General Counsel The Presidentts Commission 200 …jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg Subject Index...
15
Legislative, Judiciar-and Fiscal Branch Civil. Archives Divisinc. National. Archives and Bec-Jrds Service Washtegton, D.O. 2000 TO FROM Mr. Harold Weisberg Route 12 Frederick, MD 21701 (X) MATERIAL REQUESTED: 3DC 1. ENCLOSED. 2. CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED. PLEASE FURNISH MORE COMPLETE INFORMATION. 3. NO LONGER AVAILABLE. 4. LIMITED TO USE WITHIN COMPONENTS OF GSA. 5. PENDING REVISION. AND WILL BE ANNOUNCED IN A GSA BULLETIL1. 6. AVAILABLE FROM THE NEAREST GSA STORES DEPOT STOCK NO. PRICE 7. AVAILABLE FROM GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS. WASHINGTON. D.C. 20402. WHEN ORDERING. PLEASE INCLUDE CHECK OR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS. PRICE PER COPY 8. OTHER (S peci GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION *U.S. Government Printing Office: 1971 —482-434/7 TRANSMITTAL SLIP GSA AUGe:9 172
Transcript of General Counsel The Presidentts Commission 200 …jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg Subject Index...
Legislative, Judiciar-and Fiscal Branch Civil. Archives Divisinc. National.
Archives and
Bec-Jrds Service Washtegton, D.O. 2000
TO
FRO
M
Mr. Harold Weisberg Route 12
Frederick, MD 21701
(X)
MA
TE
RIA
L R
EQ
UE
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ED
: 3D
C
1.
EN
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ED
.
2.
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4.
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WIT
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OF
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5.
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. A
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FR
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OT
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7.
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cc: !Ir. Rankin Ir. Lil1eus - Chrono.
I OFFICE OF TIIE DIRECTOR
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
,oa:zto / 9.`
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
February 27, 1964
BY COURIER SERVICE
Honorable J. Lee Rankin General Counsel The Presidentts Commission 200 Maryland Avenue, Northeast Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Rankin:
Enclosed for your information are two copies of a self-explanatory communication from our Detroit Office dated February 17, 1964, concerning attorney Mark Lane. Also enclosed are two copies oflanets Defense Brief for 1 Oswald'which appeared in the December 19, 1963, issue of the "National Guardian."
• The Attorney General is being furnished copies
of the above Detroit communication, background data on Mark Lane similar to that information previously furnished vou by this Bureau as well as the brief appearing in the 'National Guardian."
The House Committee on Un-American Activities - has stated the "National Guardian" has manifested itself from the beginning as a virtual official propaganda arm of Soviet Russia, although the publication denies having any affiliation with the Communist Party.
Sincerely yours,
34.44,-Icrv•-6")
Enclosures (4)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
In Reply, Please Refer to
File No. Detroit, Michigan February 17, 1964
Re: Assassination of-President John F. Kennedy, 11/22/63, Dallas, Texas
On February 14, 1964, Mark Lane, who described
himself as a New York Attorney and the attorney for Mrs.
Marguerite Oswald, mother of Lee Harvey Oswald, made a
speech•at the Central Methodist Church, Woodward and
Adams Streets, Detroit, Michigan.
During this speech, Lane said that he had
prepared a brief concerning the Oswald case and that in
about two weeks he was going to seek to obtain an appointment
with United States Attorney General Robert Kennedy in order
to present this brief, as well as other evidence he had
developed in this matter, to the Attorney General.
.fit P t
=
NA
TIO
NA
L G
UA
RD
IAN
7
a tria
l tha
t can
't be h
eld
19,1963
LATE CITY EDITION Ilum
Y a
wl te
a le
asy; k
. wa
if
11-11.
tha
t he
r hu
sb
an
d o
wn
ed
a rifle
, bu
rled
in th
e 1
4th
P
ara
gra
ph o
f a s
tory
appearin
g o
n p
age 6
3 o
f the
Ne
w Y
ork
Tim
es. is
a to
tal re
pu
dia
tion
of th
at fa
bri-
catio
n.
It ma
y b
e s
aid
tha
t wh
en
Ma
rina
Osw
ald
is re
lea
se
d
from
"pro
tectiv
e c
usto
dy" s
he w
ill be a
ble
to d
iscuss
the
truth
of th
e s
tate
me
nts
attrib
ute
d to
he
r by th
e
FB
I, the S
ecre
t Service
and W
ade. T
he S
ecre
t Service
h
as "s
ug
ge
ste
d to
he
r (Ma
rina
Osw
ald
t tha
t it mig
ht
be
safe
r an
d e
asie
r for h
er to
retu
rn to
the
So
viet U
nio
n
tha
n to
try to live
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s (Tim
es. D
ec. 8
)." P
erh
ap
s th
e S
ecre
t Se
rvic
e in
ten
de
d to
ind
ica
te th
at
it wo
uld
be
safe
r an
d e
asie
r for th
e S
ecre
t Se
rvice, th
e
FB
I and W
ade a
nd th
e c
ase a
gain
st O
sw
ald
if Mrs
. O
swa
ld q
uie
tly left th
e co
un
try. M
eanw
hile
, back to
Wade's
"clin
ched c
ase." E
ven if
Mrs
. Osw
ald
did
sta
te th
at h
er h
usb
an
d o
wn
ed
a rifle
and th
at it w
as m
issin
g F
riday m
orn
ing, s
uch "e
vi-
dence" w
ould
not b
e a
dm
issib
le u
nder th
e la
ws o
f T
exa
s. The D
alla
s law
enfo
rcem
ent o
fficials, n
eve
rthe-
less, re
lea
sed
tha
t "evid
en
ce" to
the
pu
blic a
nd
, the
re-
fore
, to a
ll pote
ntia
l juro
rs in
Dalla
s, while
Osw
ald
was
aliv
e a
nd fa
cin
g th
e p
ossib
ility o
f trial. S
uch c
onduct
did
vio
len
ce
bo
th to
the
sp
irit an
d le
tter o
f law
an
d
eth
ics a
nd
to th
e rig
hts
of th
e d
efe
nd
an
t. In
vie
w
of M
arin
a O
sw
ald
's la
ck o
f know
ledge re
-g
ard
ing
the
rifle, a
nd
in v
iew
of th
e s
tate
me
nt M
ad
e
at w
ho
se
ho
me
thc rifle
wa
s a
lleg
ed
to
have
been sto
red, o
ne 'q
uestio
na''W
heth
er O
svitild e
ver
actu
ally p
osse
ssed th
e rifle
. "Mrs. P
ain
e, a
Quake
r, said
sh
e h
ad
no
ide
a w
ha
t wa
s in th
e b
lan
ket:S
he
said
tha
t b
eca
use
of h
er p
ers
on
al b
elie
fs s
he
wo
uld
no
t allo
w a
S
ri
went to
his
hom
e in
Oak
C
• -h
an
ge
d h
is c
loth
es
hu
rried
ly, a
nd
left."
On N
ov. 2
7, it w
as c
onceded th
at "D
arry
l Clic
k" d
id
no
t driv
e a
taxic
ab
in w
hic
h O
sw
ald
wa
s a
pa
sse
ng
er.
Wh
en
"Da
rryl C
lick" d
isa
pp
ea
red
from
the
ca
se
, "Wil-
liam
Wh
ale
y" ap
pe
are
d a
s the
ma
n w
ho
dro
ve O
swa
ld,
not h
om
e, b
ut a
t least in
that g
enera
l dire
ctio
n.
Osw
ald
, it is a
lleged, fire
d th
e s
hots
that k
illed K
en-
ne
dy fro
m th
e s
ixth
floo
r of th
e b
uild
ing
. Osw
ald
, It is
alle
ged, th
en w
alk
ed d
ow
n fo
ur flig
hts
of s
tairs
, pur-
chased a
soft d
rink a
nd w
as s
ippin
g it w
hile
a p
olic
e
offic
er a
pp
roa
ch
ed
him
on
the
se
co
nd
floo
r. O
sw
ald
, it is a
lleged, la
ter le
ft the b
uild
ing, s
lip-
pin
g th
rough th
e p
olice
cord
on a
nd p
roce
eded th
rough
the p
anic
ked s
treet c
row
ds u
ntil h
e fo
und a
bus. O
s-
wa
ld, it is a
lleg
ed
, the
n b
oa
rde
d th
e b
us. p
aid
his fa
re,
got a
transfe
r (that h
e n
ever u
sed; a
nd s
poke to
the
drive
r ab
ou
t the
assa
ssina
tion
. T
he d
river re
ferre
d a
wom
an to
Osw
ald
, it is alle
ged,
and O
swald
spoke
with
her a
bout th
e sh
ootin
g. O
swald
, it is
alle
ged, e
ventu
ally
left th
e b
us a
fter rid
ing a
bout
six
blo
cks a
nd w
as w
alk
ing "fro
nt C
om
merc
e S
treet"
wh
en
the
taxica
b d
river, n
ow
na
me
d "W
illiam
Wh
ale
y" sa
w h
int. O
swald
, it is alle
ged, h
aile
d th
e ta
xi, and e
n-
'tere
d it. "W
illiam
Whale
y's
" log s
how
s th
at O
sw
ald
ente
red th
e ta
xi, a
fter h
avin
g c
om
ple
ted th
is e
ntire
trip
, at e
xactly
12:3
0 p
.m. T
he s
hots
that k
illed K
en-
_fle
a_ w
ere
fired a
t_12:3
1 p
.m.
—
A
l, -
Po
int T
welve
Osw
ald
sh
ot a
nd
kille
d a
po
llee
offic
er.
11
1,A
rAD
E S
AID
. "Ile w
alk
ed
up
to th
e e
ar
Offic
er T
ip-
'
to O
sw
ald
that h
e h
ad c
om
mitte
d th
e p
erfe
ct c
rime,
ha
d e
scap
ed
the
po
lice a
t the
Te
xas B
oo
k De
po
sitory
and w
as n
ow
far re
move
d fro
m th
e sce
ne. F
rantic a
c-tio
ns b
y Osw
ald
. so o
bvio
us a
s to a
ttract th
e a
tten
tion
of a
passe
rby, In
these
circum
stance
s, also
seem
inco
n-
sisten
t with
Osw
ald
's rep
orte
d d
em
ea
no
r mo
ine
nts a
fter
the P
resid
ent h
ad b
een sh
ot. A
t this tim
e a
police
man
charg
ed u
p th
e sta
irs of th
e b
ook d
eposito
ry, poin
ted
a g
un
at h
int a
nd
sou
gh
t to a
rrest h
int fo
r sho
otin
g th
e
Pre
sident.
Osw
ald
's em
plo
yer d
escrib
ed
Osw
ald
's con
ditio
n a
t th
at tim
e a
s "cool a
s a cu
cum
ber—
alth
ough h
e se
em
ed
a little
both
ere
d b
y the g
un." (W
ash
ingto
n P
ost, D
ec.
Po
int F
ou
rteen
Osw
ald
dre
w a
pis
tol a
nd a
ttem
pte
d to
kill th
e a
r-re
sting o
ffice
r. Th
e firin
g p
in s
truck a
nd
ma
rke
d th
e
bu
llet b
ut it d
id n
ot e
xplo
de.
WA
DE
SA
ID, "H
e (O
swald
' struck a
t the o
fficer, p
ut
ww
the
gu
n a
ga
inst h
is head a
nd s
napped it, b
ut d
id
no
t—th
e b
ulle
t did
not—
go o
ff. We h
ave
the sn
apped
bulle
t there
. Offic
ers
appre
hended h
im a
t that tim
e ...
It misfire
d b
ein
g' o
n th
e—
the sh
ell d
idn't e
xplo
de. W
e
have w
here
It hit It, b
ut it d
idn't e
xplo
de."
Wa
de
wa
s atte
mp
ting
to in
dica
te th
at w
he
n O
swa
ld
wa
s arre
sted
in th
e th
ea
ter h
e trie
d to
sho
ot th
e a
rrest-
ing
offic
er a
nd
did
in fa
ct p
ull th
e trig
ge
r of th
e p
isto
l.' T
he
re c
an
be
no
qu
estio
n th
at th
e trig
ge
r wa
s p
ulle
d
since
Wade a
ssure
d us, in
his
fashio
n, th
at th
e firin
g
pin
struck th
e b
ulle
t an
d m
arke
d th
e b
ulle
t. He
furth
er
assure
d u
s h
is o
ffice h
as th
e "s
napped b
ulle
t" in its
posse
ssion. T
he a
rrestin
g o
fficer, h
ow
eve
r, police
man
MacD
onald
, told
the s
tory
diffe
rently
: "I got m
y h
and
on th
e b
utt o
f his
gun," s
aid
MacD
onald
. "I could
feet
Osw
ald
's h
and o
n th
e trig
ger. I je
rked m
y h
and a
nd
wa
s ab
le to
slow
do
wn
the
trigg
er m
ove
me
nt. H
e d
idn
't have
enough fo
rce to
fire it. (W
ash
ingto
n P
ost, D
ec. 1
.1
Co
nfro
nte
d w
ith a
resu
me
or th
at re
po
rt, Wa
de
qu
ick-ly
ad
juste
d to
it: R
eporte
r: There
was o
ne o
fficer w
ho sa
id th
at h
e p
ulle
d
. th
e trig
ger. b
ut h
e m
anaged to
put h
is thum
b
in th
e p
art b
efo
re th
e firin
g p
in. It d
idn
't strik
e th
e —
the
bu
llet d
idn
't exp
lod
e. Is
'
that .
. ?
Wade: I do
n't kn
ow
wh
eth
er it's th
at o
r no
t. I kno
w
I
he d
idn't s
nap th
e g
un is
all I
know
about
• it. (N
ew
Yo
rk Tim
es, N
ov. 2
6.1
W
e le
ave
this in
cident b
earin
g in
min
d o
ne re
mark-
ab
le fa
ct. Ph
ysicial e
vide
nce
, intro
du
ced
by W
ad
e—
a
bulle
t mark
ed b
y a
firing p
in in
an a
ttem
pt to
kill a
p
olice
office
r—n
ow
wa
s rep
ud
iate
d b
y the
office
r wh
o
w a
rti .' yew
itness a
nd b
y W
ade h
imself. —
Po
int F
ifteen
. A
map w
as fo
und in
Osw
ald
's p
ossessio
n s
how
ing th
e
scene o
f the a
ssassin
atio
n a
nd th
e b
ulle
t's tra
leeto
rr• •
,M110•1130.11111{
"AU the News That's fit to Print"
My N
ew thrk V
ino. A
OL. C
.X111
•
'
NE
W Y
OR
E. M
ON
DA
Y, D
OA
E2ID
ED
21, I9
0.
TE
N C
EN
TS
PR
ESID
EN
T'S A
SSASSIN
SHO
T T
O D
EA
TH
IN
JAIL
CO
RR
IDO
R B
Y A
DA
LL
AS C
ITIZ
EN
; G
RIE
VIN
G T
HR
ON
GS V
IEW
KE
NN
ED
Y B
IER
A
SW
IFT
VE
RD
ICT
OF
GU
ILT
Y—
N.Y
. TIM
ES
HE
AD
LIN
E N
OV
. 25 T
he T
itnes la
ter 'regretted
' its failu
re to q
uality
the w
ord
assa
ssin
able
.411U
1:1
,• u
CU
Ltu
W2L
did
vio
lence b
oth
to th
e sp
irit and le
tter o
f law
and
eth
ics a
nd
to th
e rig
hts o
f the d
efe
nd
an
t. .
In v
iew
of M
arin
a, O
swald
's lack
of k
no
wle
dg
e_
re-
gard
ing th
e rifle
,- and in
vie
w o
f the sta
tem
ent m
ade
whose. h
oin
e the rifle w
as alleged
to
hav
e 'b
een
store
d, o
ne
qu
estion
s. wh
eth
er O
swald
ev
er
actually
possessed
the rifle. "M
rs. Pain
e, a Quak
er, said
she h
ad
no
idea w
hat w
as its th
e bla
nket. S
he sa
id th
at
because
o: h
er p
erso
nal b
elie
fs she w
ould
not a
llow
a
weapon o
f any so
rt in h
er h
om
e." N
ew
York
World
T
elegra
m a
nd S
un, N
ov. 2
5)..
_ P
oin
t Nin
e
Osw
ald
hail a
pack
ag
e u
nd
er h
is arm
Frid
ay
.
TH
E P
RO
SE
CU
TO
R sa
id, "T
his d
ay
he w
en
t ho
me
one d
ay e
arlie
r on T
hursd
ay n
ight, a
nd c
anto
back
to—
with
this fello
w-, -a
nd
'wh
en
he c
am
e b
ack
he h
ad
a p
ack
ag
a u
nd
er h
is arm
that h
e sa
id w
as w
ind
ow
curta
ins, I b
elie
ve. o
r win
dow
shades."
If Osw
ald
were
aliv
e, w
e w
ou
ld p
roceed
to a
sk h
im
wheth
er h
e c
arrie
d a
package to
work
Frid
ay m
orn
-in
g, a
nd
if so, w
hat w
as in
the p
ack
ag
e a
nd
wh
at h
ap
-pen
ed to
the co
nten
ts. If Mrs. O
swald
were n
ot lo
cked
u
p in
a secret locatio
n w
e mig
ht ask
tier about th
e pack
-age. W
ade h
as n
ot in
dic
ate
d w
hat e
vid
ence re
gardin
g th
e p
ackage le
d h
im to
the c
onclu
sion th
at h
e o
ffere
d
(that it c
onta
ined th
e m
urd
er w
eapon).
Po
int T
en
Osw
ald. w
hile tak
ing a
bus fro
m th
e sc
ene, la
ug
hed
lo
ud
ly as h
e told
a wo
man
passen
ger th
at th
e P
resid
ent
had
been
sho
t.
WA
DE
SA
ID, 'T
he n
ex
t we h
ear o
f him
is on
a b
us
where
he
g ot o
n a
t Lam
ar S
treet, to
ld th
e b
us
driv
er th
e P
resid
ent h
ad b
een sh
ot, th
e P
resid
ent. (H
e)
told
the lad
y—
all this w
as verified
by statem
ents—
told
th
e lady o
n th
e bus th
at the P
residen
t had
been
shot. H
e said
, 'How
did
he k
now
?' He said
a man
back
there to
ld
him
. The d
efe
ndant sa
id, 'Y
es, h
e's b
een sh
ot' a
nd
laughed
very
loud."
Wade, in
tellin
g h
is story
. made n
o a
ttem
pt to
ex-
plain
ho
w O
swald
escaped
from
the b
uild
ing sealed
off
by sc
ore
s of D
alla
s polic
e. W
e le
ave th
at m
yste
ry to
en
ter a
new
on
e. W
hy
did
Osw
ald
, fleein
g th
e scene o
f a m
urd
er, jo
ke p
ublic
ly a
bout th
e m
urd
er?
Why d
id h
e
"lau
gh
very
lou
d"?
Su
ch
beh
av
ior is h
ard
ly c
on
sisten
t W
ith 4
8 h
ou
rs of c
on
sisten
t den
ial o
f gu
ilt wh
en
in
cu
stod
y o
f the D
alla
s au
tho
rities. T
he la
ug
hte
r on
the
hus sto
ry se
em
ed- so
unlik
ely
that th
e F
BI, in
off-th
e-
reco
rd b
riefin
g se
ssions fo
r the p
ress, c
on
ced
ed
that it
was u
ntru
e. In
consid
erin
g th
at th
e b
us la
ughte
r story
Is fa
lse, w
e c
onsid
er a
lso th
e sta
tem
ent b
y W
ade in
th
e telling o
f that sto
ry, "
. . a
ll this w
as v
erifie
d b
y
Statem
ents."
Po
int E
leven
A tax
i driv
er Darry
l Click
, took O
swald
hom
e, where
he c
han
ged
his c
loth
es.
WA
DE
SA
ID, "Ile
then
—th
e b
us, h
e a
sked
the b
us
driv
er to
stop, g
ot o
ff at a
stop
, cau
gh
t a ta
xic
ab
driv
er, Darry
l Click
—I d
on't h
ave h
is exact p
lace—an
d
wh
en th
e taxicab
driv
er, no
w n
amed
-William
Wh
aley-
saw
him
. Osw
ald
, it is alle
ged
, haile
d th
e ta
xi, a
nd
en
-te
red it. "W
illiam
Whale
y's" lo
g sh
ow
s that O
swald
ente
red th
e ta
xi, a
fter h
avin
g c
om
ple
ted th
is entire
trip
, at e
xactly
12:3
0 p
.m. T
he sh
ots th
at k
illed K
en-
ned
y. w
ere fired at 1
2:3
1 p
.m.
_ .
Po
int T
welve
s Osw
ald
sho
t an
d k
illed
a p
olic
e o
fficer.
WA
DE
SA
ID. "H
e w
alk
ed
up
to th
e c
ar. O
fficer T
ip-
VW
pit ste
pped o
ut o
f the c
ar a
nd sta
rted a
round it.
He sh
ot h
int th
ree. tim
es a
nd k
illed h
im."
This alle
gatio
n isn
't dire
ctly
rela
ted to
the m
urd
er o
f th
e P
resid
en
t bu
t it raise
d in
tere
sting p
oin
ts.
The D
alla
s auth
oritie
s first said
Tip
pit w
as sh
ot
in a
mo
vie
theate
r.'Late
r, it was re
po
rted
that Ile
was
shot o
n o
ne street
and, still la
ter, o
n a
noth
er stre
et.
The first c
harg
e a
gain
st Osw
ald
was n
ot fo
r the m
ur-
der o
f the P
resid
ent b
ut fo
r the m
urd
er o
f Tip
pit. T
hat
charg
e w
as m
ade w
hile
the in
vestiga
tion o
f the K
en-
ned
y sh
oo
ting
was still g
oin
g o
n. W
ade an
no
un
ced th
at th
e T
ipp
it case
was a
bso
lute
ly se
t an
d th
at a
ll the
evid
ence p
roved O
swald
shot th
e o
fficer,
In v
iew
of th
e c
erta
inty
of th
e p
rose
cuto
r as to
a
case
that h
ad b
een e
ntire
ly lo
cked u
p tw
o d
ays b
efo
re.
the fo
llow
ing
dia
log
ue (a
t the p
ress c
on
fere
nce) is
. rath
er c
urio
us.
Rep
orter. W
as this (w
here O
swald
shot T
ippit) in
front
of th
e b
oard
ing h
ou
se? W
ade:
No
, it's no
t in fro
nt o
f the b
oard
ing
ho
use
. R
eporte
r: Where
was it?
W
ade:
I do
n't h
av
e it e
xact.
Poin
t Thirteen
A
witn
ess saw O
swald
cater the T
exas T
heater.
WA
DE
SA
ID. "S
om
eo
ne sa
w h
im
go in
the T
ex
as
WA
DE
There
has b
een little
conflic
t about th
at a
ssertio
n.
The first sta
tem
ent b
y D
alla
s auth
oritie
s indic
ate
d th
at
the th
eater cashier w
as so su
spicio
us w
hen
she saw
Os-
wald
change fro
m se
at to
seat n
erv
ously
that sh
e
telephoned
the p
olice.
It soon b
ecam
e o
bvio
us th
at a
cash
ier a
t a p
ost o
ut-
side o
f the th
eate
r mig
ht h
ave d
ifficulty
watc
hin
g th
e
cu
stom
ers o
nce th
ey
en
tere
d. S
o th
e a
uth
oritie
s then
in
dic
ate
d th
at a
n u
sher sa
w O
swald
changin
g se
ats.
Th
e la
st versio
n h
as a
perso
n o
utsid
e th
e th
eate
r no
ti-cin
g Osw
ald's su
spicio
us actio
n. fo
llow
ing h
im in
to th
e th
eate
r, sealin
g o
ff the d
oo
rs with
the a
ssistan
ce o
f th
e u
sher, a
nd th
en n
otify
ing th
e p
olic
e th
rough a
te
lep
ho
ne c
all m
ad
e b
y th
e c
ash
ier.
Som
e questio
ns p
erip
hera
l to th
e a
rrest in
the th
e-
ate
r persist. W
hat d
id O
swald
do
befo
re e
nte
ring th
e
theate
r to a
ttract a
ttentio
n? In
what m
anner w
ere
his
actio
ns "su
spic
iou
s?" W
e h
av
e b
een
told
by
the n
ew
ly
em
erg
ing
firearm
-psy
ch
olo
gist e
xp
erts th
at a
ltho
ug
h
Osw
ald
was n
ot p
artic
ula
rly ta
lente
d w
ith a
rifle, h
is "P
sych
otic
co
nd
ition
" may
hav
e
giv
en h
im "n
erv
ele
ss co
ord
inatio
n" so
that h
e m
igh
t fire a
ccu
rate
ly.
Ev
iden
tly th
at "nerv
eless coo
rdin
ation
" was n
ot p
res-en
t ou
tside th
e theater, alth
ou
gh
it cou
ld h
ave ap
peared
it. (New
Yuck
Thnes. N
ov. 2
6.)
We le
ave th
is incid
ent b
earin
g in
min
d o
ne re
mark
-able
fact. P
hysic
ial
evidence, in
trod
uced
by
Wad
e—a
bu
llet m
ark
ed
by
a firin
g p
in in
an a
ttem
pt to
kill a
police o
fficer—now
was rep
udiated
by th
e officer w
ho
wartV
ekeW
itireas —and
-Wad
i him
self. —
• - •
• Poin
t Fifteen
A
map
was fo
un
d in
Osw
ald's p
ossessio
n sh
ow
ing th
e
scene o
f the assassin
ation an
d th
e bullet's trajecto
ry.
Osw
ald the Man
Dallas C
ops Sure B
y H
EN
RY
bItC
HIR
EI L
k
TH
E D
AL
LA
S C
OP
S C
ER
'T'A
INL
Y. M
AD
E T
HE
NE
WS
T
his a
pp
eare
d in
the N
.Y. N
ews, N
ov. 24
TH
E D
AY
AF
TE
R W
ade's h
istoric p
ress conferen
ce, a
nd
thre
e d
ay
s afte
r the O
swald
arre
st, a n
ew
dis-
covery
was m
ade.
"Today M
r. Wade a
nnounced th
at a
uth
oritie
s had
also
found a
mark
ed m
ap, sh
ow
ing th
e c
ourse
of th
e
Pre
siden
t's mo
torc
ad
e, in
Osw
ald
's ren
ted
roo
m. 'It
was a
map tra
cin
g th
e lo
catio
n o
f Use
para
de ro
ute
.' th
e d
istrict a
ttorn
ey sa
id. 'a
nd th
is pla
ce I th
e T
exas
Sch
oo
l Bo
ok
Dep
osito
ry, a w
areho
use fro
m w
hich
the
fatal shots w
ere firedl w
as mark
ed w
ith a straig
ht lin
e.' M
r. Wad
e said O
swald
had
mark
ed th
e map
at two
oth
er p
laces, 'a
pp
are
ntly
pla
ces w
hic
h Ise
co
nsid
ere
d a
po
s-sib
ility fo
r anassassin
ation.'" (N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es, Nov.
25.) A
do
cum
ent w
ritten b
y th
e defen
dan
t sho
win
g h
is in-
tentio
n to
com
mit a
crim
e is im
porta
nt e
vid
ence. It
seem
s incre
dib
le, w
ere
such a
map in
the h
ands o
f the
Dallas au
thorities o
n th
e prev
ious d
ay w
hen
Wad
e pre-
sen
ted
the e
vid
en
ce, "p
iece b
y p
iece," th
at h
e w
ou
ld
hav
e ne
glecte
d to
men
tion
it. O
swald
was arrested
three d
ays p
rior to
the m
ap an
-n
ou
ncem
en
t. On
the d
ay
of h
is arre
st po
lice re
mo
ved
all o
f his b
elo
ng
ing
s fron
t his ro
om
, tellin
g the la
nd-
lady th
at O
swald
"would
not re
turn
." One w
onders
where
the m
ap c
ain
e fro
m th
ree d
ays la
ter. T
he sa
me
new
spapers th
at h
aile
d th
e d
iscovery
of th
e m
ap N
ov.
25, w
ithout a sin
gle q
uestio
n a
s to its leg
itimacy
, orig
in,
or p
revio
us w
here
abouts, to
tally
ignore
d o
r burie
d th
e
last com
men
t regard
ing th
is importan
t docu
men
t. "Dal-
las o
fficia
ls yeste
rday d
enie
d th
at su
ch a
map e
xists."
(Wash
ingto
n P
ost, N
ov
. 27
.1
- Th
e peo
ple vs. O
swa
ld
WH
EN
A C
RIM
INA
L C
AS
E is b
rou
ght its fe
dera
l W
W c
ourt a
gain
st au in
div
idual, It is e
ntitle
d. "T
he
Peo
ple
of th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s ag
ain
st" the
nam
ed d
e-fen
dan
t. No fed
eral charge w
as lodged
again
st Osw
ald;
(Co
ntin
ued
on P
age 8
)
h.
Decem
ber
19, 1963
8 N
AT
ION
AL
GU
AR
DIA
N
(Conti
nued
fr
om
P
age
7)
how
ever
, in
the
most
sig
nif
ican
t se
nse
the
case
,bec
ame
the
enti
re c
ou
ntr
y a
nd
its
in
stit
uti
on
s ag
ain
st o
ne
man
. V
eil, lik
ely n
o p
rosp
ecti
ve
def
endan
t in
the
his
tory
of
civil
izat
ion h
as b
een t
ried
and c
ondem
ned
thro
ugh t
he
uti
liza
tion o
f th
e m
edia
as
thoro
ughly
as
was
Osw
ald.
Th
e A
mer
ican
Civ
il L
iber
ties
Un
ion
co
mm
ente
d o
n
Dec
. 8:
"It
is o
ur
op
inio
n t
hat
Lee
Har
vey
Osw
ald
, h
ad h
e li
ved
, w
ould
hav
e bee
n d
epri
ved
of
all
opport
unit
y t
o
rece
ive
a fa
ir t
rial
by
th
e co
nd
uct
of
the
po
lice
an
d
pro
secu
tin
g o
ffic
ials
in
Dal
las,
un
der
pre
ssu
re f
rom
th
e p
ub
lic
and
th
e n
ews
med
ia.
"fro
m t
he
mo
men
t o
f h
is a
rres
t u
nti
l h
is m
urd
er t
wo
day
s la
ter,
Osw
ald w
as t
ried
and c
onvic
ted m
any t
imes
ov
er i
n th
e ne
wsp
aper
s, o
n th
e ra
dio,
and
ove
r te
levi
sion
b
y t
he
pu
bli
c st
atem
ents
of
the
Dal
las
law
en
forc
emen
t of
fici
als.
Tim
e an
d ag
ain
high
-ran
king
pol
ice
and
pros
e-cu
tio
n o
ffic
ials
sta
te t
hei
r co
mp
lete
sat
isfa
ctio
n t
hat
O
swal
d w
as t
he
assa
ssin
. A
s th
eir
inves
tigat
ion u
nco
v-
ered
on
e p
iece
of
evid
ence
aft
er a
noth
er, th
e re
sult
s w
ere
bro
adca
st t
o t
he
publi
c.
"...
Osw
ald
's t
rial
wo
uld
..
. ha
ve b
een
no
thin
g b
ut
a h
oll
ow
fo
rmal
ity
."
In a
sec
tio
n h
ead
ed "
Po
lice
Res
po
nsi
bil
ity
fo
r O
s-w
ald's
kil
ling"
the
AC
LU
sta
ted t
hat
the
conce
ssio
ns
to
the
med
ia "
resu
lted
in
Osw
ald
bei
ng
dep
riv
ed n
ot
on
ly
of
his
day
in
co
urt
, b
ut
of
his
lif
e as
wel
l."
On D
ec. 4 t
he
chan
cell
or-
elec
t of
the
Phil
adel
phia
B
ar
Ass
ocia
tion s
tate
d t
hat
Lee O
swald
had b
een
"lynch
ed"
and t
hat
this
was
an "
indic
tmen
t" o
f th
e le
gal
pro
fess
ion
fo
r It
s fa
ilu
re t
o p
rote
ct O
swal
d (
New
Y
ork
Tim
es, D
ec. 5).
Thes
e tw
o c
om
men
ts, m
ade
afte
r th
e dea
th o
f O
swal
d a
nd b
uri
ed b
y t
he
new
s m
edia
u
nd
er t
he
aval
anch
e o
f ne
ws
atta
cks
agai
nst
Osw
ald
(inc
ludi
ng t
he F
BI
leak
s of
oth
er c
rim
es a
lleg
ed t
o ha
ve
bee
n c
om
mit
ted b
y h
im),
const
itute
to d
ate
alm
ost
the
only
indic
atio
n o
f sa
nit
y i
n t
he
countr
y.
Aft
er O
swal
d's
dea
th, th
e F
BI
acte
d t
o p
reven
t ce
r-ta
in i
nfo
rmat
ion f
rom
rea
chin
g t
he
publi
c, "
Most
pri
-v
ate
citi
zen
s w
ho
had
co
op
erat
ed w
ith
new
smen
rep
ort
-in
g t
he
crim
e hav
e re
fuse
d t
o g
ive
furt
her
hel
p a
fter
b
ein
g i
nte
rvie
wed
by
ag
ents
of
the
Fed
eral
Bu
reau
of
Inves
tigat
ion."
(N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es, D
ec. 6),
The
FB
I acte
d, not
to p
rote
ct
the r
ights
of
a d
efe
ndant,
but,
af
ter
he
was
mu
rder
ed,
to p
rote
ct t
he
inco
nsi
sten
t ev
i-de
nce
from
furt
her
scr
uti
ny. ju
ts. O
swal
d, st
ill
in S
ecre
t S
ervic
e cu
stody, hid
den
in a
n u
nknow
n l
oca
tion, w
as
quote
d o
n t
he
front
pag
es o
f pap
ers
thro
ughout .
the
countr
y D
ec. 6 a
nd 7
as
impli
cati
ng O
swal
d I
n a
noth
er
crim
e. S
uch
a q
uota
tion c
ould
hav
e co
me
only
fro
m a
OS
WA
LD
'S F
AM
ILY
AT
TH
E P
OL
ICE
ST
AT
ION
M
oth
er, M
arg
uer
ite,
wit
h w
ife,
Ma
rin
a,
an
d b
aby
co
me t
o u
nd
ers
tan
d m
an
y t
hin
gs
ov
er
the l
ast
few
m
on
ths
. .
. I'
m c
on
vin
ced
th
at a
ny
on
e el
se w
ou
ld b
e w
orse
." (
New
Yor
k T
imes
, Dec
. 11)
T
he
pre
ss m
ade
much
9f
the
fact
that
Osw
ald h
ad
been
se
en w
ith a
copy o
f th
e W
ork
er, a
Com
munis
t publi
cati
on, an
d t
hat
he
had
rec
eived
at
leas
t tw
o l
et-
ters
fro
m t
he
Co
mm
un
ist
Par
ty.
A N
ew Y
ork
new
spap
er
refe
rred
to
him
ed
ito
rial
ly a
s a
"Co
mm
un
ist
mu
rder
er."
D
id O
swal
d k
now
that
the
U.S
. C
om
munis
t P
arty
sup-
port
ed K
enne
dy w
hen
he
ran f
or
the
pre
siden
cy i
n 1
960
revuls
ion a
gai
nst
the
anci
ent.
tri
al b
y o
rdea
l or
rr:.
.i?1
, by f
ire
whic
h f
orc
ed a
per
son a
ccuse
d o
f a
crim
e to
-.
.. co
oper
ate
in t
he
pro
secu
tion o
f his
ow
n c
ase.
Gre
at
con
stit
uti
on
al p
rote
ctio
ns,
in
clu
din
g t
he
Fif
th A
men
d-
men
t to
the
U.S
. C
onst
ituti
on, w
ere
dev
eloped
. It
was
fo
und t
hat
not
only
would
guil
ty p
erso
ns
confe
ss w
hen
su
ffic
ien
t p
ress
ure
was
pla
ced
ag
ain
st t
hem
, b
ut
in-
noce
nt
per
sons
also
wer
e li
kel
y t
o s
ucc
um
b.
Gre
at p
ress
ure
was
pla
ced a
gai
nst
Osw
ald. H
e st
ood
all
alo
ne
con
dem
ned
as
We
slay
er o
f a
po
pu
lar
lead
er.
"Osw
ald
was
pu
mm
eled
by
th
e ar
rest
ing
off
icer
s u
nti
l h
is f
ace
was
pu
ffed
an
d b
atte
red
. 'K
ill
the
Pre
sid
ent
wil
l you?' o
ne o
ffic
er
shoute
d i
n a
choked v
oic
e."
(W
ashin
gto
n P
ost
, D
ec. 1.)
In
addit
ion "
Osw
ald r
ecei
ved
a b
lack
eye
and a
cu
t o
n h
is f
ore
hea
d."
(N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es,
No
v.
24
.)
When
a r
eport
er a
sked
Osw
ald i
n a
tel
evis
ed i
nte
r-vi
ew h
ow h
e re
ceiv
ed th
e bru
ises
and c
uts
on h
is f
ace,
h
e an
swer
ed c
alm
ly, "A
po
lice
man
hit
me.
" F
or
98
ho
urs
, O
swal
d w
as d
enie
d t
he
elem
enta
ry
right
to c
ounse
l of
his
choic
e. T
he
Dal
las
poli
ce f
alse
ly
told
the
atto
rney
s fo
r th
e A
CL
U t
hat
Osw
ald "
did
not
wan
t co
un
sel.
" D
esp
ite
ph
ysi
cal
abu
se a
nd
ab
solu
te
iso
lati
on
, O
swal
d c
on
tin
ued
to
sta
te t
hat
he
was
in
-noce
nt.
Eac
h p
revio
us
assa
ssin
of
an A
mer
ican
pre
si-
den
t im
med
iate
ly a
nd
bo
astf
ull
y d
ecla
red
th
at t
he
act
was
his
.
Cha
ract
er w
itne
sses
T
he
pre
ss h
as b
een
glu
tted
wit
h a
ttac
ks
up
on
Osw
ald
si
nce
his
dea
th, w
ith e
ach i
nfo
rman
t is
suin
g s
elf-
serv
-. .
ing d
ecla
rati
ons
as t
o h
is o
wn a
bil
ity t
o d
etec
t In
cipie
nt
men
tal
pro
ble
ms
or
char
acte
r w
eaknes
ses,
when
Osw
ald
was
much
you
nger
. A
form
er p
robat
ion o
ffic
er I
n N
ew Y
ork
Cit
y p
erm
it-
ted a
n i
nte
rvie
w w
hic
h v
iola
ted p
rinci
ple
s of
a pri
v-
ileg
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
rel
atio
nsh
ip b
etw
een h
imse
lf a
nd
a y
ou
ng
bo
y.
A J
ust
ice
of
the
Fam
ily
Co
urt
rel
ease
d
reco
rds
to t
he
FB
I, a
nd
th
e in
form
atio
n w
as c
arri
ed
in t
he
pre
ss.
Nev
erth
eles
s, t
ho
se w
ho
kn
ew O
swal
d a
lit
tle
bet
ter
had
som
e ra
ther
kin
d t
hin
gs
to s
ay a
bout
him
. A
t a
tria
l, t
hei
r te
stim
on
y c
ou
ld h
ave
bee
n d
ecis
ive.
Th
e as
-so
ciat
e p
asto
r o
f F
irst
Un
itar
ian
Ch
urc
h,
Dal
las,
Rev
. B
yrd
Hel
lig
as,
des
crib
ed L
ee O
swal
d a
s "e
rud
ite.
" "H
e h
ad a
go
od
vo
cab
ula
ry.
No
dan
gli
ng
par
tici
ple
s o
r sp
lit
..
infi
nit
ives
. In
th
e d
icti
on
ary
def
init
ion
of
the
wo
rd
'inte
llec
tual
' he
was
an i
nte
llec
tual
." H
elli
gas
added
th
at h
e se
nse
d "
no f
rust
rati
on t
hro
ugh e
rudit
ion. H
e w
as c
alm
." (
Was
hin
gto
n P
ost
, D
ec. 1.)
-
Sam
uel
Bat
ten
. d
escr
ibed
In
th
e p
ress
as
a .
can
pet
role
um
eco
no
mis
t in
Dal
las,
" sa
id h
e fo
un
d L
ee= ,"
Osw
ald
to b
e ''
an i
ndependent,
thin
kin
g, in
quir
ing
yo
un
g m
an .
.. H
e w
as a
rat
her
fra
il p
erso
n p
hy
sica
lly
, A
t le
ast
to m
e, h
e w
as t
he-
kin
d-o
f -p
erso
n-I
-could
..
I kin
d o
f In
c:
a l
ikIn
, In
1-.1,
T
rn ■
-• .
.
Fla
ws
in t
he
'air
tig
ht'
ca
se
sate
rat
.sen
s W
ilu
ila
d c
oo
per
ated
Kan
new
smen
rep
ort
-in
g t
he
crim
e hav
e re
fuse
d t
o g
ive
furt
her
hel
p a
fter
bei
ng i
nte
rvie
wed
by a
gen
ts o
f th
e F
eder
al B
ure
au o
f In
ves
tigat
ion."
(N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es, D
ec. 6).
The
FB
I acte
d,
no
t to
pro
tect
the r
igh
ts o
f a d
efe
nd
an
t, b
ut,
af
ter
he
was
mu
rder
ed,
to p
rote
ct t
he
inco
nsi
sten
t ev
i-d
ence
fro
m f
urt
her
scr
uti
ny. M
rs. O
swal
d, st
ill
In S
ecre
t S
erv
ice
cust
od
y,
hid
den
in
an
un
kn
ow
n l
oca
tio
n,
was
quote
d o
n t
he
front
pag
es o
f pap
ers
thro
ughout
the
cou
ntr
y D
ec.
6 a
nd
'1 a
s im
pli
cati
ng O
swal
d I
n a
noth
er
crim
e. S
uch
a q
uo
tati
on
co
uld
hav
e co
me
on
ly f
rom
a
Sec
ret
Ser
vic
e or
FB
I le
ak. N
o o
ne
else
had
acc
ess
to
tier
. A
nd
so
th
e in
san
ity
acc
eler
ates
un
til
the
few
re-
main
ing
vest
iges
of
do
ub
t as
to O
swald
's g
uil
t are
obli
tera
ted f
rom
the
Am
eric
an s
cene.
H
ow
ever
, le
t it
not
be
said
that
the
law
yer
s ar
e not
aro
use
d b
y a
n a
ttorn
ey's
giv
ing s
tate
ments
to t
he
publi
c in
rel
atio
n t
o a
pen
din
g c
ase.
"A
Dal
las
Bar
A
sso
ciat
ion
gri
evan
ce c
om
mit
tee
met
th
ree
ho
urs
las
t n
igh
t o
n c
har
ges
th
at T
om
Ho
war
d,
atto
rney
fo
r Ja
ck
Ruby, had
vio
late
d l
egal
eth
ics
by d
iscu
ssin
g R
uby's
ca
se w
ith U
se p
ress
. . . N
o c
har
ges
had
bee
n p
lace
ag
ainst
Dis
tric
t A
ttorn
ey H
enry
Wad
e."
(New
York
P
ost
, D
ec.
6)
When
an e
nti
re s
oci
ety m
oves
in f
or
the
kil
l, l
ogic
is
a w
eapon o
f doubtf
ul
val
ue.
Wer
e lo
gic
to p
revai
l, a
num
ber
of
ques
tions
mig
ht
be
rais
ed f
or
rati
onal
de-
lib
rati
on. F
or
exam
ple
, one m
ight
inquir
e w
hy t
he
FB
I, h
avin
g q
ues
tio
ned
Osw
ald
ju
st a
wee
k b
efo
re t
he
assa
ssin
atio
n a
nd h
avin
g d
isco
ver
ed t
hat
he
work
ed i
n
a b
uil
din
g d
irec
tly
on
th
e P
resi
den
t's l
ine
of
mar
ch,
and
know
ing t
hat
Osw
ald h
ad p
urc
has
ed a
rif
le, did
not
wat
ch h
im o
n t
he
day
of
assa
ssin
atio
n. C
erta
inly
, a
smal
l p
ort
ion
of
the
mil
lio
ns
of
do
llar
s b
esto
wed
up
on
th
e F
BI
each
yea
r an
d u
tili
zed
fo
r fo
llo
win
g p
erso
ns
of
un
ort
ho
do
x p
oli
tical
vie
ws
an
d t
ap
pin
g t
heir
tele
-p
ho
nes
mig
ht
have
bee
n m
ade
avai
lable
under
thes
e cir
cu
mst
an
ces,
as
part
of
wh
at
the F
BI
an
d S
ecre
t Se
rvic
e re
ferr
ed t
o a
s th
e "g
reat
est_
secu
rity
pro
vis
ions
ever
tak
en t
o p
rote
ct a
n A
mer
ican
'Pre
sid
ent.
"
Th
e q
ues
tio
n o
f m
oti
ve
WH
ET
HE
R T
HE
DA
LL
AS
PO
LIC
E t
hro
ug
h c
om
- pli
city
or
com
pla
cency
per
mit
ted t
he
murd
er o
f th
e d
efen
dan
t b
y a
po
lice
dep
artm
ent
frie
nd
aft
er t
wo
w
arnin
gs
thro
ugh t
he
FB
I th
at s
uch
an a
ttem
pt
would
b
e m
ad
e s
ho
uld
be a
matt
er
for
pre
ss d
iscu
ssio
n.
Wh
eth
er o
r n
ot
the
FB
I sh
ow
ed M
rs.
Osw
ald
, th
e d
e-fe
nd
ant's
mo
ther
, a
pic
ture
of
Ru
by
bef
ore
Ruby m
ur-
der
ed O
swal
d w
ould
ord
inar
ily d
eman
d m
edia
deb
ate.
T
her
e ar
e tw
o m
atte
rs n
ot
even
com
men
ted u
pon b
y
the
pres
s to
dat
e—O
swal
d's
moti
ve
and O
swal
d's
pla
n
for
esca
pe.
Osw
ald s
eem
ed
to re
spec
t P
resi
den
t K
en-
nedy
. If
Osw
ald
wer
e a
left
ist,
pro
-Sov
iet
and
pro-
Cub
an,
did
he
no
t k
no
w t
hat
du
rin
g t
he
last
yea
r, w
ith t
he
as-
sist
ance
of
Pre
sid
ent
Ken
ned
y,
a b
ette
r re
lati
on
ship
w
as i
n t
he
pro
cess
of
dev
elopin
g b
etw
een t
he
U.S
. an
d
the
So
vie
t U
nio
n?
Ev
en t
he
rela
tio
ns
bet
wee
n t
he
U.S
. an
d C
ub
a, w
hil
e st
ill
extr
emel
y u
nfr
ien
dly
, h
ave
pro
g-
ress
ed p
ast
the
stag
e .o
f m
ilit
ary i
nte
rven
tion. F
idel
C
astr
o h
imse
lf s
tate
d, Ju
st b
efore
the
Pre
siden
t's d
eath
, "H
e (K
enned
y)
has
the
poss
ibil
ity o
f bec
om
ing t
he
„.gre
ate
st P
resi
dent
of
the U
nit
ed S
tate
s . . H
e h
as
com
e t
o u
nders
tand m
any t
hin
gs
over
the l
ast
few
m
onth
s . . I'
ns
convin
ced t
hat
anyone
else
would
be
wor
se."
(N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es, D
ec. 1
1)
T
he
pres
s m
ade
mu
ch 9
f th
e fa
ct t
hat
Osw
ald
had
bee
n s
een w
ith a
copy o
f th
e W
ork
er,
a C
om
mu
nis
t p
ub
lica
tio
n,
and
th
at h
e h
ad r
ecei
ved
at
leas
t tw
o l
et-
ters
fro
m t
he C
omm
unis
t P
arty
. A N
ew Y
ork
new
spap
er
refe
rred
to
him
ed
ito
rial
ly a
s a
"Co
mm
un
ist
mu
rder
er."
D
id O
swal
d k
now
that
the
U.S
. C
om
munis
t P
arty
sup-
port
ed K
enned
y w
hen
he
ran f
or
the
pre
siden
cy i
n 1
960
and t
hat
wit
hin
the
last
six
month
s G
us
Hal
l u
rged
th
e C
om
munis
t P
arty
, w
hic
h h
e le
ads,
to e
ndors
e an
d s
up-
port
Ken
ned
y a
gai
n?
Why s
hould
Osw
ald w
ish t
o a
ssas
sinat
e th
e P
resi
-d
ent:
an
d a
fter
fir
ing
at
the
Pre
sid
ent,
ho
w d
id h
e p
lan
to
esc
ape?
Did
he
wis
h t
o f
lee
from
the
buil
din
g?
If s
o,
wh
y d
id h
e re
mai
n i
n t
he
lun
chro
om
sip
pin
g a
so
da?
W
as h
e in
a h
urr
y?
If s
o,
wh
y d
id h
e ta
ke
a ri
de
on
a
bu
s? I
t w
as a
ver
y w
arm
day
in
Dal
las.
Mrs
. K
enn
edy
, sw
elte
rin
g i
n t
he
op
en m
ov
ing
car
, la
ter
said
th
at s
he
was
lo
ok
ing
fo
rwar
d t
o t
he
coo
l re
lief
of
rid
ing
th
rou
gh
th
e u
nd
erp
ass
just
ah
ead
. W
hy
th
en,
did
Osw
ald
, se
ek-
ing t
o e
scap
e th
e p
oli
ce,
go
ho
me
to p
ick
up
his
jac
ket
? If
he
was
pla
nnin
g t
o l
eave
the
city
, w
hy d
id h
e th
en
go
to
a m
ov
ie j
ust
as
the
city
-wid
e se
arch
was
gai
nin
g
inte
nalt
y?
Thes
e ar
e gen
uin
e ar
eas
for
spec
ula
tion b
y t
he
pre
ss
now
that
the
def
endan
t Is
dea
d.
Thes
e ar
e, n
ever
thel
ess
alm
ost
the
only
are
as l
eft
unex
amin
ed b
y t
he
med
ia.
Per
hap
s so
me
day
, w
hen
Am
eric
a is
rea
dy f
or
the
sunli
ght
of
reas
on t
o p
enet
rate
the
nat
ional
min
d, now
fr
oze
n t
o a
fal
se a
nd
un
fair
co
ncl
usi
on
, th
is a
rtic
le a
nd
o
ther
s fa
r m
ore
co
mp
reh
ensi
ve
may
be
read
.
An a
ffir
mati
ve c
ase
UN
DE
R O
UR
SY
ST
EM
of
just
ice
a def
endan
t ne
ed
not
pro
ve h
e i
s in
nocent.
It
is t
he o
bli
gati
on o
f th
e p
rose
cuto
r to
att
emp
t to
pro
ve
the
def
end
ant
gu
ilty
b
eyo
nd
a r
easo
nab
le d
ou
bt.
Sh
ou
ld t
he
pro
secu
tor
fail
to
su
stai
n t
hat
bu
rden
, th
e d
efen
dan
t m
ust
be
dec
lare
d
not
guil
ty.
In t
he
case
of
Osw
ald,
hyst
eria
and i
nto
lera
nce
hav
e so
sw
ept
our
countr
y t
hat
the
pro
tect
ion
s g
uar
ante
ed
by
ou
r C
on
stit
uti
on
an
d b
y o
ur
trad
itio
ns
hav
e fa
iled
to
oper
ate.
Sin
ce i
rrat
ional
ity i
s th
e im
pla
cable
foe
of
Just
ice
and d
ue
pro
cess
, w
e ar
e co
mpel
led t
o d
epar
t fr
om
ord
inar
y l
egal
pro
ced
ure
. A
t th
is p
oin
t w
e sh
all
subm
it a
n a
ffir
mat
ive
case
. W
e sh
all
atte
mpt
to p
rese
nt
facts
that
tend t
o p
rove t
hat
Osw
ald
did
not
shoot
Pre
siden
t K
enned
y.
A d
enia
l b
y a
def
end
ant
that
he
com
mit
ted
a c
rim
e w
hen
su
pp
ort
ed b
y t
esti
mo
ny
as
to h
is g
oo
d c
har
acte
r is
suff
icie
nt
in a
nd o
f it
self
to c
ause
a r
easo
nab
le d
oubt
wh
ich
, ev
en i
n t
he
face
of
evid
ence
to
th
e co
ntr
ary
, m
ay r
esult
in a
cquit
tal.
O
swal
d d
enie
d h
e sh
ot
any
on
e. l
ie s
tate
d t
hat
th
e ch
arges
agai
nst
him
wer
e "r
idic
ulo
us.
" H
e per
sist
ed i
n
his
den
ial
des
pit
e th
e fa
ct t
hat
he
was
ques
tioned
for
48 h
ours
wit
hout
the
ben
efit
of
counse
l.
Den
ial
of
counse
l, w
hen
couple
d w
ith e
xte
nsi
ve
ques
-ti
onin
g, i
s im
pro
per
and c
ontr
ary t
o l
ong-e
stab
lish
ed
pri
nci
ple
s of
law
, T
his
pri
nci
ple
was
dev
eloped
out
of
Tim
e, p
lace
and
Osw
ald
IN A
DD
ITIO
N t
o c
onsi
stent
denia
l of
guil
t by t
he
defe
ndant
and s
tate
ments
of
chara
cte
r w
itness
es
that
see
m t
o i
ndic
ate
a per
son d
iffe
rent
from
the
dis
-tu
rbed
, h
ost
ile
char
acte
r u
sual
ly a
sso
ciat
ed w
ills
th
e p
arti
cula
r cr
ime,
a d
efen
dan
t m
ay o
ffer
tes
tim
on
y i
n-
dic
ati
ng
th
at
he w
as
som
ew
here
oth
er
than
at
the
scene o
f th
e c
rim
e w
hen i
t w
as
com
mit
ted. W
e. of
cours
e, c
an't
get
such
info
rmat
ion f
rom
this
def
endan
t.
Ho
wev
er,
a v
alid
def
ense
co
uld
res
ult
in
sh
ow
ing
th
at
even
if
the
def
endan
t w
ere
at t
he
scen
e he
could
not
hav
e co
mm
itte
d t
he
crim
e. S
uch
a d
efen
se I
s av
aila
ble
. If
Osw
ald w
as o
n t
he
sixth
flo
or
of
the
book d
eposi
tory
ar
med
wit
h t
he
alle
ged
mu
rder
wea
po
n,
a 6.
5min
Ita
lian
(Contn
ued
on P
age
9)
•
had
a g
ooa
vo
cab
ula
ry.
No
dan
gli
ng
par
tici
ple
s o
r sp
lit
infi
nit
ives
. In
the
dic
tionar
y d
efin
itio
n. of
the
word
'inte
llec
tual
' he
was
an i
nte
llec
tual
." H
ell/
gas
added
th
at h
e se
nse
d "
no f
rust
rati
on t
hro
ugh e
rudit
ion. H
e w
as c
alm
." (
Was
hin
gto
n P
ost
, D
ec. 1.)
•
Sam
uel
Bal
len
, d
escr
ibed
In
th
e p
ress
as
a "R
ePu
blI
v-;
-,--
--
can p
etro
leum
eco
nom
ist
In D
alla
s."
said
he
Via
nd L
eo
• O
swald
to
be "
an
in
dep
en
den
t, t
hin
kin
g,
Inq
uir
ing
yo
un
g m
an
...
He
was
a r
ather
fra
il p
erso
n p
hysi
call
y.
. A
t le
ast
to m
e, h
e w
as t
he
kin
d o
f per
son I
could
lik
e.
I kin
d o
f to
ok a
lik
ing t
o h
ith, I
wan
ted t
o h
elp h
im a
li
ttle
bit
. . . . H
e h
ad a
kin
d o
f G
handi,
far-
off
look
abo
ut
him
." (
Was
hin
gto
n P
ost
, D
ec.
1. )
Ro
y T
ruly
, th
e d
irec
tor
of
the
dep
osi
tory
wh
ere
Os-
wal
d w
as e
mp
loy
ed,
said
of
Osw
ald
, "H
e se
emed
ju
st
a norm
al, quie
t young f
ello
w."
M
rs. P
aine,
wit
h w
hom
his
wif
e an
d c
hil
dre
n l
ived
an
d w
her
e h
e st
ayed
on
wee
ken
ds,
sai
d.
"Mar
ina
(Lee
O
swal
d's
wif
e) f
elt
ver
y f
avora
bly
tow
ard t
he
Pre
siden
t an
d h
is f
amil
y. M
ost
of
what
she
lea
rned
of
Am
eric
an
new
s w
as p
rov
ided
by
Lee
, w
ho
tra
nsl
ated
fro
m n
ews-
pap
ers
and n
ews
mag
azin
es. M
arin
a sa
id h
e nev
er t
rans-
ferr
ed a
ny n
egat
ive
feel
ings
tow
ard P
resi
den
t K
en-
nedy
." (
Was
hing
ton
Pos
t, N
ov. 2
8.1
Mrs
. P
ain
e al
so s
tate
d t
hat
, "A
s fa
r as
I k
no
w O
swal
d
had
nev
er b
een c
riti
cal
of
Ken
ned
y. H
e had
bee
n c
riti
-ca
l o
f G
ener
al f
Ed
win
l W
alk
er,
bu
t I
nev
er h
eard
him
sa
y a
ny
thin
g a
gai
nst
th
e P
resi
den
t. I
n f
act,
It
was
my
imp
ress
ion
th
at h
e re
spec
ted
him
." (
New
Yo
rk W
orl
d
Tel
egra
m a
nd S
un, N
ov. 25.)
In
195
9, O
swal
d w
as i
nter
view
ed b
y P
risc
illa
Jo
hn
son
, an
Am
eric
an c
orr
esp
on
den
t w
hil
e in
Mo
sco
w. S
he
re-
po
rted
, "I
fo
un
d h
im r
ath
er l
ikea
ble
. H
e w
as q
uie
t an
d
did
n't
hav
e a
veh
emen
t m
ann
er.
He
was
so
ver
y y
ou
ng
. H
e w
as s
om
eone
you w
ould
try
to h
elp."
M
rs.
Luel
la M
erre
tt, pri
nci
pal
of
Wes
t R
idgle
a E
le-
men
tary
Sch
ool
whic
h O
swal
d a
tten
ded
, sa
id, "I
f he
had
pro
ble
ms,
we
did
no
t re
cog
niz
e th
em .
. .
He
was
in
tere
sted
in
th
ing
s."
Wer
e th
e ca
se t
o b
e tr
ied
, p
erso
ns
ord
inar
ily
sel
ecte
d
as c
har
acte
r w
itn
esse
s w
ou
ld i
ncl
ud
e h
is e
mp
loy
er,
a m
inis
ter,
his
lan
dla
dy, a
resp
ecte
d b
usi
nes
sman
, a
cor-
resp
on
den
t w
ho
kn
ew h
im a
bro
ad,
the
Qu
aker
fam
ily
w
ith
wh
om
his
wif
e re
sid
ed a
nd
his
sch
oo
l te
ach
ers.
Ju
dgin
g b
y t
he
init
ial
resp
onse
, one
could
concl
ude
that
ch
arac
ter
test
imony f
or
Lee
Osw
ald w
ould
be
com
pet
-in
g.
cou
ld b
e d
on
e w
ith
th
e w
eap
on
all
eged
ly u
sed
. T
he
Dal
las
sher
iff,
Bil
l D
ecker
, sa
id h
e bel
ieved
thre
e sh
ots
"c
ould
be
fire
d i
n l
ess
than
20 s
econds.
" (W
ashin
gto
n
Post
, N
ov. 27.)
The
FB
I an
d t
he
wit
nes
ses
agre
e th
e el
apse
d p
erio
d w
as f
ive
seco
nds,
poss
ibly
fiv
e an
d o
ne-
hal
f se
conds.
L
ife
mag
azin
e (D
ec.
8)
hir
ed a
sk
ille
d m
ark
sman
, rth
e d
irecto
r o
f th
e N
ati
on
al
Rif
le A
sso
cia
tio
n,
to f
ire a
si
mil
ar r
ifle
. T
he
bes
t he
could
do w
as "
thre
e hit
s in
6.2
sec
onds.
" T
he
New
York
Tim
es, N
ov. 23 r
eport
ed:
"As
mar
ines
go
, L
ee H
arv
ey O
swal
d w
as n
ot
hig
hly
re-
gar
ded
as
a ri
flem
an."
D
ebat
e w
ill
conti
nue
whet
her
the
rifl
e In
ques
tion
was
cap
able
, in
the
han
ds
of
an e
xper
t, o
f th
e per
form
-an
ce t
he
pro
secu
tion i
nsi
sts
it g
ave.
All
agre
e, h
ow
ever
, th
at s
uch
a r
emar
kab
le d
isp
lay
of
sho
oti
ng
wo
uld
be
New
Vol
t P
asi t
in°
Ivo
vvv.
v.
.1
sati
n
EDIT
ION
A P
RE
SU
MP
TIO
N O
F G
UIL
T I
N T
HE
PU
BL
IC P
RE
SS
T
he w
ay t
he N
.Y. P
ost
exp
ress
ed i
t N
ov.
24
beyond t
he a
bil
ity o
f any p
ers
on l
ess
quali
fied. T
o
mai
nta
in t
he
abil
ity t
o f
ire
a ri
fle
accu
rate
ly, one
must
pra
ctic
e co
nti
nual
ly. O
swal
d's
wif
e an
d t
he
Pai
ne
fam
-il
y,
all
of
wh
om
liv
ed i
n t
he
ho
use
wh
ere
the
rifl
e w
as
alle
ged
ly s
tore
d, did
not
even
know
Osw
ald o
wned
a
rifl
e. T
his
wo
uld
see
m t
o i
nd
icat
e an
ex
trem
ely
lim
ited
-usa
ge o
f th
e r
ifle
at
the v
ery
most
. O
swald
did
not
have t
he r
equis
ite s
kil
l to
fir
e t
hre
e a
ccura
te s
hots
w
ithin
55Z
sec
onds
at a
movin
g t
arget
.
Oth
er u
nce
rtain
ties
IF
OS
WA
LD
WA
S W
HE
RE
the
FB
I an
d t
he
Dat
il,:
ASSA
SSIN
A ED
The
Just
ice
Dep
artm
ent
has
alr
eady p
rivat
ely e
x-
pre
ssed
"d
isap
po
intm
ent"
wit
h t
he
FB
I re
po
rt,
fear
-in
g t
hat
it
"has
lef
t to
o m
any
qu
esti
on
s u
nan
swer
ed."
•
Th
e st
akes
are
big
T
he
FB
I in
ves
tmen
t in
a W
arre
n C
om
mis
sion f
ind-
ing i
den
tica
l , w
ith i
ts o
wn c
annot
be e
mphasi
zed
too
bo
ldly
. S
ho
uld
th
e W
arre
n C
om
mis
sio
n r
each
an
d
publi
sh a
concl
usi
on s
ubst
anti
ally
, dif
fere
nt
from
the
on
e su
bm
itte
d s
o p
ub
licl
y b
y t
he
FB
I, p
ub
lic
con
fid
ence
in
the
FB
I w
ould
be
so s
hak
en a
s, i
n a
ll l
ikel
ihood, to
re
nder
the
FB
I as
It
is n
ow
const
itute
d, al
most
abso
-lu
tely
use
less
. O
ne
can a
ssum
e th
at t
he
FB
I w
ishes
to
avoid
that
res
ult
. It
may
be
argued
on m
any d
iffe
rent
level
s of
gover
n-
. ..m
anta
lif
e -t
hat
a f
ind
ing
by
th
e -c
om
mis
sio
n t
hat
an
A
mer
ican
lynch
ed i
n a
Dal
las
court
house
mig
ht
be
in-
noce
nt,
would
res
ult
in t
he
furt
her
des
truct
ion o
f th
e A
mer
ican
im
age
abro
ad.
It w
ill
be
extr
emel
y d
iffi
cult
fo
r an
y c
om
mis
sio
n, in
th
ese
circ
um
stan
ces,
to
bea
r th
e re
spo
nsi
bil
ity
im
po
sed
vo
ted
to
a p
arti
cula
r co
ncl
usi
on
at
the
ou
tset
.
Th
e in
vest
iga
tio
n
The
FB
I, h
avin
g c
om
ple
ted i
ts i
nves
tigat
ion, has
sub-
mit
ted w
hat
am
ounts
to i
ts f
indin
gs
and c
oncl
usi
ons
as w
ell.
Th
e v
erd
ict,
def
tly
an
d c
ov
ertl
y d
ivu
lged
to
th
e P
ress
, and t
heta
bla
red f
ort
h t
hro
ughout
the w
orl
d,
Is i
mpre
ssiv
ely s
imple
: "O
swal
d i
s th
e as
sass
in. H
e ac
ted a
lone.
" T
his
rem
arkab
le l
aw e
nfo
rcem
ent
and
inves
tigat
ory
agen
cy, unab
le t
o s
olv
e a
single
one
of
the
mo
re t
han
40
Bir
min
gh
am b
om
bin
gs,
is
no
w a
ble
to
funct
ion a
s in
ves
tigat
or,
pro
secu
tor,
judge
and j
ury
. N
o o
ther
Am
eric
an a
gen
cy h
as p
resu
med
to o
ccupy s
o
man
y p
osi
tions
of
trust
at
one
tim
e.
Th
e es
sen
tial
pro
ble
m i
s th
at n
o i
nv
esti
gat
ing
ag
ency
ca
n f
airl
y e
val
uat
e th
e fr
uit
s o
f It
s o
wn
wo
rk.
Wer
e th
e F
BI
cert
ain
of
its
conclu
sions
it s
eem
s li
kely
it
would
not
be
so r
eluct
ant
to p
erm
it w
itnes
ses
to t
alk
wit
h t
he
pre
ss.
It m
igh
t n
ot
feel
th
e n
eed
co
nti
nu
ally
to
lea
k i
nfo
rmat
ion
fav
ora
ble
to
its
ver
dic
t to
th
e p
ress
. M
ost
dis
quie
ting o
f al
l, h
ow
ever
, is
that
the
FB
I, o
nce
w
edd
ed t
o a
co
ncl
usi
on
co
nce
ived
bef
ore
in
ves
tig
a-ti
on, m
ight
bd m
oti
vat
ed t
o d
isco
ver
evid
ence
whic
h
support
s th
at
conclu
sion. W
ithin
a f
ew
hours
aft
er
Osw
ald
was
arr
este
d t
he
Dal
las
po
lice
, w
ith
th
e F
BI
at i
ts s
ide,
announce
d t
he
very
sam
e ver
dic
t now
rei
n-
forc
ed b
y t
he
late
st F
BI
dis
cover
ies.
Under
such
cir
-cu
mst
ance
s, w
e fe
ar t
hat
ev
iden
ce
ten
din
g t
o p
rov
e O
swal
d i
nnoce
nt
mig
ht
be
dis
card
ed a
nd e
vid
ence
pro
v-
ing h
im g
uil
ty m
ight
be
dev
eloped
out
of
pro
port
ion o
r ev
en c
reat
ed.
A „
Li r
77
/
Dec
emb
er 1
9, 1
963
tz4.1(
41
NA
TIO
NA
L G
UA
RD
IAN
9
Con
vict
ion
by
pre
ss v
s. p
resu
mp
tion
of
inn
ocen
ce
(Co
nti
nu
ed f
rom
Pag
e 8)
carb
ine,
he
coul
ld n
ot h
ave
fir
ed t
hre
e sh
ots
that
str
uck
P
resi
den
t K
enn
edy
an
d G
ov
. C
on
nal
ly.
The
off
icia
l hom
icid
e re
port
fil
ed b
y t
he
Dal
las
Po-
lice
Dep
artM
ent,
att
este
d to
by
two
poli
ce o
ffic
ers,
sta
tes
under
the
sect
ion "
Pla
ce o
f O
ccurr
ence
": "
Elm
Str
eet
(appro
xim
atel
y 1
50 f
eet
wes
t of
Houst
on).
" T
he
report
al
so s
tate
s under
the
sect
ion
"P
rOn
ou
nce
d d
ead
by
Ph
y-
sici
an,"
the
nam
e "D
r. K
emp C
lark
, 1 p
.m., P
arkla
nd
Hos
pita
l."
A m
oti
on p
ictu
re t
aken
of
the
Pre
siden
t ju
st b
efore
, duri
ng a
nd a
fter
the
shooti
ng, an
d d
emonst
rate
d o
n
tele
visi
on s
how
ed t
hat
the
Pre
side
nt w
as l
ooki
ng d
irec
t-ly
ahea
d w
hen
the
firs
t sh
ot,
whic
h e
nte
red h
is t
hro
at,
was
fir
ed.
A s
erie
s of
stil
l pic
ture
s ta
ken
fro
m t
he
mo-
tion p
ictu
re a
nd p
ubli
shed
in L
ife
mag
azin
e on N
ov.
29 s
how
exac
tly t
he
sam
e si
tuat
ion. T
he
Lif
e pic
ture
s als
o r
eveal
that
the c
ar
carr
yin
g t
he P
resi
dent
was
wel
l pas
t th
e tu
rn f
rom
Houst
on 'S
t. a
nd a
consi
der
-ab
le d
ista
nce
pas
t th
e dep
osi
tory
buil
din
g. T
he
Lif
e es
tim
ate
in a
n a
cco
mp
any
ing
cap
tio
n s
tate
s th
at t
he
car
wit
h t
he
Pre
sid
ent
was
75
yar
ds
pas
t th
e si
xth
-fl
oor
win
dow
when
the
firs
t sh
ot
was
fir
ed.
The
New
York
Tim
es (
Nov. 27)
report
ed:
"Dr.
Kem
p
Cla
rk, w
ho p
ronounce
d M
r. K
enned
y d
ead, sa
id o
ne
[bull
et]
str
uck h
im a
t about
the n
eckti
e k
not.
'It
ra
nged
dow
nw
ard i
n h
is c
hes
t an
d d
id n
ot
exit
', th
e su
r-geo
n s
aid. T
he
seco
nd h
e ca
lled
a 't
angen
tial
wound',
cause
d b
y a
bull
et t
hat
str
uck
the
'rig
ht
bac
k o
f his
h
ead
'."
Th
e N
ew Y
ork
Her
ald
Tri
bu
ne
(No
v.
27
) sa
id:
"On
th
e bas
is o
f ac
cum
ula
ted d
ata,
inves
tigat
ors
hav
e co
n-
clu
ded
th
at t
he
firs
t sh
ot,
fir
ed a
s th
e P
resi
den
tiar
ear
was
appro
achin
g, st
ruck
the
Pre
siden
t in
the
nec
k j
ust
ab
ove
the
knot
of
his
nec
kti
e, t
hen
ran
ged
dow
nw
ard
Into
his
body."
S
urg
eons
who a
tten
ded
the
?res
iden
t at
the
Par
kla
nd
Mem
ori
al H
osp
ital
des
crib
ed t
he
thro
at w
ound a
s "a
n
entr
ance
wo
un
d."
(S
t. L
ou
is P
ost
;Dis
pat
eh,
Dec
. 1
),
"They
sai
d i
t w
as I
n t
he
cente
r of
the
front,
just
bel
ow
th
e A
dam
's a
pple
, at
about
the
nec
kti
e knot.
" (I
bid
.)
Dr.
Mal
colm
Per
ry b
egan
to c
ut
an a
ir p
assa
ge
in t
he
Pie
sident's
thro
at
in a
n e
ffort
to r
est
ore
an a
ir p
as-
sage a
nd s
tart
his
bre
ath
ing.
The
inci
sion w
as
made t
hro
ugh t
he b
ull
et
wound, si
nce i
t w
as
in
the
norm
al p
lace
for
the
oper
atio
n. "D
r. P
erry
des
crib
ed
%th
e bull
et h
ole
as
an e
ntr
ance
wound."
(Ib
id.)
Dr.
Rob-
- •e
at N
. m
eCie
llan
d, one
of
thre
e su
rgeo
ns
who p
arti
ci-
pat
ed i
n t
he
oper
atio
n, sa
id "
It c
erta
inly
did
loO
k l
ike
an en
tran
ce w
ou
nd
." (
Ibid
.) D
r. M
cCle
llan
d s
aid
he
saw
bul
let
wou
nds
ever
y da
y, "
som
etim
es s
ever
al a
day
. T
his
did
ap
pea
r to
be
an e
ntr
ance
wo
un
d."
(Ib
id.)
LU C
ll.
..1
III L
i,
Pre
sident's
thro
at
in a
n e
ffort
to r
est
ore
an a
ir p
as-
sag
e a
nd
sta
rt h
is b
reath
ing
. T
he i
ncis
ion
was
made t
hro
ug h
the b
ull
et
wound, si
nce i
t w
as
in
the
norm
al p
lace
for
the
oper
ati
on. "D
r. P
erry
des
crib
ed
bull
et h
ole
as
an e
ntr
ance
wo
un
d."
(T
bid
.) -
Dr.
Ro
b-
- er
t N
. M
cCle
llan
d, one
of
thre
e su
r geo
ns
who p
arti
ci-
pat
ed i
n t
he
op
erat
ion
, sa
id "
It c
erta
inly
did
lo
ok
lik
e an
entr
ance
wound."
(Ib
id.)
Dr.
McC
lell
and s
aid h
e sa
w b
ull
et w
ou
nd
s ev
ery
day
, "s
om
etim
es s
ever
al a
day
. T
his
did
ap
pea
r to
be
an e
ntr
ance
wo
un
d."
(Ib
id.)
O
n N
ov. 27, th
e S
ecre
t S
ervic
e re
-enac
ted t
he
assa
s-si
nat
ion
of
the
Pre
sid
ent.
"T
he
pu
rpo
se w
as 't
o t
est
whet
her
it
could
be
done
the
way
we
bel
ieve
it w
as
done'
an o
ffic
ial
sourc
e sa
id."
(N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es, N
ov.
28
.) T
he
con
sen
sus
was
"th
at t
he
sho
oti
ng
be
gan
aft
er
the
Pre
sid
ent's
car
had
mad
e th
e tu
rn f
rom
Ho
ust
on
S
tree
t in
to E
lm S
tree
t."
(New
Yo
rk T
imes
, N
ov
. 2
8.1
In
an
in
terv
iew
bro
adca
st f
rom
Dal
las
No
v.
27
, G
ov
. C
onnal
ly t
old
Mar
tin A
gro
nsk
y t
hat
the
shooti
ng
be-
gan
aft
er t
he
car
had
turn
ed t
he
corn
er. (N
ew Y
ork
T
imes
, N
ov. 28.)
' •
If t
he
thro
at w
ound r
esult
ed f
rom
a s
hot
fire
d f
rom
th
e b
oo
k d
epo
sito
ry t
he
Pre
sid
ent
wo
uld
hav
e h
ad t
o
turn
aro
und w
ith h
is t
hro
at f
acin
g a
lmost
dir
ectl
y t
o
the
rear
, 1
)r.
McC
lell
and
sta
ted
th
at t
he
do
cto
rs p
ost
u-
late
d t
hat
"h
e (t
he
Pre
sid
ent)
wo
uld
hav
e h
ad t
o b
e lo
okin
g al
mo
st c
om
ple
tely
to
th
e re
ar."
(S
t. L
ou
is P
ost
-D
ispat
ch, D
ec.
1.)
The
Was
hin
gton c
orr
esponden
t fo
r th
e P
ost
-Dis
pat
ch s
tate
d t
hat
, "T
he
mo
tio
n p
ictu
res,
h
ow
ever
, sh
ow
ed t
he
Pre
sid
ent
loo
kin
g fo
rwar
d."
(D
ec.
1.)
"Mrs
. Jo
hn
Co
nn
ally
, th
e w
ife
of
the
Tex
as G
ov
-ern
or,
has
said
that
she h
ad j
ust
told
Mr.
Kennedy,
,You c
an't
say D
alla
s is
n't
frie
ndly
to y
ou t
oday
.' P
re-
sum
ably
he w
as
abo
ut
to r
eply
when h
e w
as
hit
."
(Ibid
.) M
rs. C
onnal
ly w
as s
eate
d i
n f
ront
of
the
Pre
si-
den
t.
Rel
yin
g, t
her
efore
, upon t
he
Hom
icid
e R
eport
fil
ed
wit
h t
he
Dal
las
Poli
ce 'b
y t
wo o
ffic
ers
who w
ere
eye-
wit
nes
ses,
th
e m
oti
on
pic
ture
s ta
ken
of
the
sho
oti
ng
, st
ill
shots
tak
en f
rom
the
moti
on p
ictu
res,
the
stat
e-m
ent
of
Gov. C
onnal
ly, th
e co
nse
nsu
s of
those
who r
e-en
acte
d t
he
scen
e under
super
vis
ion o
f th
e S
ecre
t S
erv-
ice,
an
d t
he
rep
ort
of
the
atte
nd
ing p
hy
sici
ans,
we
may
co
ncl
ud
e th
at t
he
sho
t w
as f
ired
wh
ile
the
bac
k o
f th
e P
resi
den
t w
as t
o
tile
six
th-f
loor
win
dow
and m
any
yar
ds
rem
ov
ed f
rom
th
at w
ind
ow
an
d t
hat
th
e b
ull
et
ente
red
th
e fr
on
t o
f th
e P
resi
den
t's t
hro
at.
If O
swal
d w
as a
t th
e si
xth
-flo
or
win
dow
, as
all
eged
, w
hen
the
Pre
siden
t w
as s
hot
it w
ould
hav
e bee
n p
hysi
-ca
lly i
mposs
ible
for
him
to h
ave
fire
d t
he
firs
t sh
ot
that
st
ruck
the
Pre
siden
t. I
n t
he
word
s of
Ric
har
d D
udm
an,
the
corr
esp
on
den
t fo
r th
e P
ost
-Dis
pat
ch (
Dec
. 1
), "
Th
e q
ues
tio
n t
hat
su
gg
ests
its
elf
is:
Ho
w c
ou
ld t
he
Pre
si-
den
t h
av
e b
een
sh
ot
in t
he f
ron
t fr
om
th
e b
ack
?"
Th
e g
un
an
d t
he
exp
erts
T
HE
QU
ES
TIO
N n
ow
ari
ses
as t
o w
het
her
an
y on
e m
an, ev
en
a sk
ille
d e
xper
t, c
ould
ha
ve
fire
d t
he
thre
e sh
ots
wit
hin
a p
erio
d o
f fi
ve
seco
nd
s. A
n O
lym
pic
fi
le c
ham
pio
n, H
uber
t H
amm
erer
, sa
id h
e doubte
d I
t
111.i
litL
itil
l In
c L
ull
ulY
1.0
1115 I
I 1 I
L,'
L16,-
pra
ctic
e co
nti
nual
ly. O
swal
d's
wif
e an
d t
he
Pai
ne
fam
-il
y, al
l of
whom
liv
ed I
n t
he
house
wher
e th
e ri
fle
was
al
lege
dly
sto
red, did
not
even
know
Osw
ald o
wned
a
rifle.
This
would
see
m. 1
4 3
, 1.
44.tc
at.e
an e
xtre
mel
y. l
imit
ed
Usa
ge o
f th
e r
ifle
at
the v
ery
most
. O
swald
did
not
have t
he r
equ
isit
e s
kil
l to
fir
e t
hre
e a
ccu
rate
sh
ots
w
ithi
n se
conds
at a
movin
g t
arget
.
Oth
er u
nce
rta
inti
es
IF O
SW
AL
D W
AS
WH
ER
E t
he
FB
I an
d t
he
Dal
las
II D
istr
ict
Att
orn
ey s
aid
he
was
wh
en t
he
sho
ts w
ere
fire
d a
nd i
f th
e P
resi
den
t w
as a
ssas
sinat
ed b
y o
ne
per
-so
n a
s charg
ed—
Lee
Har
vey
Osw
ald
is
dem
on
stra
bly
not
gu
ilty
. O
swal
d w
as i
n t
he
wro
ng
pla
ce a
nd
did
no
t h
ave
suff
icie
nt
tim
e to
sh
oo
t P
resi
den
t K
enn
edy
as
char
ged
. T
he
fact
s as
pre
sente
d t
o d
ate
by t
he
FB
I an
d t
he
Dal
las
dis
tric
t at
torn
ey (
soo
n t
o b
e re
wri
tten
no
do
ub
t)
hav
e over
com
e th
e pre
sum
pti
on o
f gu
ilt
man
ufa
cture
d
wh
en t
he
case
was
in
itia
ted
. D
udm
an w
rote
in t
he
St.
Louis
Post
-Dis
pat
ch (
Dec
. 1
): "
An
oth
er u
nex
pla
ined
cir
cum
stan
ce i
s a
smal
l hole
in
th
e w
ind
shie
ld o
f th
e p
resi
den
tial
lim
ou
sin
e. T
his
co
rres
ponden
t an
d o
ne
oth
er m
an s
aw t
he
hole
, w
hic
h
rese
mb
led
a b
ull
et h
ole
, as
th
e au
tom
ob
ile
sto
od
at
the
hosp
ital
em
erge
ncy
entr
ance
whil
e th
e P
resi
den
t w
as
bei
ng
tre
ated
in
sid
e th
e b
uil
din
g,
"The
Sec
ret
Ser
vic
e kep
t poss
essi
on o
f th
e 'a
uto
-m
obil
e an
d f
lew
it
bac
k t
o W
ashin
gton. A
spokes
man
fo
r th
e a
gency
rej
ecte
d a
req
ues
t to
insp
ect
the
veh
icle
her
e (W
ashin
gto
n].
He
dec
lined
to d
iscu
ss a
ny
ho
le
ther
e m
ight
be
in t
he
win
dsh
ield
,"
Undoubte
dly
the
Sec
ret
Ser
vic
e has
pla
ced t
he
auto
in
pro
tect
ive
cust
ody, "i
n a
sec
ret
pla
ce f
or
its
ow
n
pro
tect
ion."
D
ud
man
co
nti
nu
ed t
o p
rese
nt
star
tlin
g i
nfo
rmat
ion
. "U
nce
rtai
nty
surr
ounds
the
num
ber
of
shots
fir
ed."
(I
bid
.) A
lth
oug
h m
ost
wit
nes
ses
hea
rd t
hre
e sh
ots
fir
ed
wit
hin
a p
erio
d o
f fi
ve
seco
nds
it s
eem
s th
at f
ive
bull
ets
have
bee
n di
scov
ered
. "T
he
firs
t bull
et i
s sa
id b
y t
he
doct
ors
to h
ave
en-
tere
d t
he
thro
at, co
urs
ed d
ow
nw
ard a
nd r
emai
ned
In
the
Pre
siden
t's b
ody. T
he
seco
nd w
as e
xtr
acte
d f
rom
G
ov. C
onnal
ly's
thig
h. It
had
lodged
ther
e af
ter
ente
r-in
g th
e r
ight
side
of
his
bac
k, pas
sin
g th
rou
gh
his
bo
dy
an
d t
hro
ugh h
is w
rist
. A
thir
d, w
hic
h m
ay b
e th
e one
that
str
uck
the
bac
k o
f M
r. K
enned
y's
hea
d, w
as r
e-co
ver
ed f
rom
the
stre
tcher
on w
hic
h h
e w
as c
arri
ed
into
th
e h
osp
ital
. A
fo
urt
h w
as f
ou
nd
in
fra
gm
ents
in
th
e ca
r. S
till
an
oth
er b
ull
et w
as f
ou
nd
by
Dal
las
po
lice
off
icer
s af
ter
the
shooti
ng.
It
was
in
th
e g
rass
op
po
site
th
e poin
t w
her
e th
e P
resi
den
t w
as h
it. T
hey d
id n
ot
kn
ow
wh
eth
er i
t h
ad a
ny
thin
g t
o d
o w
ith
th
e sh
oo
tin
g
of
the
Pre
siden
t an
d t
he
Gover
nor.
" (I
bid
.) .
On
e p
oin
t d
oes
em
erg
e w
ith
ab
solu
te c
lari
ty.
Th
e th
eory
hel
d b
y t
he
Dal
las
po
lice
an
d s
up
po
rted
rep
eat-
edly
by t
he
FB
I th
at "
ther
e is
an a
irti
ght
case
agai
nst
O
swal
d a
s th
e so
le k
ille
r" i
s bas
ed u
pon a
n i
nves
tiga-
tio
n s
o p
oo
r as
to
be
incr
edib
le o
r an
in
ves
tig
atio
n d
e-
lute
ly u
sele
ss.
On
e c
all
ass
um
e t
hat
the F
BI
IU
', a
void
that
res
ult
. It
may
be
arg
ued
on
man
y d
iffe
ren
t le
vel
s o
f •
gove
rn-
-com
mis
sion
- th
at -a
il
, A
mer
ican
ly
nch
ed i
n a
Dal
las
cou
rth
ou
se m
ight
be i
n-
noce
nt,
would
res
ult
in t
he
furt
her
des
truct
ion o
f th
e A
mer
ican
im
age
abro
ad.
It w
ill
be
extr
emel
y d
iffi
cult
fo
r an
y c
om
mis
sio
n.
in
thes
e ci
rcu
mst
ance
s, t
o b
ear
the
resp
on
sib
ilit
y i
mp
ose
d
up
on
it.
Fo
r th
e s
ak
e o
f o
ur
co
un
try
it
us
ho
pe t
hat
Just
ice
Ear
l W
arre
n, a
fair
and g
reat
Am
eric
an, m
ay
succ
essf
ully
g u
ide
his
co
mm
issi
on
th
rou
gh
th
e se
a o
f hat
red a
nd m
alic
e su
rroundin
g th
is c
ase
in I
ts s
earc
h
for
the
truth
.
An
era
of
un
ders
tan
din
g T
here
are
those
who h
ave s
aid
much g
ood m
ay
com
e fr
om
th
is a
ssas
sin
atio
n,
that
a
new
era
of
un
-der
stan
din
g an
d u
nit
y m
ay r
esult
. I
doubt
this
. F
rom
h
ate
com
es h
ate.
Fro
m m
urd
er—
as w
e h
ave
alre
ady
se
en—
murd
er. A
nd f
rom
hyst
eria
—re
ject
ion o
f th
e g
reat
An
g lo
-Sax
pn
tra
dit
ion
of
Just
ice.
Bu
t if
it
is p
os-
sib
le t
o l
eav
e b
ehin
d u
s th
e A
mer
ica
of
vio
len
ce a
nd
m
alic
e, o
ur
nat
ional
ren
aiss
ance
must
beg
in w
ith a
re
spec
t fo
r la
w a
nd d
isdai
n f
or
the
hyst
eria
that
has
th
us
far
made f
air
consi
dera
tion o
f th
is c
ase
im
-po
ssib
le.
Ou
r n
ati
on
al
co
nsc
ien
ce m
ust
reje
ct
the m
ass
ive
med
ia c
onvic
tion o
f O
swal
d—
pre
sum
ed t
o b
e in
noce
nt
—an
d b
egin
to
ex
amin
e an
d t
o a
nal
yze
th
e ev
iden
ce.
We
mus
t re
cog n
ize
that
th
e so
rtie
rec
kle
ss d
isre
gard
fo
r hum
an l
ife
and d
ecen
cy t
hat
res
ult
ed i
n t
he
dea
th o
f our
Pre
siden
t re
sult
ed a
lso i
n t
he
dea
th o
f O
swal
d w
hil
e in
po
lice
cu
sto
dy
. A
nd
, b
efo
re t
hat
': it
res
ult
ed i
n t
he
des
truct
ion o
f ev
ery
righ
t b
elo
ng
ing
to a
n A
meri
can
ac
cuse
d o
f a
crim
e. T
he
pre
ss,
the
rad
io a
nd
th
e te
le-
vis
ion s
tati
ons
shar
e th
at g
uil
t.
The
law
enfo
rcem
ent
off
icia
ls, how
ever
, beg
innin
g
wit
h D
istr
ict
Att
orn
ey W
ade,
wh
o f
alse
ly s
tate
d
evi-
denc
e to
the
enti
re w
orl
d r
epea
tedly
and w
ho g
ave
lead
-er
ship
to t
he
dev
elopm
ent
of
a ca
rniv
al a
tmosp
her
e,
mu
st b
ear
his
tory
's h
arsh
est
Jud
gm
ent.
Y
ou
are
th
e j
ury
. Y
ou
are
th
e o
nly
ju
ry t
hat
Lee
Har
vey
Osw
ald w
ill
ever
hav
e.
A t
erri
ble
cro
ne
has
bee
n c
om
mit
ted
. A
yo
un
g,
vit
al
and e
ner
get
ic l
eader
of
per
hap
s th
e w
orl
d's
most
pow
-er
ful
nat
ion h
as b
een k
ille
d b
y t
he
cow
ardly
act
of
a h
idd
en a
ssas
sin
. T
he
mu
rder
er o
r m
urd
erer
s w
ere
mo
-ti
vate
d by
dis
ease
d m
inds
or
by s
uch
dept
hs o
f m
alic
e as
to
appro
ach t
hat
sta
te. W
e w
ill
per
hap
s nev
er k
now
th
eir
moti
ves
. W
e m
ust
, how
ever
, know
and a
ppro
ve
of
our
ow
n c
onduct
and o
ur
ow
n m
oti
ves
. W
e beg
in w
ith a
ret
urn
to a
n o
ld A
mer
ican
tra
dit
ion
—th
e pre
sum
pti
on o
f in
noce
nce
. W
e beg
in w
ith y
ou.
Let
th
ose
wh
o w
ou
ld d
eny
a f
air
con
sid
erat
ion
of
the
evid
ence
to
Osw
ald
bec
ause
of
a ra
ge
insp
ired
. th
ey s
ay,
by t
hei
r dev
oti
on t
o t
he
late
Pre
siden
t, p
onder
th
is t
hou
g ht:
If
Osw
ald i
s in
noce
nt—
and t
hat
is
a pos-
sibil
ity t
hat
can
not
now
be
den
ied—
then
the
assa
ssin
o
f P
resi
den
t K
enn
edy
rem
ain
s at
lar
ge.
(
I
6
NA
TIO
NA
L G
UA
RD
IAN
D
ecem
be
exam
inat
ion o
f th
e, ev
iden
ce a
gai
nst
Osw
ald
- A
n _
. (C
ontinued fro
m P
age 5
) W
et
att
orn
ey w
ho
sta
tes f
als
ely
th
at
a p
alm
prin
t is
• pre
sent on the m
urd
er
weapon m
ight m
ake
a .si
mila
r st
ate
me
nt in
re
fere
nce
to a
card
boa
rd c
art
on
.
Po
int
Fo
ur
Para
ffin
tests
on b
oth
hands s
how
ed that O
sw
ald
h
ad
fire
d a
gu
n r
ece
ntly
.
PR
AF
FIN
IS
AP
PL
IED
to
th
at
po
rtio
n o
f th
e h
u-
man b
ody
whic
h m
ight co
me in
clo
se c
onta
ct w
ith
the g
as
rele
ase
d b
y a-w
eapon's
firin
g)
conta
inin
g s
olid
part
icle
s o
f burn
ed n
itra
tes in s
uspensio
n. T
o _
dete
r-m
ine w
heth
er
a p
isto
l (i.e
., a
gun)
has
been 'f
ired, te
sts
are
made o
f both
hands.
To d
ete
rmin
e w
heth
er
a r
ifle
_ h
as
been fired, te
sts
are
made o
f both
hands
and the
are
a o
n b
oth
sid
es
of th
e face
near
the c
heekb
one, th
e
ch
ee
k r
em
ain
ing
In
Im
me
dia
te c
on
tact
with
a r
ifle
w
hen the trigger
is p
ulle
d.
• .
In
th
e s
erv
ice
, a
s a
ny
vete
ran
, in
clu
din
g W
ad
e,
we
ll kn
ow
s. a
rifl
e Is
alw
ays
refe
rred to a
s a r
ifle. It Is
neve
r,
under
fear
of co
mpany
punis
hm
ent, c
alle
d a
gun (
pis
tol).
` A
t W
ade's
pre
ss c
onfe
rence
, th
is d
ialo
gue took
pla
ce:
Report
er:
What about th
e p
ara
ffin
test
s?
Wade:
Yes, I'v
e g
ot para
ffin
tests
that show
ed h
e
exam
ination W
ade s
aid
without hesitation, th
at "t
he
murd
er
weapon w
as
a G
erm
an M
ause
r."
The n
ext day it w
as r
eport
ed that F
BI file
s s
how
ed
tha
t O
sw
ald
pu
rch
ase
d a
n I
talia
n c
arb
ine
th
rou
gh
th
e
mail.
It w
as s
ent to
a p
ost-
offic
e b
ox m
ain
tain
ed b
y
Osw
ald
in h
is o
wn
na
me
an
d a
lso
A.
Hid
ell.
(C
lea
rly
no
serious e
ffort
to e
scape d
ete
ction a
s the p
urc
haser
of
the
rifl
e w
as
ma
de
by
Osw
ald
, If
he
did
pu
rch
ase
it.)
Arm
ed w
ith the k
now
ledge that O
swald
could
be c
on-
ne
cte
d w
ith
an
Ita
lian
ca
rbin
e (
It t
he
n n
ot
be
ing
kn
ow
n
tha
t th
e I
talia
n r
ifle
in
qu
estio
n m
igh
t n
ot
be
ab
le t
o
fire
thre
e tim
es in fiv
e s
econds),
Wade m
ade a
new
announce
ment. T
he m
urd
er
weapon
was
not
a G
erm
an
Mauser,
it w
as a
n Ita
lian c
arb
ine. T
his
pro
secution r
e-
vers
al esta
blis
hed a
hig
h p
oin
t in
vuln
era
bili
ty for
the
tria
l—th
e t
ria
l th
at
wa
s n
eve
r to
ta
ke
pla
ce
.
Po
int
Six
O
sw
ald
ha
d in
his
po
sse
ssio
n a
n id
en
tifica
tio
n c
ard
w
ith t
he
na
me
Hid
ell.
WA
DE
SA
ID, "O
n h
is (
Osw
ald
's)
pers
on w
as
a p
ock
-e
tbo
ok.
In h
is p
ocke
tbo
ok w
as a
n I
de
ntifica
tio
n
ca
rd w
ith
th
e s
am
e n
am
e (
Hid
elh
as t
he
po
st-
off
ice
b
oit o
n it.
" A
lmo
st
imm
ed
iate
ly a
fte
r O
sw
ald
wa
s a
rre
ste
d t
he
p
olic
e a
sse
rte
d t
ha
t h
e w
as
gu
ilty
of ass
ass
ina
tion
, w
as
a C
om
mu
nis
t. w
as t
he
he
ad
of
the
Ne
w O
rle
an
s F
air
Pla
y fo
r C
uba C
om
mitt
ee, and h
ad u
sed a
n a
lias,
"Lee,"
th
e n
am
e u
nder
whic
h h
e. had r
ente
d h
is $
8-a
-week
room
. T
he follo
win
g d
ay, after
the F
BI had r
eveale
d
tha
t O
sw
ald
ha
d p
urc
ha
se
d a
rifle
un
de
r th
e a
ssu
me
d
nam
e H
idell,
the D
alla
s D
A a
nnounced for
the first
tim
e that O
sw
ald
had c
arr
ied a
n identification c
ard
u
nd
er
the
ass
um
ed
na
me
Hid
ell
on
his
pe
rso
n w
he
n h
e
was
arr
est
ed the p
revi
ous
day.
O
ne w
onders
why
the p
olic
e a
nd the D
A, in
announc-
ing O
sw
ald
's p
olit
ical backgro
und, fa
iled to m
ention
an
oth
er
alia
s r
ea
dily
ava
ilab
le t
o t
he
m.
Cle
arly,
the
su
spect
was
imm
edia
tely
searc
hed w
hen a
rrest
ed. C
lear-
ly, an identification c
ard
made o
ut to
anoth
er
pers
on
fittin
g O
sw
ald
's d
escription e
xactly w
as p
roof of an-
oth
er
assum
ed n
am
e. W
hy d
id the D
alla
s a
uth
orities
pu
blic
ly 'd
isco
ve
r" t
he
ID
ca
rd f
or
Hid
ell
aft
er
the
F
BI sa
id that.O
swald
purc
hase
d a
rifl
e u
nder
the n
am
e
Hid
ell?
,1?
Poin
t Sev
en
Osw
ald
wa
S's
ee
n in
th
e b
uild
ing
by a
po
lice
off
ice
r ju
st a
fte
r th
e P
resi
de
nt
ha
d b
ee
n s
ho
t
(Ne
w Y
ork
Tim
es,
No
v. 2
41
. T
he
de
plo
yme
nt
of
50
0 o
f-fice
rs f
rom
his
1,1
00
-ma
n f
orc
e m
ad
e f
ast
actio
n p
os-
sib
le in
th
e m
an
hu
nt.
he
said
. T
he s
cene p
ain
ted for
us
by
Wa
de
an
d C
urr
y
finds
off
ice
rs im
me
dia
tely
ru
sh
ing
to
th
e b
uild
ing
to
se
al it
off :and s
earc
h it.. T
his
is the b
uild
ing fro
m w
hic
h the
fata
l sh
ots
alle
gd
ed
ly w
ere
fire
d.
In these c
ircum
sta
nces, is
it lik
ely
that O
sw
ald
was
pe
rmitte
d t
o le
ave
th
e p
rem
ise
s a
fte
r th
e p
olic
e h
ad
a
rriv
ed
? I
s it
like
ly t
ha
t O
sw
ald
, a
fte
r kill
ing
th
e P
resi-
dent, a
nd d
eci
din
g to le
ave
the p
rem
ise
s, d
eci
de
d f
irst
to
sto
p o
ff f
or
a so
da
, a
nd
ba
d t
he
n—
on
ly a
fte
r th
e
build
ing w
as
surr
ounded, se
ale
d o
ff a
nd the s
earc
h b
e-
gun—
made a
n e
ffort
to leave? Is it lik
ely
that each o
f th
e al
most
90
em
plo
yes.
mo
st o
f w
ho
m w
ere
ou
tsid
e o
f th
e buil
din
g,
engulfed in the p
anic
and c
onfu
sio
n a
t-te
ndant upon the a
ssass
inatio
n, co
uld
easi
ly a
nd q
uic
k-ly
retu
rn to h
is p
lace
of em
plo
yment th
rough the p
olic
e
line, w
hile
still
on h
is lunch h
our,
so that "e
very
oth
er
em
plo
ye w
as locate
d b
ut th
is d
efe
ndant . . ."
and the
desc
riptio
n o
f th
e o
ne m
issi
ng e
mplo
ye r
adio
ed a
t once
?
Poin
t E
ight
Osw
ald
's w
ife
sa
id t
ha
t th
e r
ifle
wa
s m
issin
g F
rid
ay
mor
nin g
.
WA
DE
SA
ID, "T
he v
ial -,
ha
d s
aid
he
ha
d t
he
gu
n
the n
ight befo
re, and it w
as m
issin
g' t
hat m
orn
-in
g a
fte
r h
e le
ft."
All
ind
ica
tio
ns a
re f
rom
sta
tem
en
ts
made b
y o
ther
law
offic
ials
and fro
m F
BI private
briefings that M
rs. O
sw
ald
had n
ever
been q
uote
d a
s
sayi
ng
an
yth
ing
re
mo
tely
sim
ilar
to W
ad
e's
ass
ert
ion
. M
rs. O
sw
ald
was a
lleged to h
ave s
aid
, at th
e v
ery
m
ost, that she s
aw
som
eth
ing in a
bla
nket th
at could
have
been a
rifl
e. H
ow
eve
r; it
soon b
eca
me p
lain
that th
e
Secre
t S
erv
ice "
leak"
was its
elf a
bsolu
tely
inaccura
te.
La
ter
we
dis
co
ve
red
th
at
Mrs
. O
sw
ald
sta
ted
th
at
sh
e
neve
r kn
ew
that her
husb
and o
wned a
rifle n
or
did
she
kno
w h
e o
wn
ed
a p
isto
l (N
ew
Y
ork
Tim
es,
De
c.
8).
P
erh
aps
Wade a
nd the S
ecr
et S
erv
ice felt
confid
ent
WO
, ju
st as O
sw
ald
never
got th
e o
pport
unity to tell
hit s
ide
of
the
sto
ry,
Mrs
. O
sw
ald
mig
ht
als
o h
ave
dif-
ficu
lty I
n b
ein
g h
ea
rd.
Imm
ed
iate
ly a
fte
r th
e a
ssa
ssin
a-
tion M
arina O
sw
ald
, O
sw
ald
's w
ife. seas incarc
era
ted
by
the
Se
cre
t S
erv
ice
. "T
he
wid
ow
an
d r
ela
tive
s o
f L
ee
H
arv
ey
Osw
ald
are
be
ing
se
qu
est
ere
d h
ere
(D
alla
s) b
y th
e S
ecr
et S
erv
ice. A
spoke
sman foe the S
ecr
et S
erv
ice
XaR
t th
e fam
ily w
as b
ein
gA
rept In
a s
ecre
t place
LIt
s,o
wn
pro
tect
ion
..:
A S
ecr
et
Se
rvic
e s
po
kesm
an
sa
id
he' d
id n
ot know
when the)
would
be r
ele
ased."
(N
ew
V
alk
Tim
es.
Nov
a"?
.
1.•
•■■•■•■
=4.-
-
Lee
Har
vey
Ost
ha
ld:,
A a
ce F
orev
er I
n
4
DA
LL
AS
DIS
TR
ICT
AT
TO
RN
EY
HE
NR
Y W
AD
E
lie
pre
sen
ts t
he
`evi
den
ce'—
to t
he
pre
ss
had
recen
tly
fir
ed
a g
un
—it
was
on
bo
th
han
ds.
W
ade:
B
oth
han
ds.
R
eport
er. R
ecen
tly f
ea:i
a r
ifle
? 4
Rep
ort
er:
A g
un
. W
ade:
A
gun.
Wade's
answ
ers
, w
hil
e t
ruth
ful,
were
a s
tudy i
n h
n-
ders
tate
inent.
The d
istr
ict
att
orn
ey n
egle
cte
d t
o s
tate
th
e a
ddit
ional
facts
that
test
s had b
een c
onducte
d, on
Osw
ald
's f
ace a
nd
th
at
the t
est
s re
veale
d t
hat
there
w
ere
no t
race
s of
gunpow
der
on O
swal
d's
fac
e (W
ash-
ingto
n S
tar,
Nov. 241. O
ne
fact
em
erges
her
e w
ith c
lar-
ity
. T
he
par
affi
n t
est
did
no
t p
rov
e O
swal
d f
ired
a r
ifle
re
centl
y.
The
test
ten
ded
to
pro
ve O
swald
had
no
t ti
red a
rif
le r
ecentl
y. T
his
fact
alo
ne r
ais
es
that
'ea-
sell
able
doubt
that
a j
ury
mig
ht
uti
lize i
n f
indin
g t
he
def
end
ant
no
t g
uil
ty.
• P
oin
t F
ive
Th
e t
itle
. an
Ita
lian c
arb
ine, bad b
een p
urc
hase
I b
y
Osw
ald t
hro
ugh t
he
mai
l an
d u
nder
an a
ssum
ed n
ame.
W
AD
E S
AID
. "I
t (t
he r
ifle
:, a
s I
thin
k y
ou k
now
, V
W h
as b
een i
den
tifi
ed a
s hav
ing b
een p
urc
has
ed l
ast
Mar
ch b
y O
swal
d, fr
om
a m
all-
ord
er h
ouse
, th
rough a
n
ass
um
ed n
am
e n
am
ed H
ide'',
ed t
o a
post
off
ice
box h
ere
in D
all
as.
" W
ade s
aid
this
was
the w
eapon
that
kil
led t
he P
resi
dent.
W
ade h
ad m
ade a
very
dif
fere
nt
state
ment
in r
efe
r-en
ce t
o t
he m
urd
er
weap
on
ju
st a
sh
ort
wh
ile b
efo
re.
Just
aft
er
the a
rrest
of
Osw
ald
, D
all
as
law
enfo
rce-
men
t o
ffic
ials
an
no
un
ced
th
at
they
had
fo
un
d t
he
mu
rder
weap
on
. W
ad
e a
nd
his
ass
ocia
tes
stu
die
d t
he
rifl
e. it
was
show
n t
o t
he t
ele
vis
ion a
udie
nce r
epeat-
edly
as
souse
enfo
rcem
ent
off
icia
l ca
rrie
d i
t hig
h i
n t
he
wit
h h
is b
are
han
ds
on
th
e r
ifle
. A
fter
ho
urs
of
fitt
ing O
swald
's d
esc
ripti
on e
xactl
y w
as
pro
of
or
an-
. oth
er
ass
um
ed n
am
e.
Why d
id t
he D
all
as
au
tho
riti
es
publi
cly
'dis
cover"
the 'ID
card
for
Hid
ell
aft
er
the
FB
I sa
id t
hat.
Osw
ald
pu
rch
ase
d a
rif
le u
nd
er
the n
am
e
Wid
en?
.
Pfa
ff)/
S
even
O
swald
was
seen i
n t
he b
uil
din
g b
y a
poli
ce o
ffic
er
just
aft
er
the P
resi
den
t h
ad
been
sh
ot.
W
AD
E S
AID
, "A
po
lice
off
icer
, im
med
iate
ly a
fter
th
e W
V a
ssass
inati
on
, ra
n i
n t
he b
uil
din
g a
nd
sae;
this
m
an i
n a
co
rner
an
d t
ried
to
arr
est
hin
t; b
ut
the m
an
-ag
er o
f th
e buil
din
g s
aid h
e w
as a
n e
mplo
ye
and i
t w
as
all
rig
ht.
Every
oth
er
em
plo
ye w
as
locate
d b
ut
this
de-
fendant
of
the c
om
pany. A
desc
ripti
on a
nd n
am
e o
f him
went
out
by p
oli
ce t
o l
ook f
or
hin
t."
(At
this
poin
t it
mig
ht
be i
n o
rder
to s
tate
that
all
of
the W
ade q
uo-
tati
on
s are
rep
rod
uced
un
ed
ited
, an
d i
n t
heir
en
tire
ty.
The t
ext
of
the W
ade r
em
ark
s appeare
d i
n t
he N
ew
Y
ork
Tim
es,
No
v.
26
.)
Un
ex
pla
ined
by
Wad
e i
s w
hy
th
e o
ffic
er
was
go
ing
to
arr
est
Osw
ald
, w
ho w
as
sippin
g a
soft
dri
nk i
n t
he
lunchro
om
alo
ng w
ith o
thers
. If
the o
ffic
er
had r
easo
n
to s
ing
le o
ut
Osw
ald
fo
r arr
est
fo
r th
e a
ssass
inati
on
at
that
tim
e, it
seem
s unli
kely
that
the m
ere
sta
tem
ent
that
Osw
ald
was
an
em
plo
ye m
igh
t re
sult
in
im
mu
nit
y
from
arr
est
. •
Wad
e d
oes
ex
pla
in,
ho
wev
er,
ho
w t
he
alm
ost
im
med
i-at
e d
escr
ipti
on
of
Osw
ald
was
rad
ioed
to
th
e p
oli
ce a
nd
to
the c
itiz
ens
of
Dall
as.
The e
xpla
nati
on
: 'E
very
oth
er
em
plo
ye w
as
locate
d b
ut
this
defe
ndant
of
the c
om
-p
any
." T
he
New
Yo
rk T
imes
(N
ov
. 2
3)
rep
ort
ed:
"Ab
ou
t 90 p
ers
ons
were
em
plo
yed i
n t
he T
exas
School
Book
Deposi
tory
and m
ost
of
them
were
out
watc
hin
g t
he
Pre
sident's
moto
rcade w
hen t
he s
hots
were
fir
ed."
Po-
lice
Ch
ief
Cu
rry
, w
ho
w
as ri
din
g i
n a
car
just
90 f
eet
ah
ead
of
the l
imo
usi
ne c
arr
yin
g t
he P
resi
den
t, s
aid
he
• could
tell
fro
nt
the s
ound o
f th
e t
hre
e s
hots
that
they
had
com
e fr
om
the
book -co
mpan
y's
buil
din
g. M
om
ents
af
ter
the
sho
ts w
ere
fire
d,
Cu
ry s
aid
, h
e ra
dio
ed i
nst
ruc-
tio
ns
that
the b
uil
din
g b
e s
urr
ou
nd
ed
an
d s
earc
hed
L1
1111111,i
1,M
Y
Mari
na O
swald
, O
swald
's w
ife,
was
incarc
era
ted
by t
he
Sec
ret
Ser
vic
e.. "T
he
wid
ow
and r
elat
ives
of
Lee
H
arvey
Osw
ald
are
bein
g s
equest
ere
d h
ere
:D
all
as:
by -
the
Sec
ret
Ser
vic
e. A
spokes
man
for
the
Sec
ret
Ser
vic
e ea
ten
the f
aM
ily w
as
bein
g-,k
ep
t in
a s
ecre
t p
lace .
..1a-
i.7-
-.
is o
wn p
rote
cti
on .. A
Secre
t S
erv
ice s
pokesm
an s
aid
ilv
ieordt
.ldT
inmoet
„knN
oos::.
u2',Ih
e,is
they w
ould
be r
ele
ase
d."
(N
ew
Inasm
uch
as
there
wil
l b
e n
o t
rial,
Mari
na O
swald
cle
arl
y i
s not
bein
g h
eld
' as
a m
ate
rial
wit
ness
. S
ince
the f
edera
l govern
ment
has
no j
uri
sdic
tion i
n a
ny
event,
there
seem
s to
be n
o l
egal
basi
s fo
r her
incar-
cera
tio
n.
Lee O
swald
's m
oth
er,
jeo
pard
ized
by
th
e e
x-
isti
ng h
yst
eri
a a
s m
uch a
s his
wid
ow
, aft
er
bein
g r
e-
lease
d f
rom
Secre
t S
erv
ice "
pro
tecti
ve c
ust
od
y,"
re-
qu
est
ed
th
at
a g
uard
be s
tati
on
ed
at
the d
oo
r o
f h
er
hom
e. T
he S
ecre
t S
erv
ice r
eje
cte
d t
hat
request
, st
ati
ng
that
site
was
net
in d
an
ger.
On
e w
on
ders
th
en
wh
y
Mar
ina
Osw
ald. w
idel
y a
nd i
nac
cura
tely
quote
d b
y t
he
Secre
t S
erv
ice a
nd F
BI,
has
rem
ain
ed i
n c
ust
ody a
nd
pra
cti
cal's'
incom
munic
ado a
s w
ell
. T
he s
am
e i
ssue o
f th
e N
ew
Yo
rk T
imes
that
co
rrectl
y s
tate
d M
ari
na O
s-w
ald
's v
iew
of
the r
ifle
said
. "M
rs.
Osw
ald
has
been
m
oved f
rom
the m
ote
l w
here
she w
as
taken w
ith M
rs.
Marg
ueri
te O
swald
, h
er
bro
ther-
in-l
aw
' an
d h
is w
ife,
afte
r h
er h
usb
and
was
kil
led
. S
he
is n
ow
ex
clu
ded
fro
m
Osw
ald
's r
ela
tives
as
well
as
Irons
the p
ubli
c."
Severa
l d
ay
s aft
er
the "
pro
tecti
ve c
ust
od
y"
beg
an
a r
ep
ort
er
sought
an i
nte
rvie
w w
ith M
arin
a O
swal
d. S
he
indic
ated
a
desi
re t
o m
eet
the r
eport
er.
The F
BI
then i
nte
rvened
and p
reven
ted t
he
inte
rvie
w.
It w
ou
ld s
eem
th
at
the S
ecre
t S
erv
ice m
ov
e a
as
dic
-ta
ted b
y u
desi
re t
o p
revent
any t
ruth
ful
leaks
Rom
M
rs. O
swald
's f
am
ily o
r fr
iends
or
thro
ugh t
he p
ress
In
ref
eren
ce t
o h
er v
iew
s. A
t ab
out
the
sam
e ti
me
more
S
ecre
t S
erv
ice a
nd
FB
I "l
eak
s" r
eg
ard
ing
Mari
na O
s-w
ald
's r
eco
llecti
on
of
her
late
hu
sban
d's
"att
em
pt
to
shoot
Gets
. W
alk
er
wit
h t
he s
am
e a
ssass
inati
on r
ifle
" fl
oo
ded
th
e f
ron
t p
ag
es
of
ev
ery
dail
y i
n A
meri
ca.
Mari
na O
swald
's a
ssert
ion t
hat
she n
ever
even k
new
A S
AM
PL
E H
EA
DL
INE
—T
HIS
ON
E I
N T
HE
N.Y
. H
ER
AL
D T
RIB
UN
E N
OV
. 24
The
ques
tion m
ark
h
ard
ly e
rase
s th
e se
nsa
tio
na
lism
of
trea
tmen
t
NA
TIO
NA
L G
UA
RD
IAN
5
Dec
emb
er
19, 1
963
Lan
e's
def
ense
bri
ef f
or O
swal
d
' .
In a
n a
nal
ysi
s of
the
civil
lib
erti
es a
spec
ts o
f th
e as
sass
inat
ion o
f L
ee H
arve
y O
swal
d, t
he A
mer
ican
Civ
il L
iber
ties
Uni
on s
aid
the
"pub
lic
Inte
rest
" w
ould
be
serv
ed i
f th
e co
mm
issi
on n
amed
by
Pre
side
nt J
ohn-
son w
ere
to m
ake
"a t
horo
ugh e
xam
inat
ion o
f th
e tr
eatm
ent
acco
rded
O
swal
d, in
cludin
g h
is r
ight
to c
ounse
l, t
he
nat
ure
of
the
inte
rrogat
ion,
his
physi
cal
secu
rity
whil
e under
arr
est,
and t
he
effe
ct o
f pre
tria
l pub-
lici
ty o
n O
swal
d's
rig
ht
to a
fai
r tr
ial.
" In
the
publi
c in
tere
st t
he
GU
AR
DIA
N i
s dev
oti
ng o
ne-
hal
f of
Its
issu
e th
is w
eek t
o a
law
yer
's b
rief
in t
he
Osw
ald c
ase
whic
h h
as b
een
sent
by t
he
auth
or
to J
ust
ice
Ear
l W
arre
n a
s h
ead
of
the
fact
-fin
din
g
conim
issi
on i
nquir
ing i
nto
the
circ
um
stan
ces
of
the
assa
ssin
atio
n o
f P
resi
dent
Ken
nedy
. The
aut
hor
is M
ark
Lan
e, a
wel
l kn
own
New
Yor
k def
ense
att
orn
ey, w
ho h
as r
epre
sente
d a
lmost
all
the
civil
rig
hts
dem
-on
stra
tors
arr
este
d in
New
Yor
k. H
e ha
s al
so s
erve
d as
def
ense
cou
nsel
in
a n
um
ber
of
murd
er c
ases
inv
olvi
ng y
oung
per
sons
. In
195
9, h
e h
elp
ed o
rgan
ize
the
Ref
orm
Dem
ocr
ats
in N
ew Y
ork
, an
insu
rgen
t m
ovem
ent
wit
hin
the
Dem
ocr
atic
Par
ty, w
as t
he
firs
t ca
ndid
ate
of
the
movem
ent
to b
e nom
inat
ed t
o t
he
New
York
Sta
te
Leg
isla
ture
and
was
ele
cted
in
1960
. t,
In h
is l
ette
r to
Jus
tice
War
ren
acco
mpa
nyin
g th
e br
ief,
Lan
e ur
ged
that
def
ense
counse
l be
nam
ed f
or
Osw
ald s
o t
hat
all
asp
ects
of
the
case
mig
ht
be
vig
oro
usl
y p
urs
ued
, par
ticu
larl
y s
ince
Osw
ald w
as d
e-ni
ed a
tri
al d
urin
g hi
s li
feti
me.
It
is t
in i
roni
c no
te, a
s th
e A
CL
U s
tate
-m
ent
said
, tha
t "i
f O
swal
d ha
d li
ved
to s
tand
tri
al a
nd w
ere
conv
icte
d,
the
court
s w
ould
ver
y l
ikel
y h
ave
rever
sed t
he
convic
tion b
ecau
se o
f th
e pre
judic
ial
pre
tria
l publi
city
."
The
GU
AR
DIA
N's
pub
lica
tion
of
Lan
e's
brie
f pr
esum
es o
nly
one
thin
g: a
man
's i
nnoc
ence
, und
er U
.S. l
aw, u
nles
s or
unt
il p
rove
d gu
ilty
. It
is
the
right
of
any a
ccuse
d, w
het
her
his
nam
e is
Osw
ald, R
uby o
r B
yro
n d
e la
Bec
kw
ith, th
e m
an c
har
ged
wit
h t
he
murd
er o
f M
edgar
E
vers
in M
issi
ssip
pi.
A p
resu
mpti
on o
f in
noce
nce
is
the
rock
upon
whic
h A
mer
ican
juri
spru
den
ce r
ests
. S
ure
ly I
t ought
to a
pply
in t
he
"cri
me
of
the
centu
ry"
as i
n t
he
mea
nes
t bac
k-a
lley
fel
ony,
We
ask
all
our
read
ers
to s
tud
y t
his
do
cum
ent,
sh
ow
it
to a
s m
any
per
sons
as y
ou c
an (
extr
a co
pie
s ar
e av
aila
ble
on r
eques
t) a
nd s
end
us
your
com
men
t. A
ny i
nfo
rmat
ion o
r an
alysi
s bas
ed o
n f
act
that
can
as
sist
the
War
ren C
om
mis
sion i
s in
the
publi
c in
tere
st—
an i
n-
tere
st w
hic
h d
eman
ds
that
ever
yth
ing p
oss
ible
be
done
to e
stab
lish
th
e fa
cts
in t
his
cas
e.
—T
HE
GU
AR
DIA
N
12—
Osw
ald
shot
and
kil
led
a po
lice
off
icer
. 13
—A
wit
ness
saw
Osw
ald
ente
r th
e T
exas
thea
ter.
14—
Osw
ald d
rew
a p
isto
l an
d a
ttem
pte
d t
o k
ill
the
ar-
rest
ing o
ffic
er.
15—
A m
ap w
as f
ound i
n O
swal
d's
poss
essi
on s
how
ing
the s
cene o
f th
e a
ssass
inati
on a
nd t
he b
ull
et's
pro
po
sed
tra
ject
ory
. P
eru
sed l
ightl
y, th
e l
ist
seem
s Im
pre
ssiv
e. B
ut
in
capit
al c
ases
evid
ence
is
not
per
use
d l
ightl
y. It
is
sub-
ject
to p
robin
g c
ross
-exam
inat
ion, st
udy a
nd a
nal
ysi
s.
• The
most
efl
ecti
ve
tool
avai
lable
to a
ny d
efen
dan
t,
cross
-exam
inat
ion, is
not
aval
laO
le I
n t
his
cas
e. W
e re
ly i
nst
ead, so
lely
upon p
ress
rep
ort
s of
stat
emen
ts
mad
e, n
ot
by w
itnes
ses
for
the
def
ense
, not
by t
he
de-
fendan
t, b
ut
by t
he
dis
tric
t at
torn
ey, poli
ce o
ffic
ers
or
FB
I ag
ents
. W
ith
th
is o
pp
ress
ive
rest
rict
ion
In
min
d.
we-
mo
ve
on
to
an
an
aly
sis
of
the
evid
ence
.
• B
y M
ark
Lan
e N
AL
L L
IKE
LIH
OO
D t
her
e does
not
exis
t a
sin
gle
• A
mer
ican
com
mun
ity
whe
re r
esid
e 12
men
or
wom
en.
good a
nd t
rue.
who p
resu
me
that
Lee
Har
vey
Osw
ald
did
not
assa
ssin
ate
Pre
siden
t K
enned
y. N
o m
ore
sav
age
com
men
t ca
n b
e m
ade
in r
efer
ence
to t
he
bre
akdow
n
of
the
Anglo
-Sax
on s
yst
em o
f ju
risp
ruden
ce. A
t th
e ver
y f
oundat
ion o
f our
judic
ial
oper
atio
n l
ies
a co
rner
-st
on
e w
hic
h s
helt
ers
th
e i
nn
ocen
t an
d g
uil
ty a
lik
e
agai
nst
gro
up h
yst
eria
, m
anufa
cture
d e
vid
ence
. over
-ze
alous
law
enfo
rcem
ent
off
icia
ls, in
short
, ag
ainst
th
ose
fac
tors
whic
h m
ilit
ate
for
an a
uto
mat
ed, pre
-ju
dged, neatl
y p
ackaged v
erd
ict
of
guil
ty. It
is
the -
sacr
ed r
igh
t o
f ev
ery
cit
izen
acc
use
d o
f co
mm
itti
ng
a
crim
e to
the
pre
sum
pti
on o
f in
noce
nce
. T
his
pre
sum
pti
on. it
has
been w
ritt
en, is
a c
loak
donned
by t
he
accu
sed w
hen
the
init
ial
char
ge
Is m
ade,
an
d w
orn
by h
im c
onti
nuousl
y. It
is
worn
thro
ugh-
out
the e
nti
re c
ase
pre
sente
d a
gain
st h
im, and n
ot
tak
en f
rom
th
e d
efen
dan
t unti
l af
ter
he
has
,.had
an O
p-
soln
rtunit
y t
o t
ross
-exam
ine
host
ile
wit
rmu,
s •
iits
-'uw
n-w
itne
aseS
,ieri
d O
swal
d d
id n
ot
test
ify. In
dee
d, th
ere
wil
l be
no c
aAe.
-
no t
rial
, an
d O
swal
d, m
urd
ered
whil
e in
poli
ce c
ust
ody,
stil
l has
no l
awyer
. U
nder
such
cir
cum
stan
ces
the
de-
Po
int
On
e
num
ber
of
wit
nes
ses
saw
Osw
ald a
t ss
a.au
-ar
iaua
rnar
a,--
,
IT15
3 A
LL
EG
ITZ
D th
at O
ke
aid f
ired
thro
ugh
that
win
dow
, th
at a
sser
tion i
s im
port
ant.
Wad
e w
as u
neq
uiv
oca
l, s
tati
ng, "F
irst
, th
ere
was
a n
um
ber
of
wit
oess
ea t
he' s
aw
the
Per
Fo.
v.V
.1 t
he
tem
on t
he
0,0
)1 nn
",.
Tlb
s in
esu
bbnio
n, it
nas
bee
n w
iluen
, is
a c
loak
do
nn
ed
by t
he
accu
se
d w
he
n t
he
in
itia
l ch
arg
e is m
ad
e,
and w
orn
by h
im c
ontinuously
. It i
s w
orn
th
rOu
eh
..
• o
ut
the
en
tire
ca
se
pre
se
nte
d a
ga
inst
him
: , a
nt:
Cia
o(
• ta
ke
n f
rom
th
e d
efe
nd
an
t U
nti
l aft
eih
e
j■ e
i1
.
,as o
wn
witn
esse
s' a
nd
to
te
stify
O
sw
ald
did
not te
stify
. In
deed, th
ere
will
be n
o c
ave.
no
tria
l, a
nd
Osw
ald
. m
urd
ere
d w
hile
in
po
lice
cu
sto
dy.
still
has n
o law
yer.
Under
such c
ircum
sta
nces the d
e-
ve
lop
me
nt
of
a p
ossib
le d
efe
nse
is d
ifficu
lt,
alm
ost
im-
possib
le. U
nder
such c
ircum
sta
nces, th
e d
evelo
pm
ent
of
su
ch
a d
efe
nse
is o
blig
ato
ry.
Th
ere
will
be
an
in
ve
stig
atio
n.
No
in
ve
stig
atio
n,
ho
w-
ever
soundly
motivate
d, can s
erv
e a
s a
n a
dequate
sub-
stitu
te for
tria
l. L
aw
enfo
rcem
ent offic
ials
Investigate
every
crim
inal case b
efo
re it
is p
resente
d t
o a
Jury
. T
he
Inve
stig
atio
n in
alm
ost
all s
uch
ca
se
s r
esu
lts in
th
e,
firm
co
nvic
tio
n b
y t
he
in
ve
stig
ato
r th
at
the
accu
se
d I
s
gu
ilty.
A ju
ry o
fte
n f
ind
s t
he
de
fen
da
nt
inn
oce
nt,
no
t-
- w
ith
sta
nd
ing
. ' T
hat w
hic
h inte
rvenes b
etw
een the z
ealo
us Investi-
ga
tor
an
d t
he
ju
ry is d
ue
pro
ce
ss o
f la
w,
de
ve
lop
ed
at
gre
at cost in
hum
an life a
nd lib
ert
y o
ver
the y
ears
. It
is the r
ight to
have irr
ele
vant te
stim
ony b
arr
ed. It is
the
rig
ht
to h
ave
fa
cts
, n
ot
ho
pe
s o
r th
ou
gh
ts o
r w
ish
es
or
pre
judic
ial opin
ions, pre
sente
d. It is the r
ight to
te
st by c
ross-e
xam
ination the v
era
city o
f every
witness
an
d t
he
va
lue
of
his
te
stim
on
y.
It is,
pe
rha
ps a
bo
ve
all,
th
e r
ight to
counsel of one's
ow
n c
hoic
e, so that all
the
oth
er
rig
hts
ma
y b
e p
rote
cte
d.
In t
his
de
fen
se
, O
sw
ald
h
as f
orf
eite
d a
ll r
igh
ts a
lon
g w
ith
his
life
. T
he r
eader,
inundate
d a
t th
e o
uts
et w
ith 4
8 s
olid
tele
vis
ion
, ra
dio
an
d n
ew
sp
ap
er
ho
urs
de
vo
ted
to
pro
v-
ing
th
e g
uilt
of
the
accu
se
d a
nd
mu
ch
ad
ditio
na
l "e
vi-
de
nce
" sin
ce
th
en
, ca
nn
ot
no
w e
xa
min
e t
his
ca
se
with
- . out bringin
g to it cert
ain
pre
conceiv
ed ideas. W
e a
sk,
inste
ad, only
for
a tem
pora
ry s
uspensio
n o
f cert
ain
ty.
Th
e ca
se a
ga
inst
Osw
ald
LO
NG
LO
NG
BE
FO
RE
OS
WA
LD
was s
hot to
death
in the
of th
e D
alla
s c
ourt
house, th
e D
alla
s o
f-ficia
ls h
ad
co
nclu
de
d t
ha
t O
sw
ald
wa
s "
with
ou
t a
ny
do
ub
t th
e k
ille
r."
On
Sa
turd
ay,
the
pre
ss w
as in
form
ed
th
at "a
bsolu
te c
onfirm
ation a
s to O
sw
ald
's g
uilt
" had
just arr
ived b
ut th
at th
e "
sta
rtlin
g e
vid
ence"
could
not
the
n b
e r
ele
ase
d t
o t
he
pre
ss.
Imm
ed
iate
ly a
fte
r O
sw
ald
wa
s s
lain
, th
e D
alla
s d
is-
tric
t attorn
ey, H
enry
Wade, announced that th
e "
Os-
'Wa
ld c
ase
wa
s c
lose
d."
De
sp
ite
th
e d
ee
p b
elie
f th
at
pre
-N
aile
d thro
ughout th
e U
.S. as to O
sw
ald
's g
uilt
, doubts
_
ra
ise
d t
hro
ug
ho
ut
Eu
rop
e e
sca
late
d w
ith
Osw
ald
's m
ur-
der
into
alm
ost absolu
te r
eje
ction o
f th
e p
rosecution
- .:ca
se.
The J
ustice D
epart
ment th
en a
nnounced that th
e
case w
as n
ot clo
sed. W
ade c
alle
d a
pre
ss c
onfe
rence to
"reopen"
the c
ase. In
a r
adio
and tele
vis
ion s
tate
ment,
Pu
blic
ize
d t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
wo
rld
, W
nd
e p
rese
nte
d,
"th
e
evid
en
ce
, p
iece
by p
iece
, fo
r yo
u."
Y.:
.• W
ad
e is n
ot
ne
w t
o t
he
wa
ys o
f la
w e
nfo
rce
me
nt
pro
se
cu
tio
n.
He
ha
s h
eld
th
e p
ost
of
dis
tric
t a
tto
r-rineyin
Dallas 1
3 y
ears
. H
e h
as a sta
ff o
f 80, and a
n
LE
E H
AR
VE
Y O
SW
AL
D A
ND
TH
E D
AL
LA
S P
OL
ICE
H
e w
as
qu
esti
on
ed,
wit
ho
ut
cou
nse
l, f
or
48 h
ou
rs
annual
bu
dg
et
of
alm
os
t $
50
0,0
00
. F
or
mo
re t
ha
n f
ou
r ye
ars
he
wa
s a
n F
BI
ag
en
t b
efo
re b
eco
min
g d
istr
ict
attorn
ey.
He b
oasts
of obta
inin
g the d
eath
sente
nce in 2
3 o
f th
e 2
4 c
ap
ita
l ca
se
s h
e h
as p
rose
cu
ted
. It
ca
n b
e a
s-
su
me
d t
ha
t th
e O
sw
ald
ca
se
wa
s b
y f
ar
the
mo
st
im-
port
ant m
atter
that he e
ver
handle
d, and that his
ap-
peara
nce o
n S
unday to p
resent th
e e
vid
ence w
as the
hig
h p
oin
t o
f h
is c
are
er.
Th
is w
as a
n a
pp
ea
ran
ce
fo
r w
hic
h h
e h
ad
ab
un
da
ntly p
rep
are
d h
imse
lf.
' In
that light, w
e n
ow
exam
ine the "
airtight
case,"
th
e "
absolu
te c
onfirm
ation o
f O
sw
ald
's g
uilt
." W
ade p
re-
se
nte
d 1
5 a
sse
rtio
ns,
so
nic
me
re c
on
clu
sio
ns,
so
me
with
a
so
urc
e n
ot
reve
ale
d,
so
me
do
cu
me
nte
d.
He
re a
re t
he
15
asse
rtio
ns:
1—
A n
um
ber
of w
itnesses s
aw
Osw
ald
at th
e w
indow
of th
e s
ixth
flo
or
of th
e T
exas S
chool B
ook D
e-
po
sito
ry.
2—O
swal
d's
pa
lm p
rin
t a
pp
ea
red
on
th
e r
ifle
. 3
—O
sw
ald
's p
alm
prin
t a
pp
ea
red
on
a c
ard
bo
ard
bo
x
found a
t th
e w
indow
. 4
—P
ara
ffin
te
sts
on
bo
th h
an
ds s
ho
we
d t
ha
t O
sw
ald
h
ad
fire
d a
gu
n r
ece
ntly.
5—
Th
e r
ifle
, a
n I
talia
n c
arb
ine
, h
ad
be
en
pu
rch
ase
d
by O
sw
ald
, th
rou
gh
th
e m
ail,
un
de
r a
n a
ssu
me
d
na
me
. 6
—O
sw
ald
ha
d in
his
po
sse
ssio
n a
n id
en
tifica
tio
n c
ard
w
ith
th
e n
am
e H
ide
ll.
'I—
Osw
ald
was s
een in the b
uild
ing b
y a
polic
e o
ffic
er
just after
the P
resid
ent had b
een s
hot.
8—
Osw
ald
's w
ife s
aid
that his
rifle
was m
issin
g F
riday
morn
ing.
9—
Osw
ald
ha
d a
pa
cka
ge
un
de
r h
is a
rm F
rid
ay.
10—
Osw
ald
, w
hile
takin
g a
bus fro
m the s
cene, la
ughed
lou
dly
as h
e t
old
a w
om
an
pa
sse
ng
er
tha
t th
e
Pre
sid
ent had b
een s
hot.
11
—A
ta
xi d
rive
r, D
arr
yl C
lick,
too
k O
sw
ald
ho
me
, w
here
he c
hanged h
is c
loth
es.
1,14
: ii
:to.m
:y. 1.x
..L
Ce u
alc
ere
o
r F
BI
agents
, Wit
h t
his
op
pre
ssiv
e s
estr
icU
ou
In
,m
ind
. -,
-.1ns
re
on
. $0
tl„
ii "O
akvi
lle o
f th
e ev
iden
ce-
• a
c
c4E
'rrn
it"A
izzo
mla
tt4ta
iild
fir
ed
th
ron
g).
• "
,
tha
t w
ind
ow
. th
at
as
se
rtio
n i
s I
mp
ort
an
t. W
ad
e
' •
waa u
neq
uiv
ocal. s
tati
ng
, 'F
irst,
th
ere
was a
nu
mb
er
of W
it.n
eS
eel
tha
t S
aw
th
e r
an
so
m w
ith
th
r g
un
on
th
e
six
th f
loo
r o
f th
e b
oo
ksto
re b
uild
ird
. In
Ib
e k
itra
ko
k —
d
eta
ilin
g t
ho
win
de
rer—
wh
ere
he
wa
s I
ca
i&in
a (
)tit
." f
ictp
-fi
eq
uc
wil
l,' I
t d
evel
op
ed th
at
Us
e "
Ina
nta
T o
f w
itn
es
se
s'
wa
s I
n r
ea
lity
On
e •
itn
es
.s.
wh
o w
as
qu
ote
d a
s f
oll
ow
s:
'I c
an
't I
den
tify
hin
t, b
ut
if I
ate
a m
an
wh
o l
oo
ks l
ike
him
, p
oin
t h
im o
ut.
" iN
es
sw
ee
k—
De
c.
91
Su
ch
"i
de
nti
fic
ati
on
" is
at
be
at
sp
ec
ula
tiv
e a
nd
wo
uld
no
t b
e p
erm
itte
d i
n t
ha
t fo
rm a
t tr
ial.
Poin
t T
wo
Osw
ald
's p
alm
pri
nt
ap
peare
d o
n t
he r
ifle
. A
PA
LM
PR
INT
, u
nlike a
fin
gerp
rin
t, is n
ot
alw
ays
rk u
niq
uely
Id
en
tifia
ble
. N
evert
hele
ss, p
alm
pri
nts
po
s-
sib
ly b
elo
ng
ing
to
th
e s
us
pe
ct
an
d p
res
en
t o
n a
mu
rde
r w
eap
on
mu
st
be c
on
sid
ere
d im
po
rtan
t evid
en
ce. If
th
e
rifl
e d
id b
elo
ng
to
Osw
ald
, th
e p
res
en
ce
of
pa
lm p
rin
ts
the
re m
igh
t b
e n
orm
al a
nd
ne
ed
no
t le
ad
to
th
e in
evit
-ab
le c
on
clu
sio
n t
hat
Osw
ald
fir
ed
th
e f
ata
l sh
ots
. H
ow
-e
ve
r, s
pe
cu
lati
on
in
th
is a
rea
is
no
t n
ow
re
qu
ire
d t
o
reb
ut
Wad
e's
seco
nd
po
int.
Th
e F
BI n
ow
sta
tes t
hat
"no
p
alm
pri
nts
were
fo
un
d o
n t
he r
ifle
."
Th
is c
on
clu
sio
n, fi
rst
ca
rrie
d in
th
e F
ort
Wo
rth
pre
ss
, w
as
la
ter
lea
ke
d t
o r
ep
ort
ers
by
th
e F
BI
in o
ff-t
he
-re
co
rd b
riefi
ng
sessio
ns. T
he F
BI at
that
tim
e t
oo
k t
he
po
sit
ion
th
at "w
e d
on
't h
ave
to
w
orr
y a
bout prints
in
this
ca
se."
T
he
FB
I in
dic
ate
d a
ng
er
with
Wa
de
fo
r sta
tin
g t
ha
t a
pa
lm p
rin
t w
as p
rese
nt
wh
en
In
fa
ct
it
was n
ot.
,or
Po
int
Th
ree
Os
wa
ld's
pa
lm p
rin
t a
pp
ea
red
on
a c
ard
bo
ard
bo
x
fou
nd
at
the w
ind
ow
, W
AD
E S
TA
TE
D, "O
n t
his
bo
x t
hat
the d
efe
nd
an
t V
W w
as s
itting o
n, his
palm
print w
as found a
nd w
as
ide
ntifie
d a
s h
is."
In
asm
uch
as a
pa
lm p
rin
t is
no
t a
l-w
ays u
niq
uely
identifiable
, dependin
g o
n the n
um
ber
of
ch
ara
cte
ristics t
ha
t a
re
rea
da
ble
, th
e p
alm
prin
t very
lik
ely
was n
ot definitely
"id
entified a
s h
is."
It
ha
d b
ee
n a
lle
ge
d e
arlie
r th
at
the
de
fen
da
nt
ate
gre
asy, fr
ied c
hic
ken a
t th
e w
indow
. T
he p
resence
of
a p
alm
prin
t in
dic
ate
s t
ha
t h
e w
ore
no
glo
ve
s a
nd
to
ok n
o p
recautions to p
revent a tra
il o
f fingerp
rints
and p
alm
prints
. N
evert
hele
ss, no p
rints
of th
e d
e-
fen
da
nt
we
re f
ou
nd
on
th
e f
loo
rs,
wa
lls,
win
do
w le
dg
e,
win
do
w f
ram
e o
r w
ind
ow
. O
nly
a m
ova
ble
ca
rdb
oa
rd
cart
on, subsequently p
resent at th
e p
olic
e s
tation w
hile
th
e d
efe
ndant' w
as a
lso t
here
, is
now
alle
ged to h
ave
his
pri
nt.
A
n o
ve
r-ze
alo
us
in
ve
stig
ato
ry s
taff
mig
ht
arr
an
ge
to
se
cu
re s
uch
a p
rin
t a
fte
r th
e fact, C
ert
ain
ly the h
an-
dlin
g o
f th
is c
ase
by the D
alla
s a
uth
orities w
as m
ark
ed
by o
ve
r-ze
alo
us d
esire
to
co
nvic
t th
e d
efe
nd
an
t. A
dis
- (C
ontinued o
n P
ag
e 6
)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
In Reply, Please Refer to File No.
Detroit, Michigan February 17, 1964
Re: Assassination of-President John F. Kennedy, 11/22/63, Dallas, Texas
On February 14, 1964, Mark Lane, who described himself as a New York Attorney and the attorney for Mrs. Marguerite Oswald, mother of Lee Harvey Oswald, made a speech'at the Central Methodist Church, Woodward and Adams Streets, Detroit, Michigan.
During this speech, Lane said that he had prepared a brief concerning the Oswald case and that in about two weeks he was going to seek to obtain an appointment with United States Attorney General Robert Kennedy in order to present this brief, as well as other evidence he had developed in this matter, to the Attorney General.
•
