Gender and ICTs: Empowerment of Women in Telecentres in Jamaica Satoko Nadamoto Gender Institute...
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Transcript of Gender and ICTs: Empowerment of Women in Telecentres in Jamaica Satoko Nadamoto Gender Institute...
Gender and ICTs: Empowerment of Women in
Telecentres in JamaicaSatoko Nadamoto
Gender Institute
London School of Economics
and Political Science
Contents
Background Research Questions Methodology Research Findings Challenges of Telecentres Recommendations Further Research
Background: ICTs and Gender in Jamaica
(Kingston, 2006)
ICTs in Jamaica
Telephone Mainlines: 17.4 %
Mobile Phone: 61.5 % Household with TV: 70% Personal Computers: 5.4
% Internet Users: 26.5 %
(2004, World Bank)
Gender in Jamaica I
Adult Literacy Rate (F/M): 91.4/83.8 Combined Gross Enrollment Ratio
(F/M): 77/71 University of the West Indies (F/M):
66/34 Female-headed household: 45.4%
(PIJ, 2003; JSLC, 2002; UNDP, 2005)
Gender in Jamaica II
Labour force participation rate (F/M): 53.2/71.4 (PIJ, 2003)
Estimated Earned Income % Proportion: Female: US$3,279 Male: US$4,944
(UNDP, 2005)
Gender in Jamaica III
Political Representation The first female Prime Minister Portia
Simpson Miller was elected in March 2006.
2 women in the 14-member Cabinet 7 female representatives in the 60-seat
Parliament (2003, PLJ, 2003)
Gender in Jamaica IV
Violence against women 99 % of major crimes were committed by men. 71% of major crimes were committed by young
men from the age of 16 to 30. 24 % of murders are attributed to domestic
violence A large number of rapes
(PLJ, 2003)
Gender in Telecentres in Jamaica
(ISJ, 2006)
Research Questions
Is there any gender digital divide in Jamaica? If so, what kind of gender digital divide exists in Jamaica?
Who is included and excluded in telecentres in Jamaica?
Does a telecentre empower women in Jamaica? If so, what kind of role does a telecentre play to empower women in Jamaica?
Methodology
Participatory observation Questionnaire survey
Users Trainees
Focus groups Individual interviews to the managers
Targeted Telecentres
The Liguanea Cybercentre in Kingston
ZincLink I in Kingston ZincLink II in Kingston Bluefields People
Community Association in Westmoreland
International School of Jamaica in Port Maria
Findings in Jamaica
Gender Digital Divide in Jamaica Inclusion and Exclusion of Telecentres Gender Difference in Telecentres Empowerment of Women in
Telecentres
Gender Digital Divide in Jamaica
Gender Digital Divide in Jamaica
(N=160) Nadamoto, 2006
Access to ICTs
62%
91%
93%
93%
56%
39%
43%
96%
99%
99%
39%
9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Telephone
Mobile phone
TV
Radio
Computer
Internet
MenWomen
Urban/Rural Digital Divide in Jamaica
(N=160) Nadamoto, 2006
Access to ICTs
58%
96%
96%
96%
50%
25%
29%
80%
92%
96%
36%
24%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Telephone
Mobile phone
TV
Radio
Computer
Internet
UrbanRural
Inclusion and Exclusion of Telecentres
(ISJ, 2006)
Inclusion and Exclusion of Telecentres
Annual Report 2004, JSDN
Inclusion and Exclusion of Telecentres
Annual Report 2004, JSDN
Inclusion and Exclusion of Telecentres
Users by age
28%
39%
14%
10%5% 3%1%
0- 1718- 2425- 3435- 4445- 5455- 6465 and over
(N=154) Nadamoto, 2006
Who is excluded from telecentres?
Old people Unemployed Poor women and men Illiterate women and men Rural men
Gender Difference in Telecentres
(Zinc Link II, 2006)
Gender Difference in Telecentres
Frequency of Use
35%
25%28%
5%8%
27%
15%
32%
11%15%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
More than 3times per
week
2 times perweek
Once perweek
Once permonth
Others
MenWomen
(N=114) Nadamoto, 2006
Gender Difference in TelecentresLength of Stay
29%
55%
8% 5% 3%
27% 31%24%
4%15%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
30 mins 1 hr 2 hrs 3hrs Morethan 3
hrs
MenWomen
(N=120) Nadamoto, 2006
Gender Difference in Telecentres
(N=122) Nadamoto, 2006
Activities in Telecentres
57%
22%
38%
25%
15%
28%
39%
9%
28%
11%
33%
20%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Checking e-mails
Instant messaging
Search Engine/ Web surf
Playing games
Study
Typing texts
MenWomen
Gender Difference in Telecentres
Factors to increase the number of visits
47%
35%
13%
4%
2%
46%
42%
10%
0%
2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Time
Money
Knowledge
Security
Others
MenWomen
(N=120) Nadamoto, 2006
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
(Liguanea Cybercentre, 2006)
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
Experience of Training among the users
10% 14%
90% 86%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Men Women
NoYes
(N=117) Nadamoto, 2006
UNDP/Microsoft ICT Training for Disadvantaged Youth
Men Women Total
LCC 30 40 70
ISJA 19 24 43
BPCA 26 57 83
C-CAM 4 10 14
Total 79 131 210
(Jun.- Dec. 2005)
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
“I would like to be able to work in a large business using different types of technologies including computers.”
(An 18-year old woman, ISJ)
“I plan to go further into more computer studies to know every aspects of computer and to get a job that involves the computer.”
(A 25-year old woman, ISJ)
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
“I would like to use it [a computer] on my job, help my son and my other family members who have no knowledge of computer skills.”
(A 25-year old woman, ISJ)
“I would like to use these [computer] skills by helping my children, when I can afford one.”(A 33 year-old pregnant woman with 2 children, LC)
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
(N=33) Nadamoto, 2006
How much do you think this training will help your career?
50%
94%
19%
31%
6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Men Women
Very littleLittleFairMuchVery much
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
(N=35) Nadamoto, 2006
How much do you think this training will help you to seekfor further education?
56%69%
22%
25%17%
6%6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Men Women
Very littleLittleFairMuchVery much
Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
(N=33) Nadamoto, 2006
Would you like to take another computer training course if you can?
0%
18%
29%
53%
0%
13%
13%
73%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
No
Yes, if I had more time.
Yes, if the training course is free
Yes, even if I have to pay the fee bymyself.
WomenMen
Challenges of Women’s Empowerment in Telecentres
The lack of opportunity to continue the computer training
The lack of job opportunity after completing a computer training in a telecentre
Exclusion of poor women
Challenges in Telecentres in Jamaica
The shortage of technical staff The shortage of trainers The lack of the sense of
sustainability among the managers Exclusion of the poor
Recommendations
Training of the Managers Training of the Trainers Employment of more technical staff Reconsideration of the criteria for the
trainees The offer of literacy training in
telecentres
Further Research
Increase the sample size of survey Explore the barriers of use in the
telecentres Focus groups out of the telecentres
Examine women’s empowerment through the use of a computer
Individual interviews with successful Jamaican women with computer skills