Gender Inequality & Development by Vibhuti Patel

8/7/2019 Gender Inequality & Development by Vibhuti Patel

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Gender Inequality &Gender Inequality &

DevelopmentDevelopmentDr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSRDr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR

Prof. & HOD, Department of Economics,Prof. & HOD, Department of Economics,

SNDT Womens University,SNDT Womens University,

Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate,Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate,

MumbaiMumbai--400020400020

PhonePhone--26770227, 22052970 (o)26770227, 22052970 (o)MobileMobile--93210400489321040048

E mail:[email protected] mail:[email protected]


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Concept of Human DevelopmentConcept of Human Development

the real aim of development is to improve the quality ofthe real aim of development is to improve the quality ofhuman life.human life.

process that enables human beings to realize theirprocess that enables human beings to realize theirpotential, build selfpotential, build self--confidence and lead lives of dignityconfidence and lead lives of dignityand fulfillment.and fulfillment.

Economic growth is an important component ofEconomic growth is an important component ofdevelopment, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can itdevelopment, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can itgo on indefinitely.go on indefinitely.

Although people differ in the goals that they would setAlthough people differ in the goals that they would set

for development, some are virtually universal.for development, some are virtually universal. These include a long and healthy life, education, accessThese include a long and healthy life, education, access

to the resources needed for a decent standard of living,to the resources needed for a decent standard of living,political freedom, guaranteed human rights, andpolitical freedom, guaranteed human rights, andfreedom from violence. Development is real only if itfreedom from violence. Development is real only if it

makes our lives better in all these respects.makes our lives better in all these respects.


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Genesis of HD Approach:Genesis of HD Approach:

TrickleTrickle--down Theory, 1950down Theory, 1950

Growth with social justice andGrowth with social justice and

distributive justice, 1960distributive justice, 1960 Esther Boserup (1970)s seminalEsther Boserup (1970)s seminal

workwork

Asian DramaAsian Drama--Volume I, II, III, 1971Volume I, II, III, 1971 Human Resource Development, 1980Human Resource Development, 1980

Human Development, 1990Human Development, 1990


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Definition ofGender EqualityDefinition ofGender Equality

equality is the cornerstone of every

equality is the cornerstone of everydemocratic society that aspires to socialdemocratic society that aspires to socialjustice and human rights. UN Generaljustice and human rights. UN GeneralAssembly, 2002Assembly, 2002

gender equality in terms of capabilitiesgender equality in terms of capabilities(education, health, and nutrition) and(education, health, and nutrition) andopportunities (economic and decisionopportunities (economic and decision--making). UNDP, 1995making). UNDP, 1995

equality under the law, equality ofequality under the law, equality of

opportunity (including equality of rewards foropportunity (including equality of rewards forwork and equality in access to human capitalwork and equality in access to human capitaland other productive resources that enableand other productive resources that enableopportunity), and equality of voice (theopportunity), and equality of voice (the

ability to influence and contribute to theability to influence and contribute to the


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Gender InequalitiesGender Inequalities Gender inequalities exist because ofGender inequalities exist because of

discrimination in the family anddiscrimination in the family andsocietal institutions and social,societal institutions and social,cultural, and religious norms thatcultural, and religious norms thatperpetuate stereotypes, practicesperpetuate stereotypes, practicesand beliefs that are detrimental toand beliefs that are detrimental towomen.women.

Amartya Sen (2001) narrates sevenAmartya Sen (2001) narrates sevenforms of gender inequalitiesforms of gender inequalities--mortality, natality, basic facility,mortality, natality, basic facility,special opportunity, profession,special opportunity, profession,

ownership and household.ownership and household.


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Redress for discriminationRedress for discrimination

Convention to Eliminate All Forms ofConvention to Eliminate All Forms ofDiscrimination against WomenDiscrimination against Women

(CEDAW), adopted by the U.N.(CEDAW), adopted by the U.N.General Assembly in 1979.General Assembly in 1979.

Economic institutions and policyEconomic institutions and policy

modern marketsmodern markets

legal rightslegal rights


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Empowerment of WomenEmpowerment of Women

Several experts agree that an empoweredSeveral experts agree that an empoweredwoman is one who has the agency towoman is one who has the agency toformulate strategic choices and to controlformulate strategic choices and to controlresources and decisions that affectresources and decisions that affect

important life outcomesimportant life outcomes agency to use rights, capabilities,agency to use rights, capabilities,

resources, and place in decisionresources, and place in decision--makingmakingbodies (such as is provided throughbodies (such as is provided through

leadership opportunities and participationleadership opportunities and participationin political institutions).in political institutions).


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Economic Basis of PatriarchyEconomic Basis of Patriarchy

Control over womensControl over womens

1.1. SexualitySexuality--dress code, restriction,dress code, restriction,double standards of morality, codedouble standards of morality, codeof conductof conduct

2.2. FertilityFertility--Son producing ,machines,Son producing ,machines,pro & antipro & anti--natalist policiesnatalist policies

3.3. LabourLabour--unpaid work, segmentation,unpaid work, segmentation,unequal wages, opportunities,unequal wages, opportunities,treatmenttreatment


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Market, Mobility & WomenMarket, Mobility & Women

Women in poverty groupsWomen in poverty groups

Female Headed HouseholdsFemale Headed Households

Feminisation of PovertyFeminisation of Poverty Structural Adjustment ProgrammeStructural Adjustment Programme

Customary laws, family lawsCustomary laws, family laws

DisplacementDisplacementViolence Against womenViolence Against women


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WIDWID

WID Women in Development modelWID Women in Development modelexplains the reasons for women beingexplains the reasons for women beingtreated as beneficiaries of the crumbstreated as beneficiaries of the crumbs

thrown at them, in the margin of thethrown at them, in the margin of theeconomy, consumer and an auxiliaryeconomy, consumer and an auxiliarylabour force to be utilised in the crisislabour force to be utilised in the crisisperiod and eased out the momentperiod and eased out the momentmen are ready for take over.men are ready for take over. TheThediscourse revolved around the economicdiscourse revolved around the economicgrowth paradigm.growth paradigm.


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WADWAD

WADWAD--Women and DevelopmentWomen and Development modelmodelintegrates women in the developmentintegrates women in the developmentwork as active change agents.work as active change agents.

Affirmative action by the state and proAffirmative action by the state and pro--active approach by the civil societyactive approach by the civil societythrough NGOs and women's groups arethrough NGOs and women's groups are

advocated by these models foradvocated by these models forempowerment of women against theempowerment of women against theforces of patriarchal class society.forces of patriarchal class society.


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GADGAD

GADGAD--Gender and DevelopmentGender and Development model ismodel isbased on an understanding of genderbased on an understanding of genderrelations and empowers the weak (he orrelations and empowers the weak (he orshe). Gender is socially constructed andshe). Gender is socially constructed and

gender relations are power relations. Heregender relations are power relations. Herepower is an important analytical category.power is an important analytical category.Explicit measures of gender inequalitiesExplicit measures of gender inequalitiesare sexare sex--ratio, literacy rates, health andratio, literacy rates, health andnutrition indicators, wage differentials,nutrition indicators, wage differentials,ownership of land and property.ownership of land and property.


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Visibility of women in statisticsVisibility of women in statistics

and data systemand data system Formulation of gender aware data system on literacy,Formulation of gender aware data system on literacy,education level, employment and earnings, health and welleducation level, employment and earnings, health and well--being, sources of livelihood helps proper planning and policybeing, sources of livelihood helps proper planning and policymaking for empowerment of women. Intermaking for empowerment of women. Inter --district, Interdistrict, Inter--state and cross country comparisions of women'sstate and cross country comparisions of women'sempowerment are obtained from Gender related Developmentempowerment are obtained from Gender related DevelopmentIndex (GDI).Index (GDI).

GDI owes its origin to its precursor, the HDI (HumanGDI owes its origin to its precursor, the HDI (HumanDevelopment Index), three main components of which are perDevelopment Index), three main components of which are percapita income, educational attainment and lifecapita income, educational attainment and life--expectancyexpectancywhich is a proxy for health attainment.which is a proxy for health attainment.

Gender disparities are measured keeping these threeGender disparities are measured keeping these three

indicators into consideration. "An additional measure, genderindicators into consideration. "An additional measure, genderempowerment measure (GEM) has been formulated to takeempowerment measure (GEM) has been formulated to takeinto account aspects relating to economic participation andinto account aspects relating to economic participation anddecisiondecision--making by women. The indicators used in GEM aremaking by women. The indicators used in GEM areshare in income, share in parliamentary seats and an indexshare in income, share in parliamentary seats and an indexthat includes share in administrative and managerial jobs andthat includes share in administrative and managerial jobs andshare in professional and technical posts. UNDPshare in professional and technical posts. UNDP


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HDRsHDRs

National Human Development ReportNational Human Development Report(HDR), 2001(HDR), 2001

State and City Human DevelopmentState and City Human DevelopmentReports:Reports: Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Kerala, WestMaharashtra, Tamilnadu, Kerala, WestBengal, Karnataka, Delhi, GujaratBengal, Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat

The human development approach whichThe human development approach whichfocuses on demographic, health, education,focuses on demographic, health, education,employment and human rights issues of womenemployment and human rights issues of women

provides realistic insights to address womensprovides realistic insights to address womensconcerns.concerns.


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Gender Inequality & Development by Vibhuti Patel

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