General Engineering Practice (Workshop) LOYOLA DEGREE AND P.G COLLEGE MATERIAL FOR WORKSHOP

7/28/2019 General Engineering Practice (Workshop) LOYOLA DEGREE AND P.G COLLEGE MATERIAL FOR WORKSHOP

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WORK SHOP MANUAL 1

LOYOLA ACADEMY 2010-11

FITTING

INTRODUCTION

Manufacturing processes are broadly classified into four categories:i) Carting processii)Forming processiii)Fabrication processiv)Material removal process

In all the processes components are produced with the help of either machines or manual

effect the attention of a filter is required at various shape of manufactures starting from working to

assembling and testing the finished goods.

Working on components with hard tools and instruments mostly on work, benches isgenerally refused to as fitting work. The hand operations in fitting shop include making fitting,

sawing, scraping, drilling, tapping and grinding etc., using hard tools or power operated portabletools measuring and inspection as important work of fitting shop techniques.

HOLDING TOOLS:

BENCH VICE:The Bench vice is a device commonly used for holding the work pieces. It is most

commonly used vice in a fitting shop. It is fixed to the bench with bolts and nuts. The vice body

consists of two main parts, fixed jaw and a movable jaw. When the vice handle is turned in aclockwise direction, the sliding jaw forces the work against the fixed jaw. The greater the pressure

applied to the handle, the tighter is the work held. Jaws are made of hardened steel. Serrations onthe jaws ensure a good grip. Jaw caps made of soft material are used to protect finished surfaces,

gripped in the vice. The size of the vice is specified by the length of the jaws.

The vice body is made of cast iron which is strong in compression. Weak in tension and so fractures

under shocks and therefore should never be hammered.


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WORK SHOP MANUAL 2


MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS:

SURFACE PLATE:

The surface plate is machined to fine limits and is used for testing the flatness of the work

piece. It is also used for marking out small works and is more precise than the making table. The

degree of fineness of the finish depends upon whether it is designed for bench work in a fitting shopor for using in an inspection room. The surface plate is made of cast iron, hardened steel or granite

stone. It is specified by length, width, height, and grade. Handles are provided on two opposite

sides, to carry it while shifting from one place to another.

TRY-SQUARE:

It is measuring and marking tool for angle. In practice, it is used for checking the

squareness of many types of small works, when extreme accuracy is not required. The blade of the

try-square is made of hardened steel and the beam, of cast iron or steel. The size of the try-square is

specified by the length of the blade.

PUNCHES:

These are used for making indentations on the scribed lines, to make them visible clearly.

These are made of high carbon steel. A punch is specified by its length and diameter. It consists of a

cylindrical knurled body, which is plan for some length at the top of it. At the other end, it is

grounded to a point. The tapered point of the punch is hardened over a length of 20 to 30 mm.

(a)DOT PUNCH: This is used to lightly indent along the layout lines, to locate centre of holes andto provide a small centre mark for divider point, etc. for this purpose, the punch is ground to a

conical point having 600

included angles.

(b)CENTRE PUNCH: This is similar to the dot punch, except that is grounded to a conical pointhaving 900included angle. It is used to mark the location of the holes to be drilled.


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WORK SHOP MANUAL 3


VERNIER CALIPERS:

These are used for measuring outside as well as inside dimensions accurately. It may also

be used as a depth gauge. It has two jaws. One jaw is formed at one end of its main scale and theother jaw is made part of a vernier scale.

Vernier scale is generally made of nickel-chromium steel. Its size is specified by the

maximum length that can be measured by it.

CUTTING TOOLS

HACKSAW:The hacksaw is used for cutting metal by hand. It consists of a fame, which holds a thin

blade, firmly in position. Hacksaw blade is specified by the number of teeth per centimetre.

Hacksaw blades have a number of teeth ranging from 5 to 15 per centimetre. Blades having lessernumber of teeth per cm are used for cutting soft materials like aluminium, brass and bronze. Blades

having larger number of teeth per centimetre are used for cutting hard materials like steel and cast

iron.

TAPS AND TAP WRENCHES:

A tap is hardened steel tool, used for cutting internal threads in a drilled hole. Hand taps

are usually supplied in sets of three for each diameter and thread size. Each set consists of a taper

tap, intermediate tap and plug or bottoming tap. Taps are made of high carbon steel or high speedsteel.


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WORK SHOP MANUAL 4


TWIST DRILL:

Twist drills are used for making holes. These are made of high speed steel. Both straightand taper shake twist drills are used. The parallel shake twist drill can be held in an ordinary self-

entering drill chunk, say that of a portable drilling machine, which has parallel jaws.

The taper shake twist drill has two helical flutes, with a taper shake for handling anddriving the drill. The tapered shake fits into a corresponding tapered bore providing in the drilling

machine spindle.

BENCH DRILLING MACHINE:

Holes are drilled for fastening parts with rivets, bolts or for producing internal threads.

Bench drilling machine is the most versatile machine used in a fitting shop for the purpose. Twist

drills, made of tool or high speed steel are used with the drilling machine for drilling holes.


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WORK SHOP MANUAL 5


PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILL:

It is most useful of all pieces of drilling equipment. It is readily portable and convenientfor use. Generally, it is used for drilling holes in small pieces, held in a vice. The capacity of the

portable drill is designated by the maximum diameter of the hole it can drill in steel.

FINISHING TOOLS

FILES:

Files filing is one of the methods of removing small amounts of material from the

surfaces of the metal part. A file is a hardened steel tool, having slant parallel rows of cutting edgesor teeth on its surfaces. On the faces, the teeth are usually diagonal to the edge. One end of the file

is shaped to fit into a wooden handle. The hand file is parallel in width and tapering slightly in

thickness, towards the tip. It is provided with double cut teeth on the faces, single cut on one edge

and no teeth on the other edge, which is known as the safe edge.

Files are classified according to the shape cutting teeth and pitch or grade of the teeth

some of them are mentioned below:

1) HANDLE FILE: Rectangular in section, tapered in in thickness but parallel in width. The faceshave double cut teeth and one of edges, single cut. The other edge does not have any teeth and

hence called as safe edge file. It is used for filing a surface, at right angle to an already finishedsurface.

2) FLAT FILE: Rectangular in section and tapered for 1/3rd length in width and thickness. Thefaces have double cut teeth and the edges, single cut. Used for general filing.

3) SQARE FILE: Square in section and tapered for 1/3rd length on all faces. All the faces havedouble cut teeth. Used for filing corners and slots and also to cut keyways.

4) TRIANGULAR FILE: Equilateral triangular in section and tapered for 1/3rd length on all faces.All faces have double cut teeth. Used for filing internal corners.

5) HALF ROUND FILE: it has one flat face, connected by a curved face and tapered for 1/3 rdlength. The curved face is not exactly semi-circular but only a part of circle. The flat face has

double cut teeth and the curved face, single cut. Used for filing concave surfaces and internal

corners.

6) ROUND FILE: Circular cross section and tapered for 1/3rd length. It has double cut teeth. Usedfor filing concave surfaces and circular openings.


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WORK SHOP MANUAL 6


7) SWISS OR NEEDLE FILE: It is normally 150mm long, with cut teeth. Used for filingcorners, grooves, narrow slots, etc., in intricate work.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Position of the work piece such that the cut to be made is close to the vice so that you canprevent breakage of saw and personal injury.

2. When sawing in a vice, make sure that the work is held tight. A loose vice is dangerous.3. Apply force on the forward cutting stroke and relive the force on the back stroke.4. Do not hold the work piece in hand while cutting.5. Take the longest possible stroke, but does not allow the blade supporting pins to touch the job.6. Do not sharp tools in pockets.7. Use the tools of good quality and do not use the tools which have loose handle.

General Engineering Practice (Workshop) LOYOLA DEGREE AND P.G COLLEGE MATERIAL FOR WORKSHOP

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