GCSE Physical EducationGCSE Physical Education

Areas to reviseAreas to revise

Yr 11 2009Yr 11 2009

1a: Skeleton and Joints1a: Skeleton and Joints Describe and explain why the four major Describe and explain why the four major functions of functions of the skeletonthe skeleton are relevant to performance and are relevant to performance and participation in physical activity (shape and support, participation in physical activity (shape and support, movement, protection, blood production). Examples movement, protection, blood production). Examples from the major bones in the body should be used to from the major bones in the body should be used to highlight these roles and link them to sport;highlight these roles and link them to sport;

DDescribe and explain how different types of escribe and explain how different types of jointsjoints affect participation and performance in physical affect participation and performance in physical activity by allowing specific ranges of activity by allowing specific ranges of movementmovement ((flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adductionadduction). Examples of ). Examples of ball and socketball and socket, , hingehinge, , glidinggliding and and pivotpivot should be used. The value to should be used. The value to performance of healthy and efficient joints should performance of healthy and efficient joints should also be explained (also be explained (ligament, cartilageligament, cartilage and synovial and synovial fluid problems).fluid problems).

1b: Muscles1b: MusclesHow muscles affect movement and performance How muscles affect movement and performance ((fast twitchfast twitch for power and strength activities, for power and strength activities, slow slow twitchtwitch for endurance activities) for endurance activities)

explain how this improved muscle functioning can explain how this improved muscle functioning can improve performance and participation in physical improve performance and participation in physical activitiesactivities

describe and explain the role of describe and explain the role of antagonistic pairsantagonistic pairs, , prime moversprime movers and and synergistssynergists during a range of during a range of different physical activities. Use suitable examples different physical activities. Use suitable examples from the muscles listed abovefrom the muscles listed above

describe the role and function of describe the role and function of tendonstendons during during movement. (movement. (Origin & InsertionOrigin & Insertion))

1c: Circulatory and 1c: Circulatory and Respiratory systemsRespiratory systems

describe and explain how the describe and explain how the circulatorycirculatory and r and respiratoryespiratory systems systems affect performanceaffect performance and participation levels (lactic and participation levels (lactic acid and oxygen debt tolerance, duration of activity, recovery acid and oxygen debt tolerance, duration of activity, recovery rate);rate);

describe and explain how activity and describe and explain how activity and exercise exercise develop and develop and affect the affect the efficiencyefficiency of the circulatory and respiratory of the circulatory and respiratory systems (systems (stronger heart muscle, increased stroke volume and stronger heart muscle, increased stroke volume and cardiac output, lower resting heart rate, more efficient cardiac output, lower resting heart rate, more efficient gaseous exchange, increased vital capacity, tidal volume and gaseous exchange, increased vital capacity, tidal volume and oxygen debt toleranceoxygen debt tolerance))

describe and explain the function of the different components describe and explain the function of the different components of blood of blood in relationin relation to physical activityto physical activity ( (red blood cells, white red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasmablood cells, platelets and plasma))

describe and explain, using examples from specific physical describe and explain, using examples from specific physical activities, the difference between activities, the difference between aerobic and anaerobic workaerobic and anaerobic work and the effect that and the effect that lactic acidlactic acid production has on production has on performance.performance.

1d: Skill1d: Skilldescribe and explain how different types of describe and explain how different types of feed backfeed back in practice in practice situations improve performance (situations improve performance (intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of performance, knowledge of results)performance, knowledge of results)

describe and explain a range of advanced skills relating to their chosen describe and explain a range of advanced skills relating to their chosen practical activities and distinguish between those which are practical activities and distinguish between those which are openopen and and closedclosed

describe and explain the importance of basic describe and explain the importance of basic abilitiesabilities in promoting more in promoting more advanced skills for participation in physical activities (advanced skills for participation in physical activities (speed, agility, speed, agility, coordination, flexibility, balance, reaction time)coordination, flexibility, balance, reaction time)

describe and explain what distinguishes the skills of a describe and explain what distinguishes the skills of a novicenovice from a from a top top level performerlevel performer ( (consistency, energy, time, adaptableconsistency, energy, time, adaptable))

describe and explain how describe and explain how skills are learnedskills are learned, refined and adapted to , refined and adapted to various practical activities (various practical activities (practice, copying, trial and error, role practice, copying, trial and error, role modelsmodels))

explain through the use of a simple explain through the use of a simple information processing modelinformation processing model (IPM) (IPM) how we learn physical skills, and the importance of feedback in how we learn physical skills, and the importance of feedback in evaluating, analysing and planning for improvement in performance.evaluating, analysing and planning for improvement in performance.

1e: Motivation and mental 1e: Motivation and mental preparationpreparation

describe and explain how mental preparation describe and explain how mental preparation affects participation and performance, (affects participation and performance, (relaxation, relaxation, mental rehearsal, focusingmental rehearsal, focusing))

define define motivationmotivation linking it to the idea of being linking it to the idea of being aroused, distinguish between aroused, distinguish between intrinsicintrinsic and and extrinsicextrinsic motivating factors, and where both can be motivating factors, and where both can be effectively used in physical activity; (enjoyment, effectively used in physical activity; (enjoyment, personal goals, rewards, certificates, badges, personal goals, rewards, certificates, badges, trophies, fame)trophies, fame)

describe and explain the importance of describe and explain the importance of Goal Goal SettingSetting ( (SMARTERSMARTER) as part of mental preparation ) as part of mental preparation for performance and as a means of controlling for performance and as a means of controlling anxiety and motivating participants.anxiety and motivating participants.

1f: Social reasons for 1f: Social reasons for participationparticipation

recognise and explain the reasons for recognise and explain the reasons for increased leisure time (increased leisure time (including shorter including shorter working week, technology, early working week, technology, early retirement, unemploymentretirement, unemployment) and why ) and why people participate in physical activities people participate in physical activities including including health health ((stress, image, illness, stress, image, illness, well-being, life expectancy) leisure well-being, life expectancy) leisure (enjoyment, friendship, hobby, socialize) (enjoyment, friendship, hobby, socialize) vocation (professional/semi-pro status, vocation (professional/semi-pro status, employment).employment).

1g: School1g: School

describe and explain the role of describe and explain the role of school in school in promoting participationpromoting participation in in physical activity in terms of the physical activity in terms of the National Curriculum requirements, National Curriculum requirements, examination courses, extra curricular examination courses, extra curricular activities and links with local sports activities and links with local sports clubs/providers.clubs/providers.

1h: Social background1h: Social background

describe and explain both the describe and explain both the positive and negativepositive and negative effects that the effects that the following can have on participation; following can have on participation; age, gender, access, education, age, gender, access, education, family, peer-group, family, peer-group, environment/climate, disability, the environment/climate, disability, the media, sponsorship, politics, media, sponsorship, politics, tradition/culture.tradition/culture.

1i: Local and National 1i: Local and National facilitiesfacilities

describe and explain how the range of sporting describe and explain how the range of sporting facilities and opportunities both locally and facilities and opportunities both locally and nationally affect participation in physical nationally affect participation in physical activities, activities, local authority provision, private local authority provision, private enterprise, voluntary organisations and national enterprise, voluntary organisations and national authoritiesauthorities; appropriate examples should be used ; appropriate examples should be used to support candidates’ understanding;to support candidates’ understanding;

describe and explain the role that the describe and explain the role that the National National Centres of ExcellenceCentres of Excellence play in supporting the play in supporting the development of sporting excellence.development of sporting excellence.

Unit 2: The Relationship Unit 2: The Relationship between Health, Fitness between Health, Fitness

and Practical Activityand Practical Activity

2a: Components of 2a: Components of fitnessfitness

describe and explain how the different describe and explain how the different components of fitness, (components of fitness, (cardiovascular cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, endurance, muscular endurance, speed, strength, flexibilityspeed, strength, flexibility) and skill ) and skill related fitness components (related fitness components (agility, agility, balance, coordination, speed of balance, coordination, speed of reaction, timingreaction, timing) relate to good health ) relate to good health and affect performance in a variety of and affect performance in a variety of physical activities, and how the physical activities, and how the importance of each differs between importance of each differs between activities.activities.

2b:Factors affecting 2b:Factors affecting fitnessfitness

describe and explain the role that a describe and explain the role that a healthy diethealthy diet plays in good plays in good health and fitness; include the function of the seven essential health and fitness; include the function of the seven essential components; e.g. carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, components; e.g. carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins, fibre, water;vitamins, fibre, water;

describe and explain how differences in physique describe and explain how differences in physique ((somatotypes, endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorphsomatotypes, endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) including ) including height and weight will affect success in different activities; e.g. height and weight will affect success in different activities; e.g. Sumo wrestler, sprinter, high jumper;Sumo wrestler, sprinter, high jumper;

describe and explain, using suitable examples, the effects that describe and explain, using suitable examples, the effects that age, gender, and disabilityage, gender, and disability can have on the different fitness can have on the different fitness components;components;

describe and explain how smoking, excessive alcohol, over and describe and explain how smoking, excessive alcohol, over and under eating, performance enhancing drugs (painkillers, under eating, performance enhancing drugs (painkillers, steroids, beta blockers, stimulants, diuretics, blood doping) and steroids, beta blockers, stimulants, diuretics, blood doping) and stress can have on performance, health and well-being.stress can have on performance, health and well-being.

2c: Investigation of the effect of fitness 2c: Investigation of the effect of fitness on performance and how to assess iton performance and how to assess it

describe and explain how describe and explain how testingtesting and and measurementsmeasurements can be used to evaluate an can be used to evaluate an individual’s suitability for an activity and individual’s suitability for an activity and identify their strengths and weaknesses, identify their strengths and weaknesses, (the multistage fitness test and the 12 (the multistage fitness test and the 12 minute run for cardiovascular endurance, minute run for cardiovascular endurance, sprint tests for speed and the sit and reach sprint tests for speed and the sit and reach for flexibility; press up /sit up test for for flexibility; press up /sit up test for muscular endurance, agility run test, stork muscular endurance, agility run test, stork stand test for balance). Carry out data stand test for balance). Carry out data analysis of test and performance results.analysis of test and performance results.

2d: Fitness training 2d: Fitness training principlesprinciples

use training principles to plan, implement and monitor a six use training principles to plan, implement and monitor a six week personal exercise programme, considering the week personal exercise programme, considering the individual to be trained, the specific fitness component(s) individual to be trained, the specific fitness component(s) required and the importance of warm up and cool down; required and the importance of warm up and cool down;

Candidates should be clear about the purpose of the Candidates should be clear about the purpose of the personal exercise programme and if it is for health and personal exercise programme and if it is for health and well-being or a specific activity;well-being or a specific activity;

describe and explain how the training principles can be describe and explain how the training principles can be applied to performers’ training for different physical applied to performers’ training for different physical activities and performances (activities and performances (overload, specificity, overload, specificity, progression, reversibility, peaking);progression, reversibility, peaking);

describe and explain how the describe and explain how the FITT principle (frequency, FITT principle (frequency, intensity, time and type)intensity, time and type) can be applied to training can be applied to training programmes for specific activities.programmes for specific activities.

2e: Training methods2e: Training methodsdescribe and explain, with examples, describe and explain, with examples, how the different training methods can how the different training methods can be used to prepare for exercise and be used to prepare for exercise and specific activities, circuit training, specific activities, circuit training, fartlek training, interval training, weight fartlek training, interval training, weight training (isometric and isotonic), training (isometric and isotonic), continuous training and flexibility continuous training and flexibility training (active and passive); training (active and passive); candidates should consider the candidates should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each advantages and disadvantages of each method.method.

2f: Training effects2f: Training effectsdescribe and explain the immediate short describe and explain the immediate short term effects of exercise on the body term effects of exercise on the body systems during physical activity and systems during physical activity and performance (breathing, pulse rate, performance (breathing, pulse rate, circulation, muscles and sweating)circulation, muscles and sweating)

describe and explain the long term describe and explain the long term training effects on the heart (heart rate, training effects on the heart (heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output), stroke volume and cardiac output), circulatory system, breathing, body circulatory system, breathing, body composition, muscles, rate of recovery composition, muscles, rate of recovery and general well being.and general well being.

Unit 3: Risk Assessment in Unit 3: Risk Assessment in Physical ActivityPhysical Activity

3a: Potential Hazards3a: Potential Hazards

describe and explain describe and explain potential potential hazardshazards in a variety of different in a variety of different activity areas (the gymnasium, activity areas (the gymnasium, sports hall, swimming pool, playing sports hall, swimming pool, playing fields, court areas and when involved fields, court areas and when involved in outdoor adventurous activities)in outdoor adventurous activities)..

3b: Prevention of Injury3b: Prevention of Injurydescribe and explain, using a variety of specific describe and explain, using a variety of specific examples, various ways to examples, various ways to minimize the risksminimize the risks in in these areas, (these areas, (correct clothing/footwear, personal correct clothing/footwear, personal protective equipment, rules/laws/codes, protective equipment, rules/laws/codes, knowledge of appropriate safety procedures,knowledge of appropriate safety procedures, lifting/carrying/placing equipment, correct lifting/carrying/placing equipment, correct techniques, appropriate level of competition techniques, appropriate level of competition relative to age, sex and size, and warm up/cool relative to age, sex and size, and warm up/cool down)down)

explain the importance of good explain the importance of good personal hygienepersonal hygiene to physical activity in order to avoid minor to physical activity in order to avoid minor infections such as verrucae and athletes foot.infections such as verrucae and athletes foot.

3c: Injury Treatment3c: Injury Treatmentdescribe and explain the basic signs and describe and explain the basic signs and symptoms of, and how to treat simple symptoms of, and how to treat simple performance injuries, (performance injuries, (winding, winding, cuts/grazes, blisters, muscle, tendon and cuts/grazes, blisters, muscle, tendon and ligament injuries, RICE, dehydration, ligament injuries, RICE, dehydration, exhaustion and concussion)exhaustion and concussion)

describe and explain in which activities describe and explain in which activities these injuries are most likely to be seen.these injuries are most likely to be seen.