General Information on development cooperation

Japan's ODA Data by Countryhttp://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/

List of Exchange of Noteshttp://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/note/

ODA Pamphletshttp://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/page_000027.html

Others

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan http://www.mofa.go.jp/

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) https://www.jica.go.jp/english/

White Paper on Development Cooperation http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/page_000017.html

Development cooperation charter http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/page_000138.html

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8919, JapanTEL: +81-(0)3-3580-3311http://www.mofa.go.jp/

Scenes from Japan’s ODA (Official Development Assistance)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

Heartwarming Storiesfrom around the World

Republic of El Salvador

Plurinational State of Bolivia

Republic of Panama

Kingdom of Bhutan

Kingdom of Cambodia

Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Republic of Cote d'Ivoire

Republic of Senegal

Arab Republic of Egypt

Republic of Cameroon

United Republic of Tanzania

Republic of Lebanon

Federative Republic of Brazil

Lao People's Democratic Republic

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

Republic of Rwanda

Islamic Republic of Iran

Republic of Turkey

Palestinian Authority

Europe

Middle East

Africa

Asia

Pacific

Kingdom of Thailand

Have you heard? Heartwarming stories from around the world After World War II, Japan was a recipient of ODA from the United States of America and also received assistance from Canada, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and Peru in daily necessities and food. Not only that, after overcoming defeat and devastation, loans from the World Bank (multilateral aid) to build the Tokaido Shinkansen, Tomei Expressway, and Kurobe Dam helped Japan to revive and become the country that it is today. Now, in many parts of the world, Japan’s ODA is contributing to peaceful and stable nation building so that people there can have a better standard of living. We would like to share these heartwarming stories from around the world.

2Heartwarming Stories from around the World —Scenes from Japan’s ODA (Official Development Assistance)—1

1954 : Joined the Colombo Plan.1955 : Began providing technical cooperation by accepting trainees and dispatching experts.1958 : Began providing ODA Loans based on Japan-India Exchange of Notes.

1965 : Established Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV).1974 : Established JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency).1978 : Announced a plan to double ODA in three years as its First Mid-Term Target. Expanding globally from the traditional focus on Asia.1987 : Established the Law Concerning Dispatch of the Japan Disaster Relief Team (JDR).

1950s: The Beginning of Japan’s ODA

1960s—1980s: The Expansion and Diversification of Japan’s ODA

1992 : Formulated ODA Charter.1993 : Began TICAD (Tokyo International Conference on African Development) process (for ownership and partnership).

1990s: Initiatives as the Top Donor

2015 : Changed name of ODA Charter to Development Cooperation Charter.

2014: 60th Anniversary of Japan's ODA

History of Japan's Assistance to Developing Countries

2000s: Addressing the New Development Challenges of the 21st Century

2003 : Amended ODA Charter.

*190 countries and regions that Japan has provided ODA for are color-coded by area.

Development cooperation refers to international cooperation activities by the government and its affiliated agencies for the main purpose of development in the developing world. Public funding for this is called ODA (Official Development Assistance). Through ODA, the government and its affiliated agencies provide financial and technological assistance to developing countries bilaterally (country-to-country) or multilaterally (through international organizations) for their development, which includes peacebuilding and governance, the promotion of basic human rights, and humanitarian assistance.

What’s ODA?

Characteristics of Japan’s development cooperation

Latin America and the Caribbean

Installing Japan’s koban system in Brazil!Federative Republic of Brazil

Republic of El SalvadorGrant Assistance for grassroots Projects

Plurinational State of Bolivia

Republic of Panama

South America’s first geothermal power plant

Assistance for the aquaculture of yellowfin tuna

page 7

Republic of the Union of MyanmarSupport for promotion of foreign investment

Socialist Republic of Viet NamLinking friendship between Japan and Viet Nam

IndiaJapanese technologies in Delhi’s metro system

Kingdom of CambodiaThe lights went on in rural BhutanKingdom of Bhutan

Kingdom of ThailandJapan-Thailand collaboration on treatment for dengue fever

Lao People's Democratic RepublicAssistance in unexploded ordnances (UXO) clearance

The Democratic Republic of Timor-LesteSupport for the consolidation of peace and national elections in Timor-Leste

Asia

Bringing infrastructure and human resources together to deliver safe water

page 3 page 4

Africa

Threshing in steel drums! Upland Rice Development of the Tropical Forest Zone in Cameroon

Republic of Cameroon

United Republic of TanzaniaDevelopment assistance to brighten up life in Tanzania

Republic of RwandaThe first Karate volunteer

Republic of Cote d'IvoireProject for the Development of Urban Master Plan in Greater Abidjan

Japanese Kaizen Methods: Improving Quality, Improving Productivity

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Republic of SenegalCenter for Technical and Vocational Training Senegal-Japan (CFPT)

Arab Republic of EgyptImplementing Japanese-style education in Egypt

Democratic Republic of the CongoThe Matadi Bridge, friendship between Congo and Japan

page 5 page 6

Middle East

Palestinian Authority

Assistance for refugees through children’s education

Republic of Lebanon

Islamic Republic of Iran

Republic of TurkeyBosphorus Rail Tube Crossing Project

Environmental cooperation in Iran

Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Handbook

page 8

Republic of the Union of MyanmarIndia

1989 : Surpassed the USA to become top donor.

For sustainable economic growth

Investment climate development (Infrastructure, industrial human resources,

institutions)

Employment expansion, poverty reduction

For Human security

Protection and empowerment of each

individual

Focus on vulnerable individuals

Support for self–help efforts

Human resource development

Dialogue and collaboration

Latin America and the Caribbean

Heartwarming Stories from around the World —Scenes from Japan’s ODA (Official Development Assistance)—3 4

Stating the philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) in its constitution, Bhutan has come to be known throughout the world as a country of happiness, famous for its practice of nation building. However, even in this country of happiness there was an issue. Penetration of electricity, a basic infrastructure in life, was low. 70% of Bhutan’s people live on rural farms, and more than half of them were living without electricity, despite the country’s sufficient hydroelectric power generation using its abundant water resources. For this reason, Japan helped to draw up the Rural Electrification Master Plan (REMP), a basic plan for the advancement of electric provision in rural areas. Based on related survey results, 18,700 households received electricity by ODA loan projects, improving household electrification from 54% in 2008 to 97% in 2014. A light in the room meant a wider range of activities at night such as cooking and learning, brightening up not only the inside of houses, but also the faces of the people. Along with the reduction of

respiratory and eye diseases connected to soot smoke from candles and lamps, reducing the use of wood and fossil fuels such as kerosene is expected to lessen deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. All sorts of people have expressed gratitude towards such Japanese activities, from the King of Bhutan to the general public. Japan’s assistance that helps the people will surely continue to deepen the friendship between Bhutan and Japan.

Japan-Thailand collaboration on treatment for dengue fever

Support for the consolidation of peace and national elections in Timor-Leste

Assistance in unexploded ordnances (UXO) clearance

Kingdom of Thailand Lao People's Democratic Republic The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

During the period of civil war continuing from the 1970s, the regime of Pol Pot destroyed Cambodia’s infrastructure. As a result, there are many regions without water and sewer systems and even in the urban areas, no more than 62% of the population had access to safe water. To address such problems, Japan formulated a water supply master plan and, since 1993, Japan has been working to rebuild the waterways with the World Bank and ADB. In 1999, the Kitakyushu City Water and Sewer Bureau started technical assistance to the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA). In conjunction with the water pipe that PPWSA had already begun to install, they proposed the introduction of a device for the remote management of water leaks and taught PPWSA officials about methods for waterworks management. They continued assistance by participating in a JICA project started in 2003, the “Project on Capacity Building for the Water Supply System”. As a result, PPWSA has realized 24-hour water supply with a low rate of leakage, a safe level of quality that ensures potable water, and a stable system for the collection of fees. The water system coverage rate in Phnom Penh used to be just 25% in 1993, but has reached over 90% by 2012, while the rate

Support for promotion of foreign investment (Japan Desk)

Linking friendship between Japan and Viet Nam(Noi Bai International Airport, Nhat Tan Bridge)

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Socialist Republic of Viet Nam India

Support for Cambodia from the Kitakyushu City Water and Sewer Bureau

Bringing infrastructure and human resources together to deliver safe water

Japanese technologies in Delhi’s metro system(Japanese assistance in Delhi’s Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS))

The lights went on in rural Bhutan

Power transmission poles being set up

People living under kerosene lamps (before electricity)

Smiles on the villagers’ faces when the lights came on

Briefing on maintenance management of the water treatment plant (Kampot).

Checking staff assignment at the Central Monitoring Center.

Lifting construction materials by hand

(Source: Japan’s ODA White Paper 2013)

of unaccounted-for water(UFW), a measure of the amount of revenue lost by waterworks due to leaks or thievery, has fallen dramatically from 70% in the 1990s to 6%. These successes are called the “Miracle of Phnom Penh”, and the Cambodian government awarded the mayor of Kitakyushu with the Grand Cross medal, an award of friendship, which is awarded in the name of the King of Cambodia to foreign nationals who contributed to friendly bilateral relations. The officials of the Water Bureau were also given an award of friendship, the Knight rank. The Kitakyushu City Water and Sewer Bureau has begun efforts to export Japan’s water technology through its route to Cambodia and other countries. Thanks to the trust forged with other countries through the international support, new business opportunities are now being created for the private sector.

(Source: ODA website, 2016)

(Photo:JMAS) (Photo:UNDP)(Photo:JICA)

Pop: ≈ 775,000

Area: 38,394㎢CC: Thimphu

Off Lang: Dzongkha

Ccy: BTN

Kingdom of Bhutan

Pop: ≈ 15.54M

Area: 181,000㎢

CC: Phnom Penh

Off Lang: Khmer

Ccy: KHR

Kingdom of Cambodia

This is , too. This is , too.

Checking the newest valve plans at the Phum Prek Water Treatment Plant in Kampot with the section manager.(Photo: Takayuki Kawasaki)

Heartwarming Stories from around the World —Scenes from Japan’s ODA (Official Development Assistance)—5 6

Kaizen, meaning improvement, is an effort that became widespread mainly in the manufacturing industry during the high economic growth period of post-war Japan. Concepts and techniques developed to improve quality and productivity, beginning with the “5 S – Sort, Straighten, Shine, Standardize, Sustain”. In due course, Kaizen became known overseas. The late H.E. Ato Meles Zenawi, former Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia developed a great interest in Kaizen. Although Ethiopia had been showing a high GDP growth rate in recent years, its manufacturing industry had been sluggish, making enhancement of its competitiveness as a vital issue in the next national development plan. Based on Ato Meles’ request, the Project on Capacity Building for Dissemination of Quality and Productivity Improvement (Kaizen) was launched in November 2011.

It started with theory training for the 57 staff members of the Ethiopian Kaizen Institute (EKI), Japan’s local counterpart. Members received practical training at companies, applied kaizen skills in the field, and received training in Japan, too. Training was also provided to staff members in charge of instructing vocational training school teachers. 51 companies and 306 microenterprises received Kaizen instruction. Awareness changed dramatically on the production site and especially among management and employees. Popularization of kaizen progressed until it became a national movement in Ethiopia, from which kaizen is expected to spread to surrounding African countries. The spirit of kaizen, realizing efficient Japanese-style manufacturing of high-quality products, is beginning to take root in the great lands of Africa.

Center for Technical and Vocational Training Senegal-Japan (CFPT)

The Matadi Bridge, friendship between Congo and Japan

Implementing Japanese-style education in Egypt

Republic of Senegal Arab Republic of Egypt Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) was declared at the fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) held in 2008 with the goal of doubling rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa in ten years. Cameroon was selected for CARD assistance. The Upland Rice Development of the Tropical Forest Zone (PRODERiP) was initiated and Japanese project specialists are working daily with concerned parties such as Cameroon’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in the whole range of activities from upland rice seed production, seed distribution and cultivation, to dissemination and post-harvest processing. In Cameroon, rice is reaped and threshed with a sickle. A farm tool called the “thousand-tooth thresher” is normally used, but here we have steel drums. Ears of rice are smashed onto the walls of the drums to shake off the rice kernels. According to experts, the popular rice variety has high threshability (the rice falls off easily) and is best suited because hitting it against steel drums that are readily available is quick and easy. Besides, it releases stress so everyone enjoys doing it.

Experts are using videos to teach the Cameroon farmers the Japanese secret that says, “start with a trickle, let it blow midway, don’t open the lid, no matter what may” so that they can easily cook delicious rice, too. The reaction from participants has been positive: “I exhibited in the village fair and received an award.” “I was able to sell my harvest and turn a small profit.” “What’s attractive is that the extension workers regularly come to check on the state of the rice, rather than just handing us the rice seeds and going away.” In the future, an even bigger and better Rice Development project is scheduled for Cameroon.

Development assistance to brighten up life in Tanzania(Kinyerezi Gas Thermal Power Station)

The first Karate volunteer(Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers)

United Republic of Tanzania Republic of Rwanda Republic of Cote d'Ivoire

Threshing in steel drums! Upland Rice Development of the Tropical Forest Zone in Cameroon

Threshing in steel drums A child hits as hard as he can

Freshly steamed rice. “Bon appetite!”

Women having fun threshing the rice

Project for the Development of Urban Master Plan in Greater Abidjan

– A Kaizen Promotion Project to Support the Manufacturing Sector in Ethiopia

Japanese experts appointed to companies that conduct practical training in kaizen. (Photo: Tsuyoshi Kikuchi)

(Source: ODA Newsletter No. 322, 2016) (Source: Japan’s ODA White Paper 2014)

Managers and workers on the production site learning kaizen from the Japanese expert.(Photo: Tsuyoshi Kikuchi)

(Photo:Digital Grid) (Photo:JICA)

Japanese Kaizen Methods: Improving Quality, Improving Productivity

Pop: ≈ 96.96M

Area: 1,097,000㎢

CC: Addis Ababa

Off Lang: Amharic, English

Currency: ETBFederal Democratic

Republic of Ethiopia

Pop: ≈ 22.25M

Area: 475,440㎢

CC: Yaoundé

Off Lang: French, English

Ccy: XAFRepublic of

Cameroon

This is , too. This is , too.

Heartwarming Stories from around the World —Scenes from Japan’s ODA (Official Development Assistance)—7 8

Brazil – a country that staged two great events, the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™ and the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The cheerful atmosphere brought about by the people of this country attracts travelers from all over the world. At the same time, organized crime and drug trafficking create a serious social issue, with constant heinous crimes particularly in the big cities. To improve security, the local police conducted strict crackdowns on the citizens, but crimes committed by police officers grew in number, widening the gap between the officers and the people. Against this backdrop, a JICA country-specific training course – Public Safety in Brazil – to introduce Japanese police activity in the region to focus on crime prevention in Sao Paulo State where the crime rate was high, was held in the year 2000. Through this course, the local police of Sao Paulo have been working on the prevention of regional

crime, in conjunction with the Japanese experts. With the intention of spreading the experience of Sao Paulo to the rest of Brazil, a Community Policing Dissemination Project also started in 2015. The once intimidating police are gradually becoming part of the community known to the people as local policemen, just like in Japan. For people to become friendly with the police officers will mean prevention of delinquency among local children. For example, at the soccer class run by a koban in Sao Paulo, the police officers have become acquainted with circumstances surrounding the children, effectively distancing them from crime. Today, the State of Sao Paulo and JICA are working together to improve security not only in Brazil but also in Central American countries such as Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala.

South America’s first geothermal power plant

Republic of El Salvador Plurinational State of Bolivia Republic of Panama

Installing Japan’s koban system in Brazil!Working with the local residents to improve security(Project on Implementation of Community Policing Using the Koban System)

Assistance for the aquacultureof yellowfin tuna

Japan’s assistance reaching deep into the land(Grant assistance for grassroots projects)

A situation has arisen in Lebanon, in that 25% of the population are refugees, due to the great number of those who fled from Syria. Roughly 80% of these people rent their housing such as apartments and live within the Lebanese community. This influx has led to soaring prices, increased unemployment, and a lack of public services such as education and healthcare, causing a huge stress on the livelihoods of the Lebanese. The result has been friction between the refugees and local communities that have accepted them. However, no matter how distressed the situation is, both the Syrian refugees and local Lebanese want their children to have an education. In 2015, the NGO ADRA began operat ing a classroom for refugee children who are not able to attend school with funding from the Japanese government through the Japan Platform, in the outskirts of Beirut. Recreational activities are held every Friday, incorporating play to develop mental stability.

Lebanese students of the local school join in these games and the children quickly become friends. The refugee children put on performances to show off their acting skills and a “Cultural Exchange through Food” has been held, where Syrian mothers treated others to their home cooking. There are quite a few members of the local community who approve and participate in these events, showing their support for the refugees, even through difficulties in their own lives. This work will continue towards the goal that is shared by both the refugees and the Lebanese people – education for all children.

Environmental cooperation in Iran

Palestinian Authority Islamic Republic of Iran Republic of Turkey

Syrian refugee mothers serving rice cooked with various spices and chicken.(Photo:ADRA Japan)

Support for conciliation between refugees and the communities who accept them, through children’s education

Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Handbook

Bosphorus Rail Tube Crossing Project

(Source: ODA Newsletter No. 315, 2016)

Soccer school instructor, children, and a policeman(Photo: JICA)

(Source: ODA Newsletter No. 326, 2016)

Standing in front of the koban every morning to greet the residents(Photo:JICA) Syrian refugee children studying in a classroom.

(Photo:ADRA Japan)

(Photo: Shinichi Kuno, JICA)(Photo:JICA)(Photo:JICA)

Pop: ≈ 4.648M

Area: 10,452㎢CC: Beirut

Off Lang: Arabic

Ccy: LBP

Republic of Lebanon

Pop: ≈ 200.4M

Area: 8,512,000㎢

CC: Brasília

Off Lang: Portuguese

Ccy: BRLFederative Republic

of Brazil

This is , too. This is , too.

(Laguna Colorada geothermal power plant)

Heartwarming Stories from around the World —Scenes from Japan’s ODA (Official Development Assistance)—9 10

As many developed countries are in the northern hemisphere and many developing coun t r i es i n the sou the r n hemisphe re , international cooperation among developing countries is called South-South Cooperation. To help this cooperation proceed as smoothly as possible, Japan provides finance, technology, and expertise from experience in aid, and more. This international assistance is called triangular cooperation.

For more than 20 years, Japan has hosted the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) and through the process, has been providing assistance to African efforts towards developmental issues. In August 2016, TICAD VI was held in Africa for the very first time (in Kenya). More than 11,000 people were present, including those from 53 African countries, development partner countries, Asian countries, international organizations, and those representing the civil society from the private sector, NGOs, and others, to discuss developmental challenges in Africa. Many Japanese companies participated in the Japan-Africa EXPO, where Japan’s state-of-the-art technology, products, and services drew attention of visitors.

Based on the philosophy of human security that it has been advocating over the years, Japan is act ively contributing to solve global issues regarding health, education, disaster management, gender, environment and climate change, and others.

Japan’s development cooperation is not only about economic growth. Japan provides assistance to realize the quality growth of developing countries, where the fruits of growth are shared all across the society. Such growth leaves no one behind, and it is sustainable in harmony with the environment and resilient to disaster.

There are many countries in this world that are victims of terrorism, organized crime, and poverty where development has fallen behind. As a major responsible country, Japan will cont inue to v igo rous ly l ead the international community, addressing the various challenges it faces.

To resolve of various global issues and to realize a sustainable world, the UN adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consisting of 17 goals and 169 indicators. All countries, regardless of whether they are developing or developed, are required to work towards the achievement of the SDGs. Japan plays an active role in reaching these goals.

Japan has been promoting quality infrastructure investment to enhance economic growth and people’s quality of life. Awareness of the importance of quality infrastructure investment has spread throughout the world. Not only does the infrastructure itself need to be of high quality: usefulness, safety, resilience to disasters, and it also necessary to be planned based on the needs of the recipient country. It must be consistent with the local environment, community, and the people’s lifestyles. It needs to be cost-effective on a long-term basis, including construction and maintenance. It must also create jobs and transfer expertise. From the planning stage, coordination and dialogue have to be conducted based on a long-term perspective, and various international standards and rules must be followed. It is also important to take advantage of private funds and expertise. The above-mentioned elements reflect the general picture of quality infrastructure investment.

Small-scale family farmers individually run 96% of Mozambique’s farms with low input and low productivity. Meanwhile, the approaching food crisis with the world’s population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 has become an issue within the international community. This triangular cooperation is a project to promote economic improvement for the people of Mozambique, referr ing also to 20 years of cooperation between Japan and Brazil in the Cerrado agricultural development*1.

From the standpoint of active pacifism based on the doctrine of international cooperation, in order to further contribute to peace, stability, and prosperity of the international community, government will strengthen cooperation with various entities including private corporations, local governments, and NGOs, so that Japan as a whole can promote a truly Japanese style of development cooperation.

—“Invest in the Future” campaign—

Contributing to peace and stability in the world

—Where global issues and human security became the main topic—

The Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD VI)

Resolution of global issues and human security

2030 agenda for sustainable development—To realize a peaceful and stable international community—

Quality growth Quality infrastructure investment

Delhi Metro, India (Photo: JICA) Neak Loeung Bridge, Cambodia (Photo: Shinichi Kuno, JICA)

Bosphorus Rail Tube, Turkey (Photo: Shinichi Kuno, JICA)

Japan’s development cooperation reaching the whole world What is triangular cooperation?

The flow of triangular cooperation

Finance and other supportTransfer of technology, experience, and knowledge

Aid

Aid

Developed countries including Japan

Accumulation of experience and knowledge as a donor country

Developing country A (donor country)(South–South Cooperation)

Developing country B (recipient country)

The benefits of triangular cooperation

The similar language and culture of the donor and recipient countries should allow for more effective aid.Through the project, the donor country too can learn and accumulate Japanese technology and the know–how of cooperation and assistance.

Japan can reuse and spread its own accumulated know–how about assistance in nations and regions it has not been able to aid in the past.The project will deepen the relationship between Japan and the donor country and build friendly relations with the recipient country.

Example of triangular

cooperation

The Project for Nacala Corridor Economic Development Strategies in the Republic of Mozambique, a tropical savannah agricultural development program by triangular cooperation between Japan, Brazil, and Mozambique.

■ What the Japan–Brazil–Mozambique triangular cooperation means

Japan

1. Contribution to food security2. Improved diplomatic status through international contribution3. Promotion of widespread development in the region

Federative Republic of Brazil1. Contribution to food security2. Improved diplomatic status through international contribution3. Use of agricultural technology

Improved acceptance and assessment within the international community through the triangular cooperation model.Enhancement of Japan–Brazil relations

Republic of Mozambique1. Poverty reduction2. Creation of employment opportunities3. Acquisition of foreign currency by obtaining appropriate investment4. Increase of tax revenues through industrial promotion

■ Cooperation and assistance for agricultural development in the Nacala Corridor

The project for Nacala Corridor Economic Development Strategies in the Republic of Mozambique

Support for Agricultural Development Master Plan for Nacala Corridor in Mozambique

Developed suitable crop–varieties and cultivation techniques, and established an R&D system.

Created an agricultural master plan to contribute to socio–economic development through sustainable agricultural production systems and poverty reduction.

*1: Agricultural development in Cerrado Japan assisted development projects in 345,000 hectares (1.6 times the size of Metropolitan Tokyo) of the Cerrado region of Brazil from 1979 to 2001.

(Photo: JICA)