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by: Lanny Hartanti

Gene Expression &Regulation

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Summary

A.Gene Expression Translation

Transcription A biochemical Model

B. Gene Regulation Repressor

Activator Feedback Control Models for gene regulation network

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DNA and RNA have a backboneof sugar - phosphate

DNA

RNA

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DNA is stored in the Nucleus

Each DNA molecule is a

Chromosome

Number of chromosomes

varies for each species

A DNA molecule has sectionsthat code for a protein

called Genes

Gene protein

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Gene Expression

Gene is just a small part of DNA. The gene expressionfollows the process of:

DNA RNA Protein

Gene expression shows big difference betweenprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Most of the

models of gene networks proposed in literatureare for prokaryotic cells.

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Transcription

Transcription from DNA toRNA is based on the base pair.However RNA doesnt have T, instead it has U,

which pairs with Ajust as T does.

RNA is an intermediarybetween DNA and Protein

mRNA carries the information onhow to make a proteinfrom nucleus to ribosome

Other RNAs involved in proteinsynthesis: tRNA and rRNA

How is the information convertedfrom DNA to RNA to protein?

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e expression involves two steps

TranscriptionWhat happens?

Where does it takeplace?

Translation

What happens?

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Transcription: from DNA to mRNA

The Parts involved:A (only one side is the template)

le nucleotides (to make the new mRNA)

NA polymerase (enzyme)

Product: mRNA

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After transcription and before translation,mRNA needs to be edited

Capping and tailingadds extra nucleotides

RNA splicingcut and paste

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Translation: from mRNA to protein

The parts involved:

mRNAtRNARibosomes (rRNA)amino acids (attached totRNA)

The processInitiationElongation

Codon recognitionPeptide bondformation

TranslocationTermination

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Regulation of Gene Expression

Internal Regulation: Control

takes place during many stepsof gene expression

Valve = regulation step

During each regulation step:

If necessary molecules(usually other proteins) arenot present, valve is not openand process stops

Most important step is transcription

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Transcription factors are a group ofproteinsthat control transcription step

Transcriptionfactors turngenes on byttaching to enhancers

Making it easier forRNA polymerase tobindto DNA and begin

transcription

What happens

if there are no

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External Regulation:

signals from the outside control geneexpression

1. Signal molecule (likehormone)

produced by anothercell

2. it binds to receptor proteinsin cell

membrane3-4. This starts a signaltransduction pathwayseries ofmolecular changes thatconverts a signal into a response

This pathway activates atranscription factorallows transcription of DNA into RNA

And translation of RNA into protein

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REGULASI TINGKAT GEN

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THANK

YOU