Gene Regulation: Eukaryotes - Western Oregon Universitywou.edu/~guralnl/311eukaryGenReg.pdf ·...
Transcript of Gene Regulation: Eukaryotes - Western Oregon Universitywou.edu/~guralnl/311eukaryGenReg.pdf ·...
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Gene Regulation: Eukaryotes• Levels of Control• Genome Differences:
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote• Gene Regulation• Gene Dosage • Gene Amplification • Heterochromatin and DNA
methylation• Transcriptional Factors• Differential processing • Translational control
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Levels of Control
• Transcriptional Control
• Processing • Transport • Translational Control • Ex: Globin synthesis
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Genome Differences: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
• monocistronic (though some nematodes have polygenic mRNA)
• exons and introns• histones and packaging • no simultaneous
transcription and translation
• Gene Dosage • Gene Amplification
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Heterochromatin and DNA methylation
•Xic (1 Mb in length) and Xist (lacks an ORF)•Not translated•RNA product•Coats chromosome•Counting?•Progeny cells?
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X-chromosome inactivation Gene Dosage compensation
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Histones
•Change in chromatin structure•Lysine residues in histones•Histone acetyl Transferases (HAT)•Histone deacetylases
+Acetate group
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Promoters: Pro vs Euk
Base level of transcription
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Transcriptional Control: Cis Factors
• DNA Sequences• TATA box • Enhancers
•Cis acting elements•Enhancers: upstream/downstream•Can be inserted into the gene•Tissue specific
Mutations
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Enhancers
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Trans Factors
• Proteins: receptor complex
• Binding domains: DNA & Protein binding areas
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Helix-turn-helix
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Trans FactorsMajor groove of DNA
zinc fingers and leucine zipper looping of DNA
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Example: Steroids
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Alternative gene splicing
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Differential processing
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Humans and Chimps
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Translational control
• mRNA stability• ½ life and turnover• Feedback inhibition