GCSE Revision ClassGCSE Revision Class

15/5/201015/5/2010

Historic PeriodsHistoric Periods

BaroqueBaroque

ClassicalClassical

RomanticRomantic

1600-1750

1750-1820

1820-1900

BaroqueBaroque

Ornamental melody lineOrnamental melody line Strong Bass and ChordsStrong Bass and Chords Basso ContinuoBasso Continuo Terraced DynamicsTerraced Dynamics

Bach, Handel, VivaldiBach, Handel, Vivaldi

ClassicalClassical Simple, balanced melodySimple, balanced melody Diatonic harmonyDiatonic harmony PianoPiano Orchestra: Orchestra: Woodwinds: Woodwinds: 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes,

2 Clarinets, 2 Bassoons2 Clarinets, 2 Bassoons Brass: Brass: 2 or 4 Horns, 2 Trumpets 2 or 4 Horns, 2 Trumpets  TimpaniTimpani Strings:Strings: Violin I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos,Double  Violin I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos,Double

bassesbasses

Mozart, HaydnMozart, Haydn

RomanticRomantic

Expressive, emotional, passionate musicExpressive, emotional, passionate music Large orchestra allowed for large Large orchestra allowed for large

dynamics rangedynamics range More expressive, unusual harmonyMore expressive, unusual harmony

Tchaikovsky, WagnerTchaikovsky, Wagner

Guess the periodGuess the period

Extract 1Extract 1 Extract 2Extract 2 Extract 3Extract 3 Extract 4Extract 4

Guess the instrumentGuess the instrument

Extract 1Extract 1 Extract 2Extract 2 Extract 3Extract 3 Extract 4Extract 4 Extract 5Extract 5 Extract 6Extract 6

Ground Bass and VariationsGround Bass and Variations

Baroque periodBaroque period Ground BassGround Bass Basso OstinatoBasso Ostinato A series of variations over a repeating A series of variations over a repeating

pattern of bass notespattern of bass notes Explores a variety of textures, becoming Explores a variety of textures, becoming

more complex as it progresses.more complex as it progresses.

Canon in D, Canon in D, PachelbelPachelbel

GroundGround Lowest part in musical textureLowest part in musical texture Repeats every 1,2, 4 or 8 barsRepeats every 1,2, 4 or 8 bars Often minorOften minor Notes often long durationNotes often long duration Tempo: slow and statelyTempo: slow and stately Tonic to dominant, cadence back to tonicTonic to dominant, cadence back to tonic Mood: a solemn mood is common in many vocal Mood: a solemn mood is common in many vocal

ariasarias Serious mood can be created by using chromatiSerious mood can be created by using chromati

c intervalsc intervals Light mood can be created usng diatonic Light mood can be created usng diatonic

intervalsintervals

Chaconne and PassacagliaChaconne and Passacaglia

Only difference between these and the Only difference between these and the ground bass form: ground bass does not ground bass form: ground bass does not stay rigidly in bass line.stay rigidly in bass line.

Passacaglia in C, BachPassacaglia in C, Bach

Classical VariationsClassical Variations

Theme and variationsTheme and variations Early variations are similar to theme, as Early variations are similar to theme, as

music progresses, variations become music progresses, variations become more adventurous and complexmore adventurous and complex

Often there is a final statement of the Often there is a final statement of the theme at the end.theme at the end.

Ah, Ah, dirai-jedirai-je vousvous, , mamanmaman?, Mozart?, Mozart

Common Variation TechniquesCommon Variation TechniquesMelodyMelody DecorationDecoration

Counter melodyCounter melody

Change position of melodyChange position of melody

InversionInversion

AugmentationAugmentation

DiminutionDiminution

Imitation/CanonImitation/Canon

Rhythm/tempoRhythm/tempo New rhythmic patternsNew rhythmic patterns

Change of tempoChange of tempo

Change of metreChange of metre

HarmonyHarmony Different harmoniesDifferent harmonies

Change of keyChange of key

InstrumentationInstrumentation Change the instruments playingChange the instruments playing

Dynamics/ Dynamics/ ArticulationArticulation

E.g. a legato section might be followed by a E.g. a legato section might be followed by a staccato sectionstaccato section

Romantic VariationsRomantic Variations

Use of motifsUse of motifs

Variations on a theme of Haydn, BrahmsVariations on a theme of Haydn, Brahms

Ground Bass and VariationsGround Bass and Variations

1.1. What is a ground bass?What is a ground bass?2.2. In what period would you find a ground In what period would you find a ground

bass?bass?3.3. In which period were variations based on In which period were variations based on

motifs?motifs?4.4. In which period did the ‘theme and In which period did the ‘theme and

variations’ structure become popular?variations’ structure become popular?5.5. Name 3 ways you could vary original Name 3 ways you could vary original

material to make a new variation?material to make a new variation?

Ternary FormTernary Form

ABAABA Repetition and ContrastRepetition and Contrast

Methods of contrast:Methods of contrast: Instrumentation, key, metre, rhythm, Instrumentation, key, metre, rhythm,

mood, pitch, tempo…mood, pitch, tempo…

Baroque ternary formBaroque ternary form

The ‘da capo aria’The ‘da capo aria’ On printed music: A section, B section, da On printed music: A section, B section, da

capo al finecapo al fine Baroque singer would improve ornaments Baroque singer would improve ornaments

and extra notes during the repeatand extra notes during the repeat Each performance uniqueEach performance unique

The trumpet shall sound, The Messiah, HaThe trumpet shall sound, The Messiah, Handelndel (ORATORIO) (ORATORIO)

Classical TernaryClassical Ternary

Minuet and TrioMinuet and Trio Minuet, Trio, MinuetMinuet, Trio, Minuet Minuet: stately dance in triple timeMinuet: stately dance in triple time Trio: features reduction in instrumental Trio: features reduction in instrumental

partsparts

Scherzo and trioScherzo and trio

Listen to the Minuet and Trio from Listen to the Minuet and Trio from the 3the 3rdrd movement of Symphony movement of Symphony

101 by Haydn (CD1:7)101 by Haydn (CD1:7)Musical Musical FeatureFeature

Section ASection A Section BSection B Similarity or Similarity or DifferenceDifference

Key Key (major/minor)(major/minor)

MetreMetre

InstrumentationInstrumentation

TempoTempo

DynamicsDynamics

Romantic ‘Character Pieces’Romantic ‘Character Pieces’

Ternary formTernary form Character pieces: evoke a specific mood/ Character pieces: evoke a specific mood/

momentmoment

Marche, The Nutcracker, TchaikovskyMarche, The Nutcracker, Tchaikovsky Why is this appropriate for toy soldiers?Why is this appropriate for toy soldiers?

Rondo FormRondo Form

Simple rondo: ABACASimple rondo: ABACA Large scale rondo: ABACADAEA etc.Large scale rondo: ABACADAEA etc.

EpisodesEpisodes

Baroque RondoBaroque Rondo

RitornelloRitornello Used lots in 1Used lots in 1stst movement of Baroque movement of Baroque

concertosconcertos

Ritornello: main theme does not always Ritornello: main theme does not always return in same key when it returns…apart return in same key when it returns…apart from last statement at end of movementfrom last statement at end of movement

Vocab….Vocab….

ConcertoConcerto Violin Concerto in A minor, 1Violin Concerto in A minor, 1stst mov, Vivaldi mov, Vivaldi CD1: 9CD1: 9

Concerto Concerto GrossoGrosso Concertino: solo groupConcertino: solo group

Classical RondoClassical Rondo Rondo form used loads: small-scale keyboard Rondo form used loads: small-scale keyboard

music, whole concerto/ symphony movementsmusic, whole concerto/ symphony movements Main theme often shortened in its repeats, apart Main theme often shortened in its repeats, apart

from final statementfrom final statement Episodes often in closely related keysEpisodes often in closely related keys SubdominantSubdominant DominantDominant Relative major/ minorRelative major/ minor Both ritornello and Rondo ideas usedBoth ritornello and Rondo ideas used

Rondo in F, K15, Mozart. CD1: 10Rondo in F, K15, Mozart. CD1: 10

Romantic RondoRomantic Rondo

Rondo and ritornello ideas usedRondo and ritornello ideas used Introduction often addedIntroduction often added Coda often addedCoda often added

Sometimes short link passages addedSometimes short link passages added

OvertureOverture to Carmen, Bizet to Carmen, Bizet CD1: 11CD1: 11

Expressionism and SerialismExpressionism and Serialism Expressionist artists attempted to capture Expressionist artists attempted to capture

intense internal emotions, often with old intense internal emotions, often with old colours and distorted imagescolours and distorted images

Social Conditions of 1920sSocial Conditions of 1920s

Years immediately after 1WWYears immediately after 1WW Expressionist movement strongest in Expressionist movement strongest in

GermanyGermany Disillusionment and discontentDisillusionment and discontent Intense emotions in art, music, literature Intense emotions in art, music, literature

etc.etc. Schoenberg, String Quartet 2Schoenberg, String Quartet 2

Hallmarks of ExpressionismHallmarks of Expressionism ChromaticismChromaticism Angular MelodiesAngular Melodies DissonanceDissonance Extreme Contrasts of dynamicsExtreme Contrasts of dynamics Avoid cadenceAvoid cadence Avoid repetitionAvoid repetition Avoid sequenceAvoid sequence Avoid Balanced phrasesAvoid Balanced phrases Constantly changing textures and ideasConstantly changing textures and ideas

Second Viennese SchoolSecond Viennese School

More concerned with timbre than with More concerned with timbre than with melody and harmony as we understand it.melody and harmony as we understand it.

Music should be free from the restriction of Music should be free from the restriction of being in a keybeing in a key

AtonalityAtonality SchoenbergSchoenberg Webern, BergWebern, Berg HindemithHindemith

SerialismSerialism

Without key, how could one organise Without key, how could one organise ideas?ideas?

12 tone technique12 tone technique

Prime Order

See Sibelius ScoreSee Sibelius Score

VocabVocab Enharmonic Enharmonic VerticalisationVerticalisation KlangfarbenmelodieKlangfarbenmelodie Prime rowPrime row RetrogradeRetrograde InversionInversion Retrograde InversionRetrograde Inversion Rhythmic MotifsRhythmic Motifs AugmentationAugmentation DiminutionDiminution

Tonal SerialismTonal Serialism

Not only pitch controlledNot only pitch controlled Elements such as rhythm, dynamics also Elements such as rhythm, dynamics also

controlled by principles of serialismcontrolled by principles of serialism

Milton BabbittMilton Babbitt

MinimalismMinimalism

AmericaAmerica 1960s1960s Started out experimentally: a reaction to Started out experimentally: a reaction to

serialismserialism

Glass Violin ConcertoGlass Violin Concerto

La Monte YoungLa Monte Young

First Minimalist composerFirst Minimalist composer Fascinated with drones and repetitionFascinated with drones and repetition Indian and Japanese musicIndian and Japanese music Intrigued by sound of wind and electrical Intrigued by sound of wind and electrical

hum!hum!

Terry RileyTerry Riley

Friend and Colleague of YoungFriend and Colleague of Young Experimented with tape loopsExperimented with tape loops Used delayUsed delay He performed solo, using echo devices to He performed solo, using echo devices to

give the impression of more than one give the impression of more than one performerperformer

In CIn C

VocabVocab

DroneDrone PhasingPhasing RepetitionRepetition Rhythmic TransformationRhythmic Transformation Melodic TransformationMelodic Transformation CellsCells Broken ChordsBroken Chords Note addition/ subtractionNote addition/ subtraction

Steve ReichSteve Reich

‘‘Process of change’ was main concernProcess of change’ was main concern PhasingPhasing Africa and IndonesiaAfrica and Indonesia PolyrhythmsPolyrhythms RagasRagas DIATONICDIATONIC Modes and Major scalesModes and Major scales MotifsMotifs

Electric Counterpoint

Philip GlassPhilip Glass

Used ArpeggiosUsed Arpeggios Used triadsUsed triads Lyrical, accessible styleLyrical, accessible style

Experimental and Electronic MusicExperimental and Electronic Music

Aleatoric music/ Indeterminacy (Cage’s Aleatoric music/ Indeterminacy (Cage’s name)name)

Environmental NoiseEnvironmental Noise Noc concern about Noc concern about

melody/harmony/rhythm of piecemelody/harmony/rhythm of piece

4’33, Cage4’33, Cage

John CageJohn Cage 1912-1992 1912-1992

Taught by SchoenbergTaught by Schoenberg Began composing serialist musicBegan composing serialist music

Prepared PianoPrepared Piano GamelanGamelan

Graphic NotationGraphic Notation

•3-line stave•Prose score:music and its directions are written as ordinary text, and the interpretation is down to the performer.

Memories of YouMemories of You

CD1:18CD1:18 Cornelius CardewCornelius Cardew 19641964 Written for grand piano and 3 objects of Written for grand piano and 3 objects of

the performers choicethe performers choice A Paperback Copy of some music, a A Paperback Copy of some music, a

pencil and his handpencil and his hand

Structuring Experimental MusicStructuring Experimental Music

Music for voiceMusic for voice

Aria, John CageAria, John Cage

Solo for voice 22: performers instructed Solo for voice 22: performers instructed how to breathe: nose/ mouth/ how long forhow to breathe: nose/ mouth/ how long for

Sounds fed through effects processors:Sounds fed through effects processors: Reverb, Reverb, flangerflanger, delay, pan, delay, pan

Electronic MusicElectronic Music

Early explorations in Electronic music let Early explorations in Electronic music let to Music Concrete: Music made from to Music Concrete: Music made from recording non-musical noises and soundsrecording non-musical noises and sounds

Using synthesizers and samplesUsing synthesizers and samples Could control eveything about the musicCould control eveything about the music Attack, decay, timbre, dynamics, tempo Attack, decay, timbre, dynamics, tempo

etc.etc.

StockhausenStockhausen

VocabVocab

Multi-track recording: Multi-track recording:  is a method  is a method of sound recording that allows for the of sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound separate recording of multiple sound sources to create a cohesive whole sources to create a cohesive whole

Vari-speeding: changing the speed of the Vari-speeding: changing the speed of the track. This can effect the pitch.track. This can effect the pitch.

Dance Music 1985-Present DayDance Music 1985-Present Day

Club dance musicClub dance music DJsDJs

Trance is most popular genre playedTrance is most popular genre played Strong 4-to-the-floor beatStrong 4-to-the-floor beat 140bpm140bpm

Roots of club dance musicRoots of club dance music

FunkFunk DiscoDisco JazzJazz R n B (rhythm and blues)R n B (rhythm and blues) ReggaeReggae Western Classical musicWestern Classical music

DubDub

Remixed versions of reggae tracks: few Remixed versions of reggae tracks: few vocals, lots of effectsvocals, lots of effects

1970s1970s

King TubbyKing Tubby

Lee Scratch PerryLee Scratch Perry

Chicago HouseChicago House

1980s1980s The WarehouseThe Warehouse DJs took existing tracks ands remixed DJs took existing tracks ands remixed

them/ cut them up and mixed them them/ cut them up and mixed them together with other trackstogether with other tracks

Frankie KnucklesFrankie Knuckles

Pump up the volume M/A/R/R/S: CD2:2Pump up the volume M/A/R/R/S: CD2:2

Acid HouseAcid House

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9hYX4XCzQ4 v=n9hYX4XCzQ4

Characterised by sound of Roland TB303: Characterised by sound of Roland TB303: small synth to create bass soundssmall synth to create bass sounds

Popular in UK and led to start of UK rave Popular in UK and led to start of UK rave scene in late 80s.scene in late 80s.

New York GarageNew York Garage

As House died out…As House died out… Paradise GarageParadise Garage More melodic than houseMore melodic than house Influences form R and B and SoulInfluences form R and B and Soul

M25 Rave sceneM25 Rave scene

Late 80sLate 80s Clubs had restricted hoursClubs had restricted hours Dancers wanted to carry on clubbingDancers wanted to carry on clubbing IllegalIllegal Forced to be held further and further from Forced to be held further and further from

centre of Londoncentre of London Criminal/ drugs elementCriminal/ drugs element

VocabVocab BreakdownBreakdown Build upBuild up Breakbeat: drum pattern, often high tempo, Breakbeat: drum pattern, often high tempo,

which includes lots of syncopation and which includes lots of syncopation and polyrhythmspolyrhythms

RepetitionRepetition RemixRemix ScratchingScratching VocoderVocoder ChorusChorus DistortionDistortion QuantizationQuantization

Songs from MusicalsSongs from Musicals

Musical?Musical?

A piece of theatreA piece of theatre Music has a central roleMusic has a central role Popular stylePopular style Orchestral or band accompanimentOrchestral or band accompaniment

West endWest end BroadwayBroadway

Types of SongTypes of Song

Solo SongSolo Song DuetsDuets ChorusesChoruses

Separated by spoken dialogueSeparated by spoken dialogue

Action SongAction Song Character SongCharacter Song

VocabVocab LyricsLyrics Verse-chorus structureVerse-chorus structure Middle 8Middle 8 Diatonic harmonyDiatonic harmony Elements of jazz (and rock)Elements of jazz (and rock) Symmetrical 8 bar phrasesSymmetrical 8 bar phrases HookHook IntroIntro OutroOutro Word PaintingWord Painting

Musicals ComposersMusicals Composers

Rogers and HammersteinRogers and Hammerstein Cole PorterCole Porter Andrew Lloyd WebberAndrew Lloyd Webber Stephen SondheimStephen Sondheim

Britpop and its InfluencesBritpop and its Influences

Early 1980s polital idealism and music Early 1980s polital idealism and music came together in the form of indie music came together in the form of indie music e.g The Smithse.g The Smiths

Britpop explosion in mid 90sBritpop explosion in mid 90s Nostalgic movement looking back to Nostalgic movement looking back to

British pop music in 60s: The Kinks, The British pop music in 60s: The Kinks, The Who, The BeatlesWho, The Beatles

Defining CharacteristicsDefining Characteristics

Guitar driven bandGuitar driven band Little use of technologyLittle use of technology Structure (verse, chorus, middle 8)Structure (verse, chorus, middle 8) Traditional chord sequencesTraditional chord sequences Strong melody linesStrong melody lines Musical references (including direct Musical references (including direct

quotes) from 60s bandsquotes) from 60s bands Regional accentsRegional accents

Subject contentSubject content

LyricsLyrics Everyday life in EnglandEveryday life in England Social observationSocial observation

Blur, Country HouseBlur, Country House

Why did Britpop happen?Why did Britpop happen?

ReactionReaction 1980s/1990s American pop dominated 1980s/1990s American pop dominated

chartchart

Further influence from ‘Madchester’ in 60s: Further influence from ‘Madchester’ in 60s: Stone Roses and Happy MondaysStone Roses and Happy Mondays

Indian RagaIndian Raga

RagaRaga

Musicians improvise according to the strict Musicians improvise according to the strict rules of ragarules of raga

A cross between a scale and a melodyA cross between a scale and a melody Each raga associated with a particular Each raga associated with a particular

mood, time of day, season etc.mood, time of day, season etc.

HarmonyHarmony

Consists of rising and falling Consists of rising and falling improvisations against drone in improvisations against drone in backgroundbackground

Tambura plays droneTambura plays drone Harmonium can Harmonium can

also play drone also play drone

sometimessometimes

RhythmRhythm

TalaTala Rhythmic Cycle of BeatsRhythmic Cycle of Beats Played on tablaPlayed on tabla

StructureStructure

Alap: slow intro, no percussion, no regular Alap: slow intro, no percussion, no regular metremetre

Jhor: basic pulse, though no strong beatsJhor: basic pulse, though no strong beats Gat: pre-composed fixed sequence which Gat: pre-composed fixed sequence which

allow all instrumentalists to interactallow all instrumentalists to interact Jhala: players improvise around the Jhala: players improvise around the

melody and rhythmmelody and rhythm

InstrumentsInstruments

SitarSitar Sarod Sarod SarangiSarangi TablaTabla TamburaTambura HarmoniumHarmonium

ContextContext

Master-student tradition of learningMaster-student tradition of learning Listening and memorisingListening and memorising Concerts that last for hoursConcerts that last for hours Passed on through oral traditionPassed on through oral tradition

African MusicAfrican Music

SingingSinging DrummingDrumming Instrumental musicInstrumental music

Music is central to every aspect of Music is central to every aspect of traditional lifetraditional life

Rituals to entertainmentRituals to entertainment Oral traditionOral tradition

Major Elements of African MusicMajor Elements of African Music

RepetitionRepetition ImprovisationImprovisation PolyphonyPolyphony Cross rhythmsCross rhythms VariationsVariations Call and ResponseCall and Response

DrummingDrumming

Master DrummerMaster Drummer

DjembeDjembe Donno (talking drum)Donno (talking drum) DundunDundun

Instrumental musicInstrumental music

Mbira/ Thumb PianoMbira/ Thumb Piano BalaphoneBalaphone KoraKora

IdiophoneIdiophone AerophoneAerophone ChordophoneChordophone MembranophoneMembranophone

African SongAfrican Song

Call and ResponseCall and Response Use of pentatonic sclaeUse of pentatonic sclae WorksongsWorksongs African Church MusicAfrican Church Music

FusionFusion

One style of music mixing with another One style of music mixing with another style of musicstyle of music

Indian FusionIndian Fusion African FusionAfrican Fusion

Advances in recording technology and 20Advances in recording technology and 20thth century globalization have led to more century globalization have led to more fusion musicfusion music

Hybrid StylesHybrid Styles

BhangraBhangra

BollywoodBollywood