Gender Segregation on Campuses: A Cross-Time Comparison in the Higher Education Sector among Japan, Korea

and Taiwan

Organized Workshop at the 11th EASTS Network Meeting

Tokyo Tech, Nov.15-16, 2013

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Presenters and Discussant• Presenters (research team) :

– Yen-Wen Peng (National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan)– Mariko Ogawa (Mie University, Japan)– Eunkyoung Lee (Chunbuk National University, South Korea)– Ginko Kawano (Yamagata University, Japan)– Kae Takarabe (Chubu University, Japan)– Hisako Ohtsubo (Nihon University, Japan)– Li-Ling Tsai (National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan)

• Discussant:– Neelam Kumar (National Institute of Science, Technology

and Development Studies, India)

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Background

• The UN called for sex-disaggregated data in all areas of development, including S&T, at the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women.

• The EC formed a Women and Science Working Group (WSG) in 2000 to coordinate actions to promote women in European research.

• The publication of She figures 2003 is remarked as “the initiator of ‘a new era’, making available sex-disaggregated data on human resources in the European Research Area”

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Background

• The idea to establish an East-Asian network to promote gender equity in science and technology emerged in 2006, initiated by Professor Mariko Ogawa, and engaged feminist scholars from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

• The team began establishing a comparable framework and collecting statistics of university students since 2012. A roundtable discussion of the preliminary findings took place at the 10th EASTS Network Conference in Seoul.

• This workshop is a follow-up of the roundtable discussion, and the statistics of faculty members in higher education sector is added in addition to those of students.

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Methodology

• The data of this paper were collected from secondary governmental statistics by authors from each country.

• Reclassified according to She Figures, which draws on– ISCED 97 (International Standard Classification of

Education, 1997 version) for the classification of fields of study 7 fields

– the Canberra Manual (ISCED 76) for the classification of fields of S&T employment 6 fields.

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UNIVERSITY STUDENTSSEX-DISAGGREGATED STATISTICS OF

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F.1 Proportion of female PhD graduates

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2004 JP KR TW

M F M F M F

ED 180 157 166 183 76 57

HM 717 622 551 392 87 85

SS 878 376 977 211 225 113

MS 1311 247 877 266 275 85

EN 3017 338 1864 107 819 61

AG 845 284 231 35 54 25

HW 3483 1245 1420 592 103 85

others 953 467 223 246 14 1

HC of total 11384 3736 6309 2032 1653 512

% 75.3% 24.7% 75.6% 24.4% 76.4% 23.6%

2011 JP KR TWM F M F M F

ED 185 194 246 400 121 164

HM 839 791 875 821 123 153

SS 797 437 1496 624 329 214

MS 1045 210 1213 567 490 180

EN 2912 458 2669 266 1403 161

AG 711 290 224 70 74 46

HW 3454 1614 1318 773 212 166

others 1260 695 270 294 17 8

HC of total 11203 4689 8311 3815 2769 1092

% 70.5% 29.5% 68.5% 31.5% 71.7% 28.3% 8

F.2 Numbers of PhD graduates across the broad fields of study by sex

F.3 Distribution of PhD graduates across the broad fields of study by sex

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F.4 Compound annual growth rate of PhD graduates by sex

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F.5 Compound annual growth rate of PhD graduates by broad fields of study, 2004-2011

EDU HM SS MS EN AG HW

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

JP 0.39 3.07 2.27 2.58 -1.37 2.17 -3.19 -2.29 -0.50 4.44 -2.44 0.30 -0.12 3.78

KR 5.78 11.81 6.83 11.14 6.28 16.75 4.74 11.42 5.26 13.89 -0.44 10.41 -1.06 3.88

TW 6.87 16.30 5.07 8.76 5.58 9.55 8.60 11.31 7.99 14.87 4.60 9.10 10.86 10.03

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Academic Staff (FACULTY)SEX-DISAGGREGATED STATISTICS OF

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F.13 b Numbers of Academic staff by sex, 2011

2004 JAPAN KOREA TAIWAN

M F M F M F

sum 114024 21821 52629 10986 22028 6978

% 83.9% 16.1% 82.7% 17.3% 75.9% 24.1%

2011 JAPAN KOREA TAIWAN

M F M F M F

sum 115177 27435 63957 17809 27923 11410

% 80.8% 19.2% 78.2% 21.8% 71% 29%

F.13 a Numbers of Academic staff by sex, 2004

F.14 Proportion of Academic Staff by Grade

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F.15 Proportion of men and women in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, JP, Korea and Taiwan (2004)

F.16 Proportion of men and women in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, JP, Korea and Taiwan (2011)

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1995

2000

2005

2010

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1990

TaiwanKorea

● Equal Employment Opportunity Act 　　 for Men and Women (1985)

● Established Headquarters for Promotion of Gender Equality in the Cabinet(1994)

● The Basic Law for a Gender-equal Society(1999)

● The Basic Plan for Gender Equality(2000)● Promoting the Participation of Women in National Advisory Councils and Committees (2000)● Recruiting and Promoting of Female National Public Officers (2001)● The Promotion of Measures to Support Women‘s Challenges (2003) ~ Numerical target: “30% by 2020” in leading positions in various fields~

● 2nd Basic Plan for Gender Equality (2005)

● Supporting Activities for Female Researchers (2006)● Restart Postdoctoral Fellowship (RPD) ＆ Support for female students  interested in the science stream (2006)

● Supporting Positive Activities for Female Researchers (2009)

● Supporting Research Activities of Female Researchers (2011)● Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and  Technology （ FIRST)(2011) <25% female>

▲ Equal Employment Act (1987)

▲ Women’s Development Act (1995)

▲ Act on Support of Women-Owned

Business Enterprises (1999)

▲ Basic Law of S&T (2001)

▲ Women’s Development Act:

Agriculture and Fisheries (2001)

▲ Act on Fostering and Supporting Women

in Science and Technology (2002)

▲ Development of RTS for Women in S&T(2003?)

▲ Promotion Target System (PTS) (2006)

★ Local Government Act (1999): ¼ quota for women councilors

★ Gender Equal Employment Act (2002)

★ Gender Equity Education Act (2004)

★ CWRP became Commission on Gender Equity, new sector of environment, energy, and technology added (2010)

★ Department of Gender Equality of Executive Yuan established (2012)

★Commission on Women’s Right Promotion (CWRP) of Executive Yuan (1997)

★ Gender Mainstreaming Implementation Plan of Executive Yuan (2005)

★ 1/3 quota for each sex in all Central Government councils (2005)

★ Gender Mainstreaming Task Force established at National Science Council (2006)

★ Special Budget on Gender and Science research grants (2007) ★ Child Rearing Grace Period for NSC grants applicants(2007)

★ Child Rearing Grace Period for academic promotion (2010)

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Questions for discussion

• How do we characterize and interpret the statistics and trends in each country respectively?

• Can we explain the changes or lack of changes in terms of the related social, economic, cultural and policy factors in these countries? (cf. the chart of Gender and S&T Milestones in Japan, Korea and Taiwan)

• How is an Asian version of She Figures necessary and/or possible?

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Thank you for your attention

• Special thanks to:– Research Assistants from Taiwan: Yu-Ching Juang, Nel Lin,

& Yungchi Juang, who help with the calculation of statistics and the making of all charts and tables for the paper.

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