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Millennium Development Goals
Data available as of March 2014 P:TrevorSamso
n/WorldBank
UNITED NATIONS
asdfSpecial edition for the 5thsession of the Commission on the Status of Women, 10-21 March 2014, New York
Gender ChartUNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION
UN WOMEN
Millennium Development Goals
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GOAL 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Large gender gaps in employment persist and may have been exacerbated by the global financial crisis in some regionsEmployment-to-population ratio, women and men, 2000-2012 (Percentage)
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
78.5
67.2
74.0
61.1
74.8
42.7
49.1
75.3
65.5
48.0
68.4
50.6
78.5
55.6
78.8
56.5
70.9 71.0
58.1
71.9
62.8
72.2
63.3
64.7
47.9
62.0
49.0
76.5
48.7
65.4 67.7
15.517.7
68.2 68.4
19.0 20.1
78.9 77.1
32.028.2
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Western Asia Eastern AsiaLatin America and
the Caribbean
Caucasus and
Central Asia
South-eastern
Asia
Northern
Africa
Southern Asia Oceania Developed
regions
Developing
regions
MenGender gap Women
55.6
74.7
46.6
Te lack o data on womens experiences o poverty and hunger limits the
analysis o MDG 1 to womens employment outcomes. Between 2000 and
2012, womens employment-to-population ratio declined globally rom
48.5 per cent to 47.1 per cent compared to 73.9 and 72.2 per cent or men. In
2012, emale employment ratio was stil l 25.1 percentage points lower than
males. North Arica, Southern Asia and Western Asia stand out as regions
where women are particularly disadvantaged with gender gaps in employ-
ment o 50.0, 48.9 and 48.3 percentage points, respectively.
Te global financial crisis has contributed significantly to the decline in
employment ratio in some regions and has had a significant impact on
women. Globally, whereas beore the crisis (2000-2007) emale employ-
ment ratio declined only modest ly by 0.1 percentage points (compared to a
0.8 decline or men), between 2007 and 2012, they declined by 1.3 percent-
age points compared to 0.9 percentage points decline or men.
While the share of people in vulnerable employment is decreasing, large gender gaps persist in most regionsProportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment, women and men, 2000-2012 (Percentage)
80.4
68.4 68.3
70.6
61.9
64.5
52.6
43.2
11.5
10.4 8.5
11.0
69.2
60.0
60.9
35.1
36.0
31.7
31.7
50.1
49.2
45.9 47.5
29.226.9
51.5
34.1
28.4
19.5
88.2
76.773.3
87.0
74.0
85.5
69.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 Northern
Africa
Western AsiaEastern Asia Latin America and
the Caribbean
Caucasus and
Central Asia
South-eastern
Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Southern Asia Oceania Developed
regions
Developing
regions
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
2003
2006
2009
2000
2012
MenGender gap Women
41.7
39.6
56.5
80.4
63.7
80.0
54.5
51.6
Globally the proportion o women in vulnerable employment declined
rom 55.3 per cent in 2000 to 49.3 in 2012, compared to 50.5 and 47.1 per
cent or men. Both the scale o vulnerable employment and the gap be-
tween women and men differ widely across regions. Sub-Saharan Arica,
Southern Asia and Oceania have the highest shares o people in vulnerable
employment with values o over 80 per cent or women and around 70 per
cent or men. Te widest gender gaps can be ound in Northern Arica and
sub-Saharan Arica with 20.6 and 15.6 percentage points, respectively.
Due to pervasive occupational segregation, women are overrepresented inlow paid jobs, have less access to social protection, and are paid on average
less than men or work o equal value. Womens employment opportunities
are urther limited by the disproportionate amounts o unpaid care work
that they perorm.
S: ILO, 2014 (Global Employment rends)
S ILO, 2014 (Global Employment rends)
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GOAL 2 Achieve universal primary education
Girls have made significant progress in primary and lower secondary enrolment, but with regional variationsGirls' adjusted net enrolment rates in primary and lower secondary education,2000 and 2011 (Percentage)
Latin America & the Caribbean0.97
Northern Africa
0.98
0.94
Sub-Saharan Africa
0.83
0.93
Western Asia0.93
0.90
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00
0.96
Developing regions0.97
Eastern Asia
1.04
1.04
South-eastern Asia
1.01
1.07
0.99
Caucasus and Central Asia
0.97
0.98
Southern Asia
0.92
0.98
2015 Target = Gender parity index between 0.97 and 1.03
Primary Secondary 2000
Gender parity in primary education has been reached and parity in secondary education is close to being achievedGender parity index for gross enrolment ratios in primary and secondaryeducation, 2000 and 2011
Globally, gender parity in primary education has been reached. Devel-
oping countries as a whole achieved gender parity in gross enrolment in
primary education in 2011, rom 0.92 in 2000. Southern Asia has made
significant progress, increasing the gender parity index (GPI) or gross en-
rolment rom 0.84 in 2000 to 0.98 in 2011. In Western Asia, sub-Saharan
Arica and Northern Arica, progress has been less remarkable but all
three regions are moving towards parity.
In developing regions, the gender parity index or gross secondary enrol-
ment has increased between 2000 and 2011 rom 0.89 to 0.96. However,there are wide disparities across regions with the GPI ranging rom a high
o 1.07 in Latin America and the Caribbean (denoting an advantage or
girls), to a low o 0.83 in sub-Saharan Arica.
While the progress on enrolment rates is welcome, improving learning
outcomes and tackling barriers to girls education, such as child marriage
and violence against girls in the learning environment, are important
challenges that need to be addressed.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Primary Lower secondary 2000
Developed regions
Developing regions
Eastern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Latin America & the Caribbean
Northern Africa
Caucasus and Central Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
90
94
96
89
96
75
60
83
92
69
93
95
89
96
89
96
79
97
97
98
Tere has been significant progress in girls enrolment in both primary
and lower secondary education in developing countries. Between 2000
and 2011, the net enrolment rate or girls increased rom 79 to 89 per cent
or primary education and rom 67 to 79 per cent or lower secondary edu-
cation.
Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Arica have made the greatest progress
towards universal primary education or girls with an increase o their net
enrolment by 20 and 19 percentage points, respectively.
Despite progress towards universal primary education or girls, countries
are ar rom achieving universal enrolment in lower secondary education.
Poverty is the most important actor preventing girls and boys rom at-
tending school, but gender and location also play a role.
S: UNESCO Instit ute for Statistics database, 2014
S: UNESCO Institute for
Statistics database, 2014
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GOAL 3 Promote gender equality and empower women
24
16Developed regions
25
15Latin America and The Caribbean
2113
Sub-Saharan Africa
20
20Eastern Asia
19
7Southern Asia
18
12South-eastern Asia
18
7Caucasus and Central Asia
18
3Northern Africa
12
4Western Asia
4
3
Oceania
2000
2013
Developing regions
20
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Despite significant progress since 2000, only 1 in 5 parliamentarians was a woman in 2013Proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses ofnational parliaments, 2000 and 2013 (Percentage)
29.8%
Region of the
Americas
25.4%
European Region
37%
Eastern
Mediterranean Region
37.7%
South-East Asia
Region
High-income countries
Region of Americas
Eastern Mediterranean Region
African Region
South-East Asia Region
Western Pacific Region
European Region
Low- and Middle-Income Regions 36.6%African Region
23.2%
High-income
countries
24.6%
Region
Western Pacific
Violence against women is a pervasive violation of womens human rights across all regionsLifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence against women, by WHO regions (Percentage)
Between 2000 and 2013, progress in womens representation in national
parliaments was impressive in some regions, including Northern A-
rica (rom 3 to 18 per cent) and Western Asia and Southern Asia (rom
4 to 12 per cent and rom 7 to 19 per cent, respectively). However, glob-
ally women continue to be underrepresented in decision-making. In
2013, only 21 per cent o parliamentarians in single or lower houses were
women, up rom 14 per cent in 2000. Gender gaps also persist in areas o
decision-making not monitored by the MDGs: as o June 2013, 8 women
served as Heads o State and 13 women served as Heads o Government.
As o January 2012, only 17 per cent o government ministers were women.
Increasing womens decision-making power is not limited to their role in
parliaments or governments. Whether it is in the public or private sphere,
women continue to be denied opportunities to participate in decisions
that affect their lives. Increasing womens bargaining power within the
household contributes to improvements in childrens nutrition, survival
rates and literacy. Yet survey data shows that womens decision-making
power at home remains significantly lower than that o men when it comes
to large household purchases, visiting amily, relatives and riends, and
their own health.
While the three indicators under Goal 3 reflect important dimensions o
gender inequality, MDG 3 does not cover several critical issues such as
womens disproportionate share o unpaid care work, womens unequal
access to assets, violations o womens and girls sexual and reproduc-
tive health and rights, their unequal participation in private and pub-
lic decision-making beyond national parliaments and violence against
women and girls.
According to the data available, 30 per cent o women worldwide have
experienced intimate partner violence. Although the prevalence differs
among the regions, a large number o women in all regions suffer rom
physical and/or sexual violence, usually at the hands o their intimate
partners.
S: United Nations, 2013 (Te Millennium Development Goals Report)
S: WHO, 2013 (Global and regional estimates of v iolence against women)Note:Regional averages are based on analysis
of 81 countries with data available.
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GOAL 4 Reduce child mortality
Significant progress in reducing child mortality, but son preference continues to threaten girls survival
in Southern AsiaUnder-five mortality rates by sex, 1990 and 2011 (Deaths per 1,000 live births)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Boys 1990
Boys 2012
Girls 1990
Girls 2012
Latin America
&
Caribbean
Sub-Saharan
Africa
South-
eastern
Asia
Northern
Africa
Oceania Caucasus
&
Central Asia
Southern Asia Western Asia Eastern Asia
168
186
128123
92
103
58 57
7075
2420
69
50
79
5965
32
81
41
65
27
77
34
61
23
69
27
51
13
55
15
49
17
58
21
Global progress on reducing child mortality has been significant since
1990. According to the latest estimates, the under-five mortality rate
has declined rom 90 to 48 deaths per 1,000 live births. Tere has been
progress in all regions but this progress has been uneven. In 2012, sub-
Saharan Arica and Southern Asia together accounted or 82 per cent o
the total number o under-five deaths global ly, up rom 67 per cent in 1990.
Due to their physiological advantage over boys in terms o child survival,
in the majority o countries where data are available, girls enjoy a better
survival over boys. However, there are important exceptions. Southern
Asia, or example, has a slightly higher under-five mortality rate or girls
than or boys, implying the existence o discriminatory practices related
to son preerence.
Educating women and girls can significantly reduce child mortalityRatio of under-five mortality rate of children of mothers withno education to that of children of mothers with secondary or highereducation, and of children of mothers with no education to children ofmothers with primary education, most recent survey 2000-2010
S: UNICEF, 2013 (Levels & rends in Child Morta lity Report)
Mothers education remains a powerul determinant o child survival.
Children o educated mothers are more likely to survive than children o
mothers with no education. In the Northern Arican and Western Asian
regions, or example, children o mothers with no education are almost
twice as likely to die as children o mothers with primary education. For
children whose mothers have secondary education the chances o survival
more than triple compared to children o mothers without education. In-
come is another important determinant o inequality. Poorest households
show higher child mortality in all regions compared to richest households,though the gap is narrowing in most regions.
Northern Africa & Western Asia
Latin America & the Caribbean
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia (excluding China) & South-Eastern Asia
Developing regions
3.3
1.9
3.3
1.6
2.3
1.5
2.1
1.3
Sub-Saharan Africa2.0
1.4
2.7
1.5
0 1 2 3 4
Equality
Children of mothers with no education compared to children of
mothers with secondary or higher education
Children of mothers with no education compared to children of
mothers with primary education
Note: Analysis is based on 78 developing countries with data on under five mortality rates by
mothers education, accounting for 75 per cent of total births in developing countries in 2010.
S: United Nations, 2012 (Te Millennium Development Goals Report)
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GOAL 5 Improve maternal health
Most maternal deaths are preventableCauses of Maternal Deaths
Ectopic pregnancy 0%Embolism 0%
Anaemia 13%
Abortion 6%
Obstructed labour9%
Other direct causesof deaths 2%
Unclassified deaths6%
HIV/AIDS 0%
Hypertensivedisorders 9%
Sepsis 12%
Other indirect causesof deaths 13%
Haemorrhage 31%
Asia
Ectopicpregnancy 1%
Embolism 2%
Anaemia 4%Abortion 4%
Obstructed labour4%
Other direct causesof deaths 5%
Unclassified deaths5%
HIV/AIDS 6%
Hypertensivedisorders 9%
Sepsis 10%Other indirect
causes of deaths17%
Haemorrhage 34%
Africa
Ectopic pregnancy5%
Embolism 15%
Anaemia 0%
Abortion 8%
Obstructed labour0%
Other direct causesof deaths 21%
Unclassified deaths5%
HIV/AIDS 0%
Hypertensivedisorders 16%
Sepsis 2%
Other indirectcauses of deaths
14%
Haemorrhage 13%
Developed regionsEctopic pregnancy
1%Embolism 1%
Anaemia 0%
Abortion 12%
Obstructed labour13%
Other direct causesof deaths 4%
Unclassified deaths12%
HIV/AIDS 0%Hypertensivedisorders 26%
Sepsis 8%
Other indirect causesof deaths 4%
Haemorrhage 21%
Latin America
Globally, there were an estimated 287,000 maternal deaths in 2010, a de-
cline o 47 per cent rom the level in 1990, but well below the MDG target
to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters by 2015. High
levels o maternal mortality persist in sub-Saharan Arica and Southern
Asia, which together accounted or 85 per cent o the total maternal deathsin 2010.
Approximately 80 per cent o maternal deaths could be averted i women
had access to essential maternity and basic health-care services. Te caus-
es o maternal mortality vary by region but are generally due to a lack o
emergency obstetric care services, low levels o skilled assistance at deliv-
ery, particularly or poor women, and the continued denial o sexual and
reproductive health and rights or women and girls in many countries. In
particular, unsae abortions also constitute a leading cause o maternal
deaths. Globally, in 2008, an estimated 21.6 million unsae abortions took
place, mostly in developing countries, resulting in 47,000 deaths. In Latin
America, abortions alone are responsible or 12 per cent o all maternal
deaths.
Similarly, childbearing at a young age, most ofen stemming rom early
marriage, constitutes a significant health risk or women and their chil-
dren.
Between 1990 and 2011, the unmet need or amily planning has declined
worldwide, however there are more than 140 million women (married or
in union) who would like to delay or avoid pregnancy, but are not using
contraception. Poverty and location remain key determinants o unmet
need with significant differences between poor rural women and rich ur-
ban women.
S: WHO, 2014; Khan KS et a l., 2006 (Lancet , 367:10661074)
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GOAL 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Te proportion o people with access to improved drinking water sourceshas increased rom 76 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2011, meeting
the MDG target. However, in 2011, 768 million people still drew water
rom an unimproved source. Tere are significant variations in the access
across regions with the lowest proportions observed in Oceania and sub-
Saharan Arica. Where water sources are not accessible, women and girlstend to bear the burden o collection. A study o 25 sub-Saharan Arican
countries indicates that, in 71 per cent o households that did not have
water on premises, women and girls bore the burden o collecting water.
Girls aged 15-24 are significantly more likely than boys to be infected with HIVNumber (rounded) of new HIV infections amongwomen and men aged 15-24, 2012
92,000
25,000
210,000
30,000
25,000
32,000
1,700
1,000
Caucasus and Central Asia
1,600
2,200
Caribbean
2,400
2,500
North Africa
17,000
8,900
Eastern Asia
21,000
10,000
Latin America
7,900
14,000
Central Africa
South-eastern Asia (with Oceania)
Southern Asia
32,000
57,000
West Africa
54,000
99,000
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
Female
Male
Te level o new HIV inections differs among regions. Te epidemic con-
tinues to disproportionately affect sub-Saharan Arica, home to 72 per
cent o all new HIV cases among young men and women in 2012 (560,000).
Globally young women aged 15 to 24 have a 50 per cent higher risk o be-
coming inected with HIV compared to their male peers. In sub-Saharan
Arica, or example, more than 380,000 young women became inected in
2012 compared to 180,000 young men. Tis reflects the greater physiologi-
cal vulnerability o women to HIV, and additionally structural gender in-
equalities including violence against women and girls, unequal gendered
power dynamics in relationships, and unequal access to education and
economic opportunities.
Knowledge o HIV prevention, or example, remains low, particularly
among young women. In sub-Saharan Arica, young women have lower
levels o both HIV prevention knowledge and condom use than young
men (36 per cent or young men and 28 per cent or young women).
S: UNAIDS,
(Report on the globalAIDS epidemic)
GOAL 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
19
28
53
62
24
9
4 1
17
30
54
59
20
9
9 2
27 25
23 31
19 12
3132
72
88
13
68
47 2
58
83
29
9
11 6
2 2
6881
17
9
12 9
3 1
35
71
33
2125
77 1
56 53
33
33
7
8
4 6
32
47
38
40
22
10
8 3
15 15
34
48
27
24
2413
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
South-
Eastern
Asia
Oceania Northern
Africa
Latin America
& the
Caribbean
Western
Asia
Eastern
Asia
Caucasus
&
Central Asia
Developing
regions
Southern
Asia
1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 20111990 2011 1990 2 011 1990 2 011 1990 2 011 1990 2 011
Piped on premises Unimproved Surface waterOther improved
Significant progress in access to improved drinking water since 1990, but low levels of piped water coverage in manyregions, with serious implications for women and girlsProportion of population by sources of drinking water, 1990 and 2011 (Percentage)
S: WHO/UNICEF, 2013
(Progress on Sanitation and Drink ing-water)
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GOAL 8 Global partnership for development
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Percentage
4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5
23 24 26 2229
23 27 27 25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
US$ billions
Principal (left axis) Significant (left axis) Volume (right axis)
Te amount of aid focused on gender equality has risen in recent years, but the share of aid focused on promoting
gender equality as a principal objective remains inadequateAid in support of gender equality and womens empowerment,2002-2011 (Percentage), and annual average commitments(constant 2011 US$ billions)
47
71
6
10
16
531
14
36 36
4 4
47 50
13 10
72
90
5
6
7
16
4
68
82
5
6
10
817
4
80
88
2
410
58
3
27
677
19
59
13
7 1
91
96
23611
36
57
7
1326
12
31
18
64
39
9
11
6
6
24 26
30
1814
24
26
3626
41 47
71
6
10
16
531
14
36 36
4 4
47 50
13 10
72
90
5
6
7
16
4
68
82
5
6
10
817
4
80
88
2
410
58
3
27
677
19
59
13
7 1
91
96
236
1
36
57
7
1326
12
31
18
64
39
9
11
6
6
24 26
30
1814
24
26
3626
41
Sub-
SaharanAfrica
South-
EasternAsia
Oceania Northern
Africa
Latin America
& theCaribbean
Western
Asia
Eastern
Asia
Caucasus
&Central Asia
Developing
regions
Southern
Asia
1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011
Open defecationUnimprovedSharedImproved
Access to sanitation remains low in many regions, with consequences for womens and girls safety, health and dignityProportion of population by sanitation practices, 1990 and 2011 (Percentage)
Progress in access to basic sanitation has been slow. Globally, access to
improved sanitation has increased between 1990 and 2011 rom 49 to 64
per cent, below the 75 per cent target by 2015. Tere are however signifi-
cant variations across the world. In Eastern Asia, access to sanitation has
almost tripled since 1990 while in Oceania there has been no change in the
proportion o people without access since 1990.
Access to sanitation is important or womens and girls saety, dignity and
health. Women and girls need more privacy and time than men when they
use toilets; they may have small children in their care, need saety to access
outside toilets, and need multiple daily visits during menstruation.
Te lack o gender related data limits the analysis or Goal 8 to the share
o official development assistance (ODA) ocused on gender equality. Te
OECD Development Assistance Committee has developed gender equal-
ity policy marker to measure the amount o aid ocused on gender equal-
ity and womens empowerment by identiying activities that have gender
equality as a principal or significant objective. In 2011 DAC member bilat-
eral sector allocable aid in support o gender equality (principal and sig-
nificant) reached a total o around US$ 22 billion (2011 prices). Te share
o bilateral sector allocable aid in support o gender equality started at 27
per cent in 2002 and had risen to 35 per cent in 2011. However, in 2011,
only 5 per cent o total bilateral sector allocable aid went to programmes
making gender equality their principal objective.
Gender equality ocused aid is concentrated in the social sectors o edu-
cation and health, with alarmingly low levels o aid targeted towards
economic sectors. Only 2 per cent o aid to the economic and produc-
tive sectors (e.g., banking, business, agriculture, transport) targeted
gender equality as its principal objective. While overall DAC members
aid to population policies/programmes and reproductive health reached
US$8 billion in 2011, donor unding to amily planning remained low atUS$ 650 million.
S: WHO/UNICEF, 2013
(Progress on Sanitation and Drink ing-water)
S: OECD, 2014 (Investing in women and girls to achieve the MDGs and acceleratedevelopment beyond 2015: aid in support of gender equalit y and women's rights)