2010

Mohammad Farmad Hamed Ouchany

Supervised by

Dr Abolghasem ArabiunArabiun@ut.ac.ir

Dr Mohammad RezaKazemir_mk@htmail.com

1. Introducing GEM

2. Entrepreneurship Elements

3. Economic Development

4. GEM Model

5. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

Decision needs Data

GEM is an International

and valid Data Source + Plus valuable reports

Global Monitoring

Entrepreneurship

Academic research consortium that has as its goal making high quality international research data on entrepreneurial activity

 GEM is the largest single study of entrepreneurial activity in the world.

Year Participated Countries

1997 4

1999 10

2000 21

2001 29

2006 42

2009 63

To measure differences in the level of

entrepreneurial activity among countries To uncover factors determining national

levels

of entrepreneurial activity To identify policies that may enhance the

national level of entrepreneurial activity

Nascent entrepreneur (نوظهور) New entrepreneur(جدید) Early –Stage entrepreneur Activity (TEA)

(نوپا) Established entrepreneur( شده (تثبیت

Adult Population Survey (APS)

National Expert Survey (NES)

Standard National Data

National

Global

“someone who identified the willingness to bear the personal financial risk of a business venture.”

Cantillon (1755)

Godin and colleagues (2008)

Attitudes toward entrepreneurship

the extent to which people think there are good

opportunities for starting a business level of risk bearing Perception of skills, knowledge and experience

in business creation.

Activity is the extent to which people in a

population are creating new business activity

Aspirations the effort of the entrepreneur to

engage in new product and process open foreign markets plan to increase the number of employees be ambitious for high growth

Factor-Driven Economies Large agricultural sector

Based on natural resources

Angola, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Colombia*, Ecuador*, Egypt, India, Iran*

self-employment opportunities in order to make a living

Nascent and new business activity is expected to be high based on economic necessity

Efficiency-Driven Economies Industrial sector develops Higher productivity through economies of scale Increasing economic productivity contributesto financial capital formation

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Croatia**, Dominican Republic, Hungary**, Jamaica, Latvia, Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Romania, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, Turkey, Uruguay

necessity-driven industrial activity to gradually fall and give way to an emerging small-scale manufacturing sector.

Innovation-Driven economies

Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea,

Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom, United States

In innovation-driven economies, opportunity-driven entrepreneurship is expected to be higher than in factor- and efficiency driven economies

Increase in research and development Support of opportunity-seeking

entrepreneurial activity ‘agents of creative destruction’Innovative entrepreneurial firms may emerge as

significant drivers of economic growth and wealth creation

Indicators of a country’s potential to promote the development of entrepreneurship

 

Necessity-based entrepreneurship :starting a business because you were pushed into it

Opportunity-based entrepreneurship: starting a business to exploit a perceived business opportunity

supply side :willingness and perceived ability to become an entrepreneur

demand side : opportunities for entrepreneurship ,but equally important is that entrepreneurs perceive that there are opportunities for starting a business

see more and more successful entrepreneurs

in their direct environment assessment of opportunity costs risk-reward assessment

Although most individuals are pulled into entrepreneurial activity because of

opportunity recognition, others are pushed into entrepreneurship because they have no other means of making a living or because they fear becoming unemployed in the near future

Many businesses that are discontinued are not failed businesses

GEM Global Report 2008 GEM Global Report 2007 http://www.gemconsortium.org http://www.gemiran.com GEM National Report (LONDON) Profile of GEM, By Dr Zali