biserial formula (system) marked by ϕ

    →,←

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→,←

    ⌋. . . . . . . . . . . 42

    5.13 A short summary concerning circular formulas, their schemes, and measures . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.14 The concept of informational rotationalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.15 A summary of measures concerning a formula ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αnϕ

    ⌋, where Oϕ = {λ,} and

    .ϕ = {→,←,�, (→,←)} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.16 Sentences of a natural language, informational formulas, and formula schemes . . . . . . . . . . 47

    6 Informational Uniform and Mixed Formula Systems 486.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486.2 Serial formula system ϕ

    (ϕ→1;ϕ→2; . . . ;ϕ→p‖→

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

    6.3 Reverse serial formula system ϕ‖

    (ϕ←1;ϕ←2; . . . ;ϕ←p‖←

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

    6.4 Biserial formula system ϕ‖

    (ϕ�1;ϕ�2; . . . ;ϕ�p‖�

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

    6.5 Split biserial formula system ϕ‖

    →,←

    (ϕ→,←1;ϕ→,←2; . . . ;ϕ→,←p‖→,←

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

    6.6 Circular serial formula system ϕ‖

    →1;ϕ

    →2; . . . ;ϕ

    →p‖→

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

    6.7 Circular reverse serial formula system ϕ‖

    ←1;ϕ

    ←2; . . . ;ϕ

    ←p‖←

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

    6.8 Circular biserial formula system ϕ‖

    �1;ϕ

    �2; . . . ;ϕ

    �p‖�

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

    6.9 Circular split biserial formula system ϕ‖

    →,←

    →,←1;ϕ

    →,←2; . . . ;ϕ

    →,←p‖→,←

    ). . . . . . . . 49

    6.10 Mixed formula system Φ concerning various serial and circular formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.11 Informational inclusivism and functionalism as system examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

    6.11.1 Informational inclusivism α @ β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.11.2 Informational concerning, ϕdαe, or, schematically, ϕ |=Ψ α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

    7 Primitive Informational Formula Systems 527.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.2 Primitive serial formula system ϕ

    ‖′

    (τ→1, τ→2, . . . , τ→p‖

    ′→

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

    7.3 Primitive reverse serial formula system ϕ‖′

    (τ←1, τ←2, . . . , τ←p‖

    ′←

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

    7.4 Primitive biserial formula system ϕ‖′

    (τ�1; τ�2; . . . ; τ�p‖′�

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

    7.5 Primitive split biserial formula system ϕ‖′

    →,←

    (τ→1; τ→2; . . . ; τ→p‖′→

    ; τ←1; τ←2; . . . ; τ←p‖′←

    ). . . 55

    7.6 Primitive circular serial formula system ϕ‖′

    (τ→1, τ→2, . . . , τ→p‖

    ′→

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

    7.7 Primitive circular reverse serial formula system ϕ‖′

    (τ←1, τ←2, . . . , τ←p‖

    ′←

    ). . . . . . . . . 56

    7.8 Primitive circular biserial formula system ϕ‖′

    (τ�1; τ�2; . . . ; τ�p‖′�

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . 57

    7.9 Primitive circular split biserial formula system ϕ‖′

    →,←

    (τ→1; τ→2; . . . ; τ→p‖′→

    ; τ←1; τ←2; . . . ;

    τ←p‖′

    ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

    7.10 A summary of primitive formula systems ϕO‖′

    . rooting in regular formula systems ϕO‖

    . . . . . . . . 597.11 A comparative study relating primitive formula systems, their schemes, and graphs . . . . . . . . 60

    8 Gestalts of Formulas and Formula Systems 628.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628.2 Gestalts Γdϕ→e, Γdϕ←e, Γdϕ�e, and Γdϕ→,←e concerning serial, reverse serial, biserial, and

    split biserial formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638.2.1 Gestalt Γdϕ→bα1, α2, . . . , αn→ce of a serial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

  • Contents vii

    8.2.2 Gestalt Γdϕ←bα1, α2, . . . , αn←ce of a reverse serial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648.2.3 Gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ�⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn�

    ⌋⌉of a biserial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

    8.2.4 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ→,←

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→,←

    ⌋⌉of a split biserial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

    8.3 Gestalts Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, and Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉concerning circular serial, reverse serial, bise-

    rial, and split biserial formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658.3.1 Gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→

    ⌋⌉of a circular serial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

    8.3.2 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn←

    ⌋⌉of a circular reverse serial formula . . . . . . . . . . . 66

    8.3.3 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn�

    ⌋⌉of a circular biserial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

    8.3.4 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→,←

    ⌋⌉of a circular split biserial formula . . . . . . . . . 68

    8.4 Gestalts Γ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉, Γ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉, Γ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉, and Γ

    ⌈ϕ‖

    →,←

    ⌉concerning serial, reverse serial, biserial, and

    split biserial formula systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698.4.1 Gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉of a serial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

    8.4.2 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉of a reverse serial formula system, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

    8.4.3 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉of a biserial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

    8.4.4 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ‖

    →,←

    ⌉of a split biserial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

    8.5 Gestalts Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, and Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉concerning circular serial, circular reverse

    serial, circular biserial, and circular split biserial formula systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.5.1 Gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉of a circular serial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

    8.5.2 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉of a circular reverse serial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

    8.5.3 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉of a circular biserial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

    8.5.4 Gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉of a circular split biserial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

    8.6 Rotational gestalts Γdϕ�eand Γ

    ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉concerning biserial formula and biserial formula system 76

    8.6.1 Rotational gestalt Γdϕ�e concerning biserial formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

    8.6.2 Rotational gestalt Γ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉concerning proper biserial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . 79

    8.7 Rotational gestalts Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, and Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉, concerning circular serial,

    circular reverse serial, circular biserial and circular split biserial formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.7.2 Rotational gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular serial formula . . . . . 82

    8.7.3 Rotational gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn←

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular reverse serial formula . 82

    8.7.4 Rotational gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn�

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular proper biserial formula 84

    8.7.5 Rotational gestalt Γ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌊α1, α2, . . . , αn→,←

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular split biserial

    formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858.8 Rotational gestalts Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, and Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉, and Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉, concerning circular serial,

    circular reverse serial, proper circular biserial and split circular biserial formula systems . . . . . . 868.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

    8.8.2 Rotational gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌊ϕ

    →1, ϕ

    →2, . . . , ϕ

    →p‖→

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular serial formula

    system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

    8.8.3 Rotational gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌊ϕ

    ←1, ϕ

    ←2, . . . , ϕ

    ←p‖←

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular reverse serial

    formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

    8.8.4 Rotational gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌊ϕ

    �1, ϕ

    �2, . . . , ϕ

    �p‖�

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular proper biserial

    formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

  • viii Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    8.8.5 Rotational gestalt Γ

    ⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌊ϕ

    →,←1, ϕ

    →,←2, . . . , ϕ

    →,←p‖→,←

    ⌋⌉, concerning circular split

    biserial formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898.9 Gestalts, i-bits, and informational decoherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

    9 Informational Schemes of Formulas and Formula Systems 92

    9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929.2 Informational schemes concerning serial formulas, Sdϕ→e, Sdϕ←e, Sdϕ�e, and Sdϕ→,←e . . . 92

    9.2.1 Informational scheme concerning a serial formula, Sdϕ→e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939.2.2 Informational scheme concerning reverse serial formula Sdϕ←e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949.2.3 Informational scheme concerning proper biserial formula Sdϕ�e . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949.2.4 Informational scheme concerning split biserial formula, Sdϕ→,←e . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

    9.3 Informational schemes concerning circular serial formulas, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉, and S

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . 95

    9.3.1 Informational scheme concerning circular serial formula, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

    9.3.2 Informational scheme concerning circular reverse serial formula, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . 96

    9.3.3 Informational scheme concerning proper circular biserial formula, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . 97

    9.3.4 Informational scheme concerning circular split biserial formula, S⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉. . . . . . . . 97

    9.4 Informational schemes concerning serial formula systems, S⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉, S⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉, and S

    ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . 98

    9.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989.4.2 Informational scheme concerning serial formula system, S

    ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

    9.4.3 Informational scheme concerning reverse serial formula system, S⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . 98

    9.4.4 Informational scheme concerning proper biserial formula system, S⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . 99

    9.4.5 Informational scheme concerning split biserial formula system, S⌈ϕ‖

    →,←

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . 99

    9.5 Informational schemes concerning circular serial formula systems, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉,

    and S⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

    9.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999.5.2 Informational scheme concerning circular serial formula system, S

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . 100

    9.5.3 Informational scheme concerning circular reverse serial formula system, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . 100

    9.5.4 Informational scheme concerning proper circular biserial formula system, S⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . 101

    9.5.5 Informational scheme concerning split circular biserial formula system, S⌈ϕ

    →,←

    ⌉. . . . 101

    10 Measures Concerning Formulas and Formula Systems 102

    10.1 Some measures used in the theory of the informational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10210.2 Number of formula operands and operators and length od a formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10310.3 Number of formulas constructed from a formula scheme and in gestalt Γ concerning a formula ϕ 10310.4 Number of formulas constructed from a circular scheme by operand rotation and in a gestalt Γ

    .

    concerning a circular formula ϕ

    . , . ∈ {→,←,�, (→,←)} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10510.5 Measures concerning gestalts of a non-circular formula systems ϕ

    ‖ ∈{ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �}, ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . 105

    10.6 Measures concerning gestalts of circular serial formula systems ϕ‖ ∈

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � , ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. 107

    10.7 Measures concerning extreme combinatorial possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10810.8 An overview concerning formulas, formula systems, their lengths, numbers, operand rotation, and

    measures of possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10810.9 Calculating measures for mixed formula systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

  • Contents ix

    11 Informational Frames 11411.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11411.2 Well-formed frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

    11.2.1 Operand frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11511.2.2 System frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

    11.3 Non-well-formed and arbitrarily formed frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11511.3.1 Operator frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

    11.4 Frame union and intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

    12 Informational Graph of a Formula 11712.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11712.2 Informational scheme (path, route) and the primitive formula system of a formula . . . . . . . . 117

    12.2.1 Initial graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11712.2.2 Primitive transition graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11812.2.3 Schemes and graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11812.2.4 Primitive formula system corresponding a formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

    12.3 Informational graphs of serial, reverse serial, and circular serial formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11912.4 Scheme, graph, gestalt, and primitive transition system of a formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

    13 Informational Graph of a Formula System 12013.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12013.2 Informational scheme and the primitive formula system of a formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . 12013.3 Informational graphs of serial, reverse serial, biserial, circular serial, circular reverse serial, and

    circular biserial formula systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12013.3.1 Informational graph of serial formula system, G

    ⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

    13.3.2 Informational graph of reverse serial formula system, G⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

    13.3.3 Informational graph of biserial formula system, G⌈ϕ‖

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

    13.3.4 Informational graph of circular serial formula system, G⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

    13.3.5 Informational graph of circular reverse serial formula system, G⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . 123

    13.3.6 Informational graph of circular biserial formula system, G⌈ϕ

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

    13.3.7 Informational graph of mixed formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12413.4 Scheme, graph, gestalt, and primitive transition system of a formula system . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

    14 Informational Experiments 12614.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12614.2 Informational experimets concerning philosophical text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

    14.2.1 Terminology, sentences, formulas, and formula systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12614.2.2 Resulting primitive formula systems and graphs for English and German sentences . . . . 13114.2.3 Experiments with the aim to form new philosophical sentences from given graphs . . . . 13114.2.4 Conclusion concerning natural language experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

    14.3 Informational experiments concernig a goverment situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13414.4 Experiments concerning different psychological situations and understanding . . . . . . . . . . . 138

    14.4.1 Experiments concerning a basic psychoanalytical situation, the Freudian model, and theLacanian model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

    14.4.2 Experiments concerning a spontaneous model of understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14014.4.3 Lacanese informational models of discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

    15 Informational Axioms 14415.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14415.2 Informational emergentism and intentionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14515.3 Pre-transition axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14515.4 Basic transition axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14615.5 Informational constitution axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

  • x Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    15.6 Formula system axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14815.7 Decomposition axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

    15.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14915.7.2 Informational particularism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14915.7.3 General and metaphysicalistic decompositionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14915.7.4 Decompositional parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15015.7.5 Decomposition of decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15015.7.6 Axial decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15115.7.7 Orthogonal coordinate decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15115.7.8 Decomposition product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15215.7.9 Decomposition product projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15315.7.10Trace of decomposition product projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15515.7.11Trace of trace of decomposition product projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

    15.8 Operand rotation axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16015.9 Informational cutting axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16015.10 Solution axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16115.11 Schematism axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16115.12 Gestaltism axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16215.13 Framism axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16215.14 Graphism axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16315.15 Informational overlapping axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16515.16 Shell axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16515.17 Informational experiment axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16615.18 Metaphysicalism axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16715.19 Topologism axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16815.20 Axioms of informational inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

    15.20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16915.20.2 Informational modus ponens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16915.20.3 Generalizations of modus ponens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17015.20.4 Informational modus tollens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17115.20.5 Informational modus obliquus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17115.20.6 Informational modus rectus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17115.20.7 Informational modus vivendi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17115.20.8 Informational modus necessitatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17115.20.9 Informational modus possibilitatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17115.20.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

    16 Primitive and Complex Informational Transition 172

    16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17216.2 Primitive informational transition and the concept of informational meme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17216.3 Permeation of meaning between operands α and β and operator |= in primitive and complex

    transition α |= β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17216.4 Multiple primitive and complex informational transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17716.5 Consequences of the axiom concerning transition parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17716.6 Meaning of operands and operator compositions in primitive informational metaphysicalism,

    M‖′

    . dαe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

    17 Formula Circularism and Operand Rotationalism as a Consequence of Circular Causalism 180

    17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18017.2 Informational circularism and its formal representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18017.3 What does operands rotation mean at all? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18017.4 The problem of circular causalism and ita importance in language, science, and formalism . . . . 18017.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

  • Contents xi

    18 General Forms of Informational Decomposition, ∆ 18118.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

    18.1.1 An overview of the general decomposition possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18118.1.2 Superscripts, subscripts, and progressively dependent subscripts in symbolism and defini-

    tion of informational decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18318.1.3 A non-parallel general decomposition of an operand, a formula, and a formula system . . 18418.1.4 A parallel general decomposition of an operand, a formula, and a formula system . . . . . 18618.1.5 Numbers of subformulas Lϕ, Lϕi , L∆O∆.∆ idϕe

    , L∆

    O∆.∆ iji

    dϕiein formulas and decompositions . 189

    18.2 General non-parallel and non-circular serial, reverse serial, and biserial decompositions . . . . . . 19218.2.1 General serial decomposition concerning an operand α, ∆→dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆→dϕe,

    and a formula system Φ, ∆→dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19218.2.2 General reverse serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆←dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆←dϕe, and

    a formula system Φ, ∆←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19618.2.3 General biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆�dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆�dϕe, and a

    formula system Φ, ∆�dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19818.2.4 General split biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆→,←dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆→,←dϕe,

    and a formula system Φ, ∆→,←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20118.3 General circular serial, reverse serial, and biserial decompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

    18.3.1 Circular serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    →dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆

    →dϕe, and aformula system Φ, ∆

    →dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20218.3.2 Circular reverse serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    ←dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆

    ←dϕe, anda formula system Φ, ∆

    ←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20518.3.3 General circular biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    �dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆

    �dϕe,and a formula system Φ, ∆

    �dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20918.3.4 General circular split biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    →,←dαe, a formula ϕ,∆

    →,←dϕe, and a formula system Φ, ∆

    →,←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21018.4 General parallel serial, parallel reverse serial, parallel biserial, and parallel split biserial

    decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21218.4.1 Parallel serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    →dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆‖

    →dϕe, and aformula system Φ, ∆

    →dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21218.4.2 Parallel reverse serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    ←dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆‖

    ←dϕe, anda formula system Φ, ∆

    ←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21318.4.3 Parallel biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    �dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆‖

    �dϕe, and aformula system Φ, ∆

    �dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21518.4.4 Parallel split biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    →,←dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆‖

    →,←dϕe,and a formula system Φ, ∆

    →,←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21618.5 General parallel circular serial, parallel circular reverse serial, parallel circular biserial, and parallel

    circular split biserial decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21718.5.1 Parallel circular serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    →dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆‖

    →dϕe, anda formula system Φ, ∆

    →dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21718.5.2 Parallel circular reverse serial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    ←dαe, a formula ϕ,∆

    ←dϕe, and a formula system Φ, ∆‖

    ←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21818.5.3 Parallel circular biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    �dαe, a formula ϕ, ∆‖

    �dϕe,and a formula system Φ, ∆

    �dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21918.5.4 Parallel circular split biserial decomposition of an operand α, ∆

    →,←dαe, a formula ϕ,∆

    →,←dϕe, and a formula system Φ, ∆‖

    →,←dΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22018.6 Conclusion on decomposition possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

    19 Metaphysicalistic Forms of Informational Decompositions, ηM‖

    .M, ηM

    .M, ηM

    ‖‖

    .M, and

    ηM‖‖

    .M

    225

    19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

  • xii Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    19.1.1 An overview of the metaphysicalistic decomposition possibilities concerning M‖

    .Mdξe . . . 225

    19.1.2 General formalism of metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning an operand, ηM‖

    .Mdαe,

    a formula ηM‖

    .Mdϕe, and a formula system, ηM

    .MdΦe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

    19.1.3 An overview of the extended metaphysicalistic decomposition possibilities concerning

    M‖

    , M‖‖

    and M‖‖

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22719.2 Metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning an operand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

    19.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23019.2.2 Metaphysicalistic standardized serial decomposition M

    → dαe concerning operand α . . . 23019.2.3 Metaphysicalistic standardized reverse serial decomposition M

    ← dαe concerningoperand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

    19.2.4 Metaphysicalistic standardized biserial decomposition M‖

    � dαe concerningoperand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

    19.2.5 Metaphysicalistic standardized split biserial decomposition M‖

    →,←dαe concerningoperand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

    19.2.6 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized serial decomposition gM‖

    → dαe concerningoperand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

    19.2.7 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized reverse serial decomposition gM‖

    ← dαe concerningoperand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

    19.2.8 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized bidirectional decompositions gM‖

    � dαe concern-ing operand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

    19.2.9 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized split bidirectional decompositions gM‖

    →,←dαeconcerning operand α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

    19.3 Metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula ϕ ∈{ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←,

    ϕ

    �, ϕ

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

    19.3.1 Introduction to a formula ϕ metaphysicalistic decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23919.3.2 Metaphysicalistic standardized serial decomposition M

    → dϕe concerningformula ϕ ∈

    {ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←, ϕ

    �, ϕ

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

    19.3.3 Metaphysicalistic standardized reverse serial decomposition M‖

    ← dϕe concerningformula ϕ ∈

    {ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←, ϕ

    �, ϕ

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

    19.3.4 Metaphysicalistic standardized bidirectional decompositions M‖

    � dϕe and the splitcase M

    →,←dϕe concerning formula ϕ ∈{ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←, ϕ

    �, ϕ

    →,←

    }. . 241

    19.3.5 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized serial decomposition gM‖

    → dϕe concerningformula ϕ ∈

    {ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←, ϕ

    �, ϕ

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

    19.3.6 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized reverse serial decomposition gM‖

    ← dϕeconcerning formula ϕ ∈

    {ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←, ϕ

    �, ϕ

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . 244

    19.3.7 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized bidirectional decomposition gM‖

    � dϕe andthe split case gM

    →,←dϕe concerning formula ϕ ∈{ϕ→, ϕ←, ϕ�, ϕ→,←, ϕ

    →, ϕ

    ←, ϕ

    �,

    ϕ

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

    19.4 Metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula system

    Φ ∈{ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←, ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � , ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

    19.4.1 Introduction to metaphysicalistic decomposition of formula systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 24719.4.2 Metaphysicalistic standardized serial decomposition M

    → dΦe, concerning aformula system Φ ∈

    {ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←, ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � , ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

    19.4.3 Metaphysicalistic standardized reverse serial decomposition M‖

    ← dΦe, concerninga formula system Φ ∈

    {ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←, ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

  • Contents xiii

    19.4.4 Metaphysicalistic standardized biserial and split biserial decompositions M‖

    � dΦe andM

    →,←dΦe, concerning a formula system Φ ∈{ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←, ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � ,

    ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

    19.4.5 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized serial decomposition gM‖

    → dΦe,concerning a formula system Φ ∈

    {ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←, ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � , ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . . . . 251

    19.4.6 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized reverse serial decomposition gM‖

    ← dΦe,concerning a formula system Φ ∈

    {ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←, ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � , ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . . . . 252

    19.4.7 Metaphysicalistic standardly generalized biserial and split biserial decomposition

    gM‖

    � dΦe and gM‖

    →,←dΦe, concerning a formula system Φ ∈{ϕ‖

    →, ϕ‖

    ←, ϕ‖

    �, ϕ‖

    →,←,

    ϕ‖

    → , ϕ‖

    ← , ϕ‖

    � , ϕ‖

    →,←

    }. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

    19.4.8 A general conclusion concerning metaphysicalistic formula systems and their classification 253

    20 Multiple General and Metaphysicalistic Informational Decomposition 25520.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25520.2 General decomposition of general decomposition, ∆

    O1.11

    ⌈∆

    O2.22

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

    20.2.1 Graphical schematism and formalization of the general case of double generaldecomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

    20.2.2 General decomposition of general decomposition concerning an operand α,

    ∆O1.11

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

    20.2.3 General decomposition of general decomposition concerning a formula, ∆O1.11

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dϕe⌉

    . 25920.2.4 General decomposition of general decomposition concerning a formula system,

    ∆O1.11

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

    20.3 General decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition, ∆O1.1

    ⌈M

    .2

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . . . 263

    20.3.1 General decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning an operand,

    ∆O1.1

    ⌈M

    .2dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26320.3.2 General decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula,

    ∆O1.1

    ⌈M

    .2dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26320.3.3 General decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula

    system, ∆O1.1

    ⌈M

    .2dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

    20.4 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of general decomposition, M‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . . 263

    20.4.1 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of general decomposition concerning an operand,

    M‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26320.4.2 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of general decomposition concerning a formula,

    M‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26320.4.3 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of general decomposition concerning a formula

    system, M‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

    20.5 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition,

    M‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

    20.5.1 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition

    concerning an operand, M‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26420.5.2 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition

    concerning a formula, M‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26420.5.3 Standard metaphysicalistic decomposition of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition

    concerning a formula system, M‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

    20.6 General of general metaphysicalistic decomposition, ∆O1.1

    ⌈gM

    .2

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

  • xiv Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    20.6.1 General of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning an operand,

    ∆O1.1

    ⌈gM

    .2dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26420.6.2 General of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula,

    ∆O1.1

    ⌈gM

    .2dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26420.6.3 General of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula system,

    ∆O1.1

    ⌈gM

    .2dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

    20.7 General metaphysicalistic of general decomposition, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

    20.7.1 General metaphysicalistic of general decomposition concerning an operand,

    gM‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26420.7.2 General metaphysicalistic of general decomposition concerning a formula,

    gM‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26420.7.3 General metaphysicalistic of general decomposition concerning a formula system,

    gM‖

    .1

    ⌈∆

    O2.22dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

    20.8 General metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    O2.2

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . 265

    20.8.1 General metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning an operand,

    gM‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    O2.2dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26520.8.2 General metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula,

    gM‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    O2.2dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26520.8.3 General metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a formula

    system, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    O2.2dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

    20.9 Standard metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition, M‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    .2

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . 265

    20.9.1 Standard metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning an

    operand, M‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    .2dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26520.9.2 Standard metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a for-

    mula, M‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    .2dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26520.9.3 Standard metaphysicalistic of general metaphysicalistic decomposition concerning a for-

    mula system, M‖

    .1

    ⌈gM

    .2dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

    20.10 General metaphysicalistic of standard metaphysicalistic decomposition, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2

    ⌈ϕ

    ⌉⌉. . . . 265

    20.10.1General metaphysicalistic of standard metaphysicalistic docomposition concerning an

    operand, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2dαe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26520.10.2General metaphysicalistic of standard metaphysicalistic docomposition concerning a for-

    mula, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2dϕe⌉

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26520.10.3General metaphysicalistic of standard metaphysicalistic docomposition concerning a for-

    mula system, gM‖

    .1

    ⌈M

    O2.2dΦe

    ⌉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

    21 Decomposition of Modi Informationis 26721.1 Specificity of decomposition of modi informationis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

    21.1.1 Non-parallel decomposition of an inference formula ΦΨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26721.1.2 Parallel decomposition of an inference formula ΦΨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

    21.2 Decomposition of modus ponens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26821.3 Decomposition of modus tollens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26821.4 Decomposition of modus obliquus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26821.5 Decomposition of modus rectus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26821.6 Decomposition of modus necessitatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

    22 Problems of Metadecomposition 269

  • Contents xv

    23 Informational shell, its structure, organization and identification 27023.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27023.2 Decompositional organization of the structure of informational shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27023.3 Organizational invariance of informational shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27123.4 The void of informational shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27123.5 Decompositional possibilities of a given informational shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27123.6 Identification of informational shell in a complex formula environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27123.7 Conclusion concerning informational shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

    24 Consciousness as Informational Phenomenalism 27224.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27224.2 Conscious emergentism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27324.3 How to inform consciously (be conscious)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27324.4 Ingredients of informational consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27524.5 Informational axiomatism of consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

    25 Premetaphysicalistic concepts and decomposition of consciousness 27825.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27825.2 Understanding as an operand rotational phenomenon within consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . 27825.3 Organization of the ticklish informational consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

    25.3.1 The ticklishly informational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27825.3.2 The ticklish consciousness organization and decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27825.3.3 The ticklish consciousness shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

    26 Shells of Consciousness 27926.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27926.2 Classification of consciousness shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

    26.2.1 Consciousness formula system as such . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27926.2.2 Informational shells as decompositions and decompositions of decompositions concerning

    consciousness z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28026.2.3 Informational shells as products of decompositions of consciousness z . . . . . . . . . . . 28026.2.4 Informational shells as decomposition product projections Pdxi×yje

    ⌈∆1dze

    ⌊xi⌋×∆2dze

    ⌊yj⌋⌉

    concerning consciousness z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28126.2.5 Classification scheme of possible consciousness shells as decompositions and products of

    decompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28326.3 Shell of the serial standardized/generalized metaphysicalistic decomposition of consciousness z . . 28426.4 Bidirectional consciousness shell using standardized and generalized metaphysicalistic organization

    M‖

    � and gM‖

    � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28426.5 Generalized/generalized consciousness shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28626.6 Other informational consciousness shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

    27 Some Characteristic Components of Consciousness Shell 28827.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28827.2 Contours of an informational emotional system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

    27.2.1 Basic emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28927.2.2 Perplexedness of emotions with cognition and behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28927.2.3 A rough catalog of emotions and affects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

    27.3 Metaphysicalism shells of affective or emotional reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29327.4 Contours of an informational cognitive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

    27.4.1 Introduction to the cognitive domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29427.4.2 On cognitive and emotional experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29427.4.3 Intentional perplexedness of cognition with attention, motivation, emotions and behavior 29627.4.4 A robotic organization with attention, cognition, motivation, emotion, behavior, and motor

    system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29727.5 Some circularly perplexed emotional, motivational, and cognitive systems of informing . . . . . . 300

    27.5.1 A general introduction to the informational complex of emotion, cognition, motivation,and meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

  • xvi Anton P. Železnikar: A General Introduction to Artificial Consciousness

    27.5.2 A delusional system of informing concerning paranoia, mania, and depression . . . . . . . 30327.5.3 Comments to the definition of informational concerning of the form αdβe . . . . . . . . . 30427.5.4 An aspect of emerging of emotion considering specific components . . . . . . . . . . . . 30527.5.5 A metaphysicalistic normalization (shelling) of the case of emotional experience . . . . . 306

    27.6 A general informational constitution of emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30827.6.1 What has to be considered in the context of emotion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30827.6.2 Verbal definition of emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

    28 The Concept and Meaning of Informon 32328.1 A general introduction to the notion of informon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32328.2 A precise definition of informon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32328.3 The concept of informoron and cogniton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32728.4 Formula informon, uniform formula system informon, and general system informon . . . . . . . . 32728.5 Formula, uniform formula system, and general formula system informorons and cognitons . . . . 32828.6 Informational systems (sets) concerning informon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33028.7 Related etymology of the informonic, the metaphysical, and the informational . . . . . . . . . . . 33128.8 Graphical presentation of possible informons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33228.9 Meaning relating informon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33228.10 Foundation of informonic consciousness in complexity and learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33428.11 A formal presentation of a conscious component complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

    29 Consciousness Experiments 33729.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33729.2 Experiments using compact segments of a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33729.3 Experiments using disconnected segments of a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

    30 Informational Communication 33830.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33830.2 Primitive transition α |= β as a one-way communication from agent α to agent β . . . . . . . . 33830.3 Two-way communication between agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33930.4 Metaphysicalistically organized biserial two-way communication between agents . . . . . . . . . . 34130.5 Commenting the possibilities of the general and metaphysicalistic communication between two

    agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34230.6 Communication as a decomposition product, projection, and path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

    30.6.1 One-way communication as a decomposition product, projection, and path . . . . . . . . 34430.6.2 Two-way communication as a decomposition product, projection, and path . . . . . . . . 344

    30.7 Communication between several agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34530.8 Considering the communication problem between AC components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34530.9 Informational communication as monologue, dialogue, and sociologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

    31 Informational Meaning and Understanding 34631.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34631.2 Informational meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34631.3 Informational understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34631.4 Interplay of meaning and understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34631.5 Understanding as a conscious system producing meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34631.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

    32 Nothing, All, Emergentism, and Reductionism as Informational Entities 34732.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34732.2 The religious and the philosophical background of nothing and all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34732.3 The background of the physical nothing and the physical all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35032.4 The nothing and the all in the informational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35132.5 The emergence of items out of the nothing and/or the all by the verification and correction

    decomposition V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .