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Transcript of Ge Sa1 Notes
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Geography EOY Exams
REVISION SLIDES
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This POWERPOINT states only the
emphasis of the EOY Examinations
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
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Chapter 2
Revolution
Rotation
Climatic Patterns
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Revolution
1Revolution takes 365 Days
It is tilted @23.5 degrees
This causes seasons in some parts of the world
as some parts of the world are tilted away/tiltedtowards the sun.
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Northern and Southern Climate
Patterns
Northern
February, March, April-----Spring
May, June, July-----Summer
August(1/2 Summer,1/2 Autumn), September,October------Autumn
November, December, January(1/2 Winter,1/2
Spring)-----Winter
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Rotation
1 Rotation takes 24hrs
It Rotates from west to east
When the Earth Rotates Only selective parts of
the surface comes into contact, therefore thismake Day and Night
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Chapter 3
Case Study on Kalahari Desert .
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Kalahari Desert
In S. Africa, Botswana, Namibia
Largely Physical environment.
Adapted to environment using simple
tools(arrows, sticks, ostrich egg shells(storewater)
Tribe called !Kung Bushmen.
They moved to wherever water was.
They hunted animals for fur(clothes) and food
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Chapter 4 and 5
Map reading
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Map Reading Parts
Title
Grid Lines
Contour Lines
Name of features
North arrow
Scale
Legend Symbols
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Map Reading skills
Measuring distance
Grid reference
Bearing
Contour reading
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Title
Tells what is the area of the map covered.
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Grid Lines
Easting and Northing
Tell us where exactly where an area is.
Need pic
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Contour Lines
Showing which areas which have the sameheight above or below sea level.
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Name of features
Certain buildings, roads which are important
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North arrow
Shows direction each place is facing
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Scale
Ratio or line
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LEGEND
Used to tell us what types of buildings etc. are ata particular place.
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Symbol
A shape which represents something.
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Atlas
Longitudes and Latitudes
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Latitudes
Important parts
Equator(0), Tropic of Cancer(23.5N) and
Capricon(23.5S), Arctic(66.5N) and
Antarctica(66.5S) Circle, North(90N) and South
Pole(90S)
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Longitudes
Important line
GREENWICH MERIDIAN
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Using both
example : 20E 40S
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Time Zones
Divided into 24 time zones..
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Why is the Greenwich meridian so
important and special.
Anything to the left of it -1h, right +1h.
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Chapter 7
Understand the different spheres and how theyaffect each other.
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Types of spheres
Biosphere------organisms
Lithosphere----land
Hydrosphere --water
Atmosphere ---air
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How they affect each other.
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Air POLUTION
EMITION OF CABON monoxide
Harmful gases in Atmosphere
Water pollution
Rain falls and harmful gases dissolveinto water pollutants
They fall into land and water.
Biosphere andLithosphere
Organisms drink water and diem
Soil erosion takes place.
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Chapter 8
Types of Rocks and how they are formed. Layers of Earth
Plates and its movements
Volcanoes Mt Merapi
Weather and Erosion
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Types of Landforms and how
they are formed MountainHigh area of land more than 600m.
Steep Slopes and a narrow peak. Formed
through Convergence. Hill - A small mountain of the height of less than
600m. Typically rounded in shape.
Valleya area between 2 mountains or hills.
Plain - a plain broad piece of land.
PlateauGenerally raised land which has a
large, flat top and steep slopes.
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Layers of the Earth
Core around 5000 degree Celsius also, it is solid. Mantle > 2000 degree Celsius. Semi Molten
state.
Crust 670 km thick are the plates.
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Plate movements
Movement Descriptions Example Result in
Convergence Push against
each other
1)Indo-Australian
Plate & Eurasian
2)Eurasian &
Pacific Plate
Fold Mountains
and Volcanoes
Divergence Move away from
each other
1)N. American &
Eurasian Plate
2)S. American &
African Plate
Undersea ridges
Transformation Sliding 1)Pacific & N.
American
Earthquakes
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Folding
2 plates collide at a strong force that the rocksbuckle,
When it becomes noticeable it is Folding
Usually at the border of 2 plates.
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Vulcanicity
Due to the high temp. Magma sometimesescapes through the cracks of the plates or the
plate boundaries.
Magma that reaches the surface of the Earth is
called Larva
Vulcanicity is when Magma reaches the Earth.
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HOW are volcanoes formed
After Vulcanity occurs for several times, larva andother materials build up and forms a cone shaped
figure called volcano.
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(Pacific) RING OF FIRE
A band of active volcanoes around the PacificPlate make it being known as the RING OF FIRE.
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VOLCANOEs classification
VOLCANOEs
Possibility oferuption
Active-eruptedrecently and is likely
to erupt again.
Dormant-Has noterupted for some
time but may eruptagain
Most Likely neverto erupt
Extinct-Veryunlikely to erupt
again.
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Mt Merapi Case Study
Positive and Negative points Governments measures to protect people.
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PositivesArea surrounding are fertile, therefore suitable for
farming as larva contains minerals
The landscape has beautiful scenery therefore
locals can bring them for tours to earn an income.
They can grow crops and sell them thus earning
an income.
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Negatives
Plantation, homes, road etc. will get destroyedafter an eruption.
People might get scalded by the volcano and die.
The ash may cause air pollution which will lead to
breathing problems. It may also lead to acid rain.
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Protecting the people
Early warning system Close monitoring and prediction of when a
volcano will erupt.
A map to teach people how to escape
Arranging transport to evacuate people.
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Weathering and erosion
Weathering is when rocks are progressivelybroken down to fragments where they are.
Erosion is when rocks are broken down into
fragments by wearing down a surface and moving
them from 1 place to another.
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Weathering Large Changes in TemperatureDuring the Day due
to the heat it expands then in the night it contracts.This causes stress on the rocks SURFACE. After1000 over years, the rocks SURFACE will start tobreak down.
Freezing water action When temp is low enoughwater freezes on it. When water freezes, it increasesin mass therefore, causes stress on rocks.
Plant Growthplant growing on cracks can widen
cracks. Plant holds moisture in these cracks.Moisture reacts with rocks causing them to breakdown.
Rain water + CO2 = Weak Acids. Weak Acids breakdown limestone. Water may also react to oxide in
iron causing a rusting effect.
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ErosionAction of running water-Water in streams and rivers
carries a lot of sediments, small particles such as silt,fine salt and mud. As water flows over these rocks, it
wears down the road in its path. The sediments in the
water also acts as sandpaper and scrapes the rocks.
Action of waves-The constant breaking of waves
against the shore together with the grinding effect of
the sands and stones carried in the waves.
Action of Wind-Normally takes place in dry areas. In
deserts, strong winds carry large amounts of sand.
They wear away the surface of stones in their path.
They usually occur on base stones as sand are heavy
and cannot be carried high up.
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How do Landforms effect us?
Location of Homes-For example it is difficult tohave towns and cities on steep slopes and
valleys.
Human activities-People living near volcanoes
farm, skiing in snowy mountains in Switzerlandand South Korea.
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Chapter 9
Types of rocks, properties .
Rock cycle
How are rocks formed
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Types of Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary
Metamorphic
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Igneous
How do they form Magma, the molten rock hardens and cools after
thousand of years.
Made of Tightly interlocked crystals which takes
long time to break down.
E.g. Granite, Basalt, Gattro
Harder than Sedimentary but weaker than
Metamorphic
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Sedimentary
How are they formed: Through Compressed Sandafter layers of Igneous rocks break down and get
compressed.
E.g. Sandstone, clay, chalk, shale and limestone
Weakest among all.
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Metamorphic
How are they formed: Formed when its propertiesand appearances have been changed by higher
temp and pressure.
E.g. Marble and Schist
Too hard and resistant to be broken down into
smaller particles.
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Igneous
Sediments
SedimentaryMetamorphic
Magma
Weathering and erosion(1)
Large and
small
Sediments
pile up and
compress.
(2)
Intense
Heat and
pressure (3)
They are
melted afterbeing buried
to deep
under the
earth. (4)
Magma escapes through
cracks or borders of
plates (5)
3
3
1
1
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Rocks in Singapore
All types of the 3 rocks can found
Igneous rock is in the center part of Singapore in the
Bukit Timah area. The most common Igneous rock
found in Singapore is granite. It is known as the Bukit
Timah Granite Foundation.
There are a few abandoned quarries in Bukit Timah
called Bukit Timah Granite Foundation which have
been converted into Nature Reserves. They are in abundance. Mainly Sandstone and
Conglomerate.
Small area in Pulau Tekong called Sajahat Formation.
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Chapter 10 Distribution of Water on Earth
Hydrologic Cycle
River system
River Features
Rivers effect on People
River Nile Case Study
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Distribution of Water
of surface is water. 97% is salt water from seas.
3% is drinkable.
70% of the drinkable is frozen in glaciers and ice
sheets.
1% of drinkable is in streams, rivers and lakes.
The rest are underground and other means.
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Hydrologic Cycle.
Evaporation: Suns heat causes water to heat upand evaporate changing into water vapor.
Transpiration: Plants give out water vapourthrough leaves as water vapour.
Condensation: Warm air cools as it risestherefore changing into very small water droplets.
Slowly billions of water droplets gather and formclouds.
Rainfall: When these clouds become to heavythey fall as rain
Groundwater: Water absorbed by the ground maybe absorbed by plants or flow into rivers, seas orlakes.
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River System
There would be a .. River source
Tributaries
Distributaries
River Mouth
All of them are part of a Drainage basin.
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River Features
Valleys: Low area between hills and mountains. Waterfalls: Fast moving, vertical, water from great
height. Occurs when water flows through a layerof hard rock ontop a layer of low rock.
Meanders: Curves which are caused by Erosionon the outer bend and deposition on the other.
Floodplains: Fertile and flat land beside the riverbanks. Formed when rivers bursts their banks
and the water containing nutrients and sedimentsgets absorbed making the land fertile.
Deltas: Deltas are formed when the riverdeposits sediments into a lake or sea. There, thesediments build up but it can only do so with a
few conditions taken into consideration.
Conditions for Deltas to be
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Conditions for Deltas to be
formed 1) The river must carry large amount of sediments.
2)Waves along coast must not be too strong such that it erodes the sediments before the sediments can be deposited.
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Effect Rivers have on people
Positive Negative
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Positive
Water supply for farming Example: Chao Pharaya River, Thailand
Explanation: The water there allows large scaleplantation
Fertile soil for farming Example: Ganges Plains along Ganges River,
India
Water supply for industry
Explanation: 23% of water is used for industrialpurposes.
Recreation and tourism
Example: Singapore River
Explanation: Can be used for water sports, water
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Positive
Source of drinking water and food. Explanation: Fish and other seafood can be
commonly seen in rivers. Rivers are also a freshwater source.
Example: Mekong River, 73 million people depend onit.
Production of hydroelectric power
Explanation: Dams are used to convert movingwater(hydroelectric power) into electricity
Example: Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, 26 Generatorstotal 18000megawatts
Means of transport
Explanation: In forested areas, easier if travelling by
river. This is popular with log cutters which use the
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Negative
Flooding Explanation: A flood can cause disaster
especcially places with proper flood control
Ganges River, Bangladesh
80% of country affected
25million homeless
1000s of kilometers of roads were affected
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Aswan High Dam
Brought in many benefits however, it also broughtsome problems.
It also 3600m long and 111m high.
Took 30000 Egyptians 11 years to build.
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Benefits of Aswan High Dam
1)Steady supply of water all year round. The reservoir behind the dam, Lake Nasser would
release its water through the dam during the dry
season.
2)Hydroelectric power
From 1960-1987, Egypts population rose from 25m
to 50 m. The dam helped cope with this change in
population. In 1992, the dam helped produce more
than of Egypt's energy needs
3)Travelling along the river Nile
Before the dam was built boats could not travel
along the river Nile during the annual floods. Now
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Problems of Aswan High Dam
Loss of soil fertility The sediments and nutrients that flow through the
River Nile are now trapped in lake Nasser. This
causes the soil not to be enriched with sediments
and nutrients anymore. This is also caused by thenon-existence of floods in the lower course of the
river Nile.
Decrease in fish supply
The Nile delta acts as nutrients for the fish living in
the Mediterranean sea. As amount of sediments
decrease due to the lack of deposition to replace
the erosion, the fishes nearing the river Nile is
decreased affectin the livelihood of fisherman
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Chapter 11
Weather vs. Climate Temperature
Rainfall
Wind
Major Climatic Types
Impact of Weather and Climate
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Weather vs. Climate
Weather: The Condition of a part of theatmosphere at a particular place over a short
period of time.
Climate: The weather pattern of a part of the
atmosphere at a long time frame, usually around30 years or more.
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Temperature
Degree of hotness or coldness of the air. Sixs thermometer measures the minimum
temperature of a place. The minimum part is filled
with alcohol while maximum side is filled with
mercury. There are metal indexes on top of eachliquid. When the alcohol contracts the metal index
would fall hence, lowering the minimum
temperature, it is also same for the maximum side.
A magnet is used to reset them.
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Stevenson Screen
This is the Ideal place to place the Sixs thermometer. Condition
White---Reflects heat away from box.
Wood---Poor conductor heat
Louvers downwards slanting---Prevents sunlight fromentering box
Double layered roof---Layer of air for trapped for layer
insulation
4 legs---For stability
At least 1m above ground---box will not be affected by
heat from ground
Away from building---The box will not be affected by
heat from the buildings.
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Rainfall
Amount of rain that an area receives over aperiod of time.
Rain gauge is used to measure rainfall. It consist
of a copper cylinder, glass bottle, outer casing, a
funnel. Rainwater is collected for a period of24hrs(1 day)
Usually in mm or cm.
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Rain gauge
Placed in a Grassy area---Grass is a poorconductor of heat. Ensures rain gauge would not
heat up and evaporate.
Sunk into ground---To provide stability to prevent
it from toppling over. Distance from ground to top about 30cm---To
prevent rain falling around rain gauge to splash
and enter rain gauge.
Located away from obstructions(trees, buildings)-
--The water from trees may drip into rain gauge.
Open area away from roads---Heat from roads,
buildings, if too close cause water to evaporate.
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Wind
Movement of air over the surface of the Earth. The movement of air is caused by high and low
pressure.
Wind direction is derived by a wind vain.
The direction of wind is presented in a wind rose.
The longer the arm, the more frequent the wind
blows form.
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Wind Vane
Located where wind will not be obstructed. Placed on as high, open place.
Usually the tallest building of a particular area.
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Major Climatic groups
Tropical Temperate
Polar
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Tropical
Lie between 23.5N to 23.5S. Due to Earths shape suns rays are more intense.
Tropical Climatic countries receive constant
temperature and rainfall every year.
Rainfall is 1000mm to 2000mm
Temperature is around 20C to 30+C
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Temperate
Lies from 23.5N to 66.5N & 23.5S to 66.5S 4 Seasons---Northern
February, March, April-----Spring
May, June, July-----Summer
August(1/2 Summer,1/2 Autumn), September,
October------Autumn
November, December, January(1/2 Winter,1/2
Spring)-----Winter Temp can range 34C to below 0C depending on
season.
Rainfall from 300mm to 1000mm
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Polar
Lies from 66.5N to 90N & 66.5S to 90S 2 Seasons Summer and winter.
Summer
6 months of sunshine
Winter
6 months of complete darkness.
Temperature most of the time below 0C
Rainfall often below 110mm.
How do weather and Climate affect
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How do weather and Climate affect
us ?
Daily Activities Simple decisions such as staying indoors/outdoors are
determine by the weather.
Housing
Climate influences where to stay. It also determines what
type of house people live in. Example: In Malaysia, there are floods frequently.
Therefore, houses were built on top of stilts.
Tourism
When countries experience winter they like to escape the
cold by going to countries experiencing summer. However in countries such as Singapore which does not
experience winter people like to travel towards the coldof winter.
How do weather and Climate affect
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How do weather and Climate affect
us ?
Production of electricity In countries where sunlight is strong all year round.
They use solar panels. However, in countries whichhave high wind speeds they use windmills.
Food and water supplies In droughts and famines, we may not have food to
eat.
Theses, famines may be caused by poor weather
such as flooding. Loss of lives and property
Floods, heat waves, hurricanes and tornadoes.
2003, Europe had heat waves, this destroyed crops
and and caused many deaths by heat waves.
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Chapter 12
Natural Vegetation(Definition) Types of Natural Vegetation
Climates influence of Natural Vegetation
Benefits of Natural Vegetation
Value of Tropical Rainforests in Singapore
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Natural Vegetation(Definition)
Plants that have grown naturrally
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Types of Natural
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yp
Vegetation(Forest)
Forests
TropicalRainforest
TemperateConiferous
Temperate
Deciduous
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Forests in General
Lies From 66.5N to 66.5S
Temperature from -12C to 30++C
Rainfall 300mm to 2000mm
Has several Areas
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Tropical Forest
Evergreen Most have waxy drip leaves. They have a drip
tip(sharply pointed tip) to allow rainwater to flow
off quickly.
Most trees also have broad leaves to absorb asmuch as possible.
The trees and plants grow very close to each
other. Causing the forest to be dense.
3 Layers
3 Layers in Tropical Rainforests
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3 Layers in Tropical Rainforests Emergent
Very tall 40 to 50m
Do so to receive more sunlight
Canopy
15 to 30m
Block out 70to100% of sunlight causing moist and darkundergrowth.
Lianas are common there. They are woody climbers thathang from tree branches in loops and can grow to longlengths.
Epiphytes are common too. They are plants that grow onother trees to receive sunlight.
Undergrowth
Made of shrubs, grasses, ferns, mosses and fungi.
Plant growth is spares as very sunlight reaches this level.
Temperate Deciduous Forests
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Temperate Deciduous Forests Rainfall from 750 to 1000mm
Temperature from -2 to 18C
Found in Western Europe, Eastern North America
Not as dense as Tropical Rainforests
3 layers
Canopy
25m to 30m Thickest in summer
Shrub Layer
Shrubs and smaller trees
Forest Floor
Mosses, ferns and grasses 2nd&3rdlayer grows rapidly during summer & spring
Only 3-4 species of tree grow within an area. They arecommonly: Oak, sycamore and elm.
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AdaptationsFeatures Reasons
Shed leaves during late autumn Minimize water loss through
transpiration in the winter.
Broad surface leaves Absorb as much sunlight as
possible to make food before winter.
Leaves change colour according to
season
Leaves turn from green to red
during autumn. To slow down foodproduction such that food production
stop immediately once its winter.
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Temperate Coniferous
Rainfall from 300 to 750mm Temperature from -12 to 10C
Found in North America, Europe, China and Japan.
1 Layer
Undergrowth is sparse other than moss, lichen,
leaves and cones.
Soil is poor acidic
Usually only 1 Species dominates e.g. pine, fir orspruce.
Evergreen
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AdaptationsFeatures Reason
Cones Allow snow to slide off. Prevents
tree from toppling
Small, needle-like leaves Reduce water loss through
transpiration. To prevent snow from
adding weight on branches causing
them to break off.
Evergreen Allows food production all year
round.
Types of Natural
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y
Vegetation(Grasslands)
NaturalVegetation
Grasslands
Tropical
Savannahs
TemperateGrasslands
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Grasslands
Plants, bushes and scattered trees Rainfall from 200 to1000mm
Temperature from -20 to 30C
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Tropical Savannahs
Found within tropics Rainfall from 200 to 1000mm
Temperature from 20 to 30 C
Rainy seasons in summer but are short
Tall grass
Scattered trees
Shrub-like bushes
Grasses are very hardy, they grow in clumps\ Grasses from 2m to 5m, tend to grow in clumps.
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AdaptationsFeatures Reasons
Thorny Leaves are small, hard,
waxy or leathery
Minimize water loss(acacia thick
leaves)
Big, swollen trunks Store excess water during rainy
season
Thick Barks Protect against fires(Baobab trees)Long roots Penetrate deep under ground to tap
groundwater
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Temperate Grasslands
Rainfall less than 500mm/year Temperature from -20 to 10C
Found in Europe, Central Asia, North America,Argentina
Almost Tree-less Low rainfall, strong winds.
Trees such as poplar, willow, alder
Grasses shorter compared to Tropical savanahs
Big Bluestem grass only 3m. Known for flowers(Spring and Summer)
Such as Poppies, Daises, Buttercups
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Dessert Vegetation
Dessert
TundraHot
Dessert
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Dessert
Less than 250mm rainfall From -30 to 48C
HOT/COLD
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Hot Dessert
Rainfall less than 250mm Found in 20N to 30N
As high as 48C
Short clump of wiry grass, cacti, date palms,
thorny shrubs, drought resistant trees.
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AdaptationsFeatures Reasons
Fleshy Stems/trunks Store water(cactus)
Long roots Tap underground water(Mesquite
tree roots 24m)
Small/No leaves Reduce water loss through
transpiration(cacti)Seeds with thick hard coats Can lay buried for months until rains
arrive. Help them survive hash
conditions
Short life cycles Regenerate new seeds during short
rainy spells means a short growing
time.
C
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Cold Tundra Vegetation
Rainfall less than 250mm Ground remains permanently frozen all year round
Temperature is often below 0C other than in the summerwhen it is slightly above 0C
Found in near or in the North and South poles and othermountainous areas
Precipitation is majorly in the form of snow.
Summer lasts for 2-4 months
Only tough ground vegetation(moss, lichen, shrub)
Plants grow close together to protect against strongwinds
Dwarf varieties like birch and alder, remain stunted (lessthan 1m)
Ad i
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AdaptationsFeatures Reasons
Short, shallow roots Prevent the roots from being
damaged by the extreme coldness
Frozen grown prevents roots from
penetrating
Most of the water is on
surface(melted snow)Small leaves To limit water loss through
transpiration
Short life cycle To regenerate new seeds as short
rainy spells mean short growing
period
Value of Tropical Rainforests in
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Singapore
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 164 hectares of land
Most trees are 30m or taller.
Buttress roots can be found
Hardwood---Seraya meranti
Climbers---30 types include Bird nests/Stags
Horn Fern
A wide variety of epiphytes---Black Lilly
Value of Tropical Rainforests in
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Singapore
Medicinal Properties Some species in forests have medicinal
properties, if the forest is cleared some of theses
plants may become extinct.
B fit OF N t l V t ti
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Benefits OF Natural Vegetation
Natural Resource. Medicinal Value
Recreation
Oxygen in the Atmosphere
Formation of rain
Prevents soil erosion
Natural Habitat
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the PEE method of answering
StructureP, point E, example E, elaborate
PARA 1: tell the Reader what you are writing
about. E.g. There are many benefits and risks in
living near of volcano
PARA 2: + pt of 1 direction. Also include a
example and elaborate.
PARA 3: + pt of the other and same as 2.
Conclusion: State both points and make yr stand.
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END OF NOTES !!ALL the
BEST