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GC Column Technology -Advancements and

Practical Applications

Agilent Technologies


Capillary Column Research

•Column deactivation chemistry:

- extend performance envelope- general use phases

- optimize column chemistry - specific use columns

•Stationary phase chemistries:

- improved upper temp limits- increased thermal stability & lowerbleed

- improved low temperature performance- increased flexibility forvolatiles

- improved chemical & physical stability- longer life, improvedresolution

- improved selectivities/ new applications


Capillary Column Cross Section

polyimidecoating

fused-silica

deactivation layer

stationaryphase polymer(or particles)


Capillary Column Types

Liquid Phase

Carrier Gas

Porous Layer Open Tube (PLOT)

Wall Coated Open Tube (WCOT)

Solid Particles


Optimized Column Deactivation

• Compatible with desired stationary phase polymerproper surface energy (polymer "wets" surface)provides functional groups for covalent bonding

• Permits good chromatography: minimal absorption,symmetric peaks for compounds of interest:

If general-use phase: broad analyte spectrum capability-organic acids to organic bases

• Deactivation stable to solvent injection or wash


Optimized Deactivation

• “Broad Range” is difficult in practice.

• Deactivation affects performance


Common Deactivation Chemistriesand Column Performance

Deactivation Method Column Characteristics

Chlorosilanes Acidic

Alkoxysilanes Slightly Acidic

Silazanes or cyclic silazanes Basic

Hydrosilanes or hydrosiloxanes Acidic

Siloxane Slightly Acidic

Polyethylene glycol (Carbowax) Acidic


Acid Performance5% phenyl, 30 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm

1. pentanoic acid2. hexanoic acid3. heptanoic acid4. octanoic acid5. decanoic acid6. dodecanoic acid

1

2

3 4

5 6

1

2

3 4

56

1

2

3 45

6 1

2

3 45

6

HP(experimental)

VendorA

VendorB

VendorC


Base Performance5% phenyl, 30 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm

1. pentylamine2. hexylamine3. heptylamine4. octylamine5. nonylamine6. decylamine

1

2

3

4 56

1

2

3

45

6

1

2

34 5 6

1

2

3

4 56

HP(experimental)

VendorA

VendorB

VendorC


HP-5 Equivalent Columns:Broad Spectrum Chemical Test

1. Undecane2. 4-Chlorophenol3. 1-Decylamine4. Tridecane5. Methyl Caprate6. Tetradecane7. Acenaphthalene8. 1-Dodecanol9. Pentadecane

HP-5

Alternate A

Alternate B

2 4 6 8 10

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DuraGuard

GC Injector Port

DetectorPort

DuraGuard

U99-060

TM


Stationary Phase Advancements

• Improved upper temp performance- Reducing bleed-“MS” phases.

• Extending minimum temp limits- more flexibility forvolatiles- Waxes.

• Improved phase stability- longer life, improvedresolution, expanded compatibility -PLOTs.

• New selectivities / applications.


What is Bleed?

• thermodynamic equilibrium process occurs tosome degree in all columns

• polysiloxane backbone releases low molecularweight, cyclic fragments

• occurs at low level in low temperature, O2-free,clean system

• increased by increased temperature, oxygenexposure or chemical contamination


Bleed: Why Does It Happen? “Back Biting” Mechanism of Product Formation

+

Si Si Si Si Si Si SiO O O O O O OH

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

OHSiSi O Si O Si OCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 SiO O

O

CH3H3C

H3C

H3C

SiSiCH3

CH3

O

O O O O

OSi

HO

H3C

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

Si SiSi Si Si SiCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

Repeat

Cyclic products arethermodynamically

more stable!


DB-5MS Structure

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH

3

CH3 CH

3

Si

Si

Si

Si

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH

3

CH3 CH

3

CH3

Si

Si

Si

SiO

O

DB-5 Structure

DB-55% Phenyl

DB-5ms Structure

DB-5ms 1.Increased stability 2.Different selectivity 3.Optimized to match DB-5


Low Bleed Stationary PhasesDB-35ms vs. DB-35

* 5ng Decachlorobiphenyl

DB-35ms

8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

320°C

DB-35

8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

300°C

CLP Pesticides Analysis

*

*

S/N = 10

S/N = 3


Low Bleed Stationary PhasesSpectral Purity


DB-1msThe World’s #1 Phase Just Got Better

• Virtually identical selectivity to DB-1

• Higher temperature limit than DB-5ms (340/360°C)

• Legendary column to column reproducibility

• Engineered to perform: never hand selected


DB-1ms: Optimizing an Already Robust Phase

• Changes to fused silica surface prior topolymerization

• Changes to polymerization chemistry

• Changes to chemical manifolds used toprocess columns


Molecular Weight Distribution and Bleed inDMPS Columns

DMPS chains of inconsistent lengths


Molecular Weight Distribution and Bleed inDMPS Columns

DMPS chains of lengthsconsistent


DB-1msCompare the Retention Indices

Compound DB-1 DB-1ms MFG A MFG B MFG C

3,5-dimethylpyridine 952.4 954.0 959.1 966.1 958.7

1-nitrohexane 1009.4 1009.7 1009.9 1015.1 1015.0

1,4-diisopropylbenzene 1152.1 1152.7 1153.5 1157.3 1157.0

1-nonanol 1156.9 1157.2 1156.7 1161.1 1161.0

2-decanone 1169.3 1169.7 1170.4 1174.1 1173.0

Retention Indices at 90°C


DB-1msInertness

Column: DB-1ms30 m x 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 µm

J&W P/N: 122-0132Carrier: Hydrogen at 39.8 cm/sec,

measure at 125°COven: 125°C for 8.5 min

125-265°C at 20°/minInjector: Split 1:50, 250°CDetector: FID, 300°C

1. 2-Ethylhexanoic Acid*2. 1,6-Hexanediol3. 4-Chlorophenol*4. 1-Methylnaphthalene5. Tridecane6. 1-Undecanol7. Tetradecane8. Dicyclohexylamine*9. 2,4-Dinitrophenol*10. Acenaphthene11. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine*12. Pentachlorophenol13. Phenanthrene14. Carbazole*Active Analytes

1*

2*3*

4

5

6

7

8*

9*

10

11*

12*

13

14

0 5 10 15 Time (min)


Improved Bleed Performance

Column Bleed, pA

Co

un

t

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Current ProductionColumns

1992 Column Production

DBTM-530 m x 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 µmJ&W Part No. 122-5032

Documented Quality Improvement


Extending Low Temp Limits- Goals

• Retain peak shape, efficiency at low temperatures

• Retain (if possible) original phase polarity (RI)

• Retain or expand maximum temperature capability


PEG (WAX) Phases

• Carbowax- uncrosslinked PEG (HP 20M)

• DB-WAX- crosslinked via free radicals

• HP Innowax- crosslinked via side-chain functionalgroups

Goal: Reduce crystallinity, reduce melting point,reduce lower temp limit.


Melting Point of PEG PhasesN / m vs. Temperature

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000

0

N /

m

0 40 6020 80 100

Temperature (°C)

Carbowax

HP-Innowax

DB-WAX


PEG Column ComparisonSolvent Analysis

HP-Innowax

DB-WAX

30 m x 0.25 mm id x 0.25 µm df1

2

34 7

5,6

8

9,10

11

12

13

14

15 16

17

18

1

2

34 7

5,6

8

9

11

12

13

1415

16

17

18

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time (min.)

1. pentane 2. methyl formate 3. acetone 4. ethyl acetate 5. methyl ethyl ketone 6. methanol 7. 2-methyl-2-propanol 8. methylene chloride 9. benzene10. ethanol11. 2-butanol12. toluene13. n-propanol14. ethyl benzene15. p-xylene16. m-xylene17. 1-butanol18. o-xylene


Break Number 1

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Phase Stability: PLOT Column Enhancements

• thicker phase layers - improved resolution

• improved particle to particle cross-linking orbinding:

• decreased particle generation

- less detector "spiking" and noise

- less detector contamination

• improved chemical stability- longer column life

• improved selectivities


Bonded PLOT Columns

• Virtually no spiking- use with valved, on-line, MSapplications.

• No trap needed


Bonded Porous Polymer PLOT Columns

General applications- hydrocarbons and lightpolars, including:

• HC up to C10, C2 -C4 isomers (natural gas,refinery gas).

• Halogenated HC• CO2, Air/CO,methane• Polar compounds: Solvents, Alcohols, Ketones,

Esters, Aldehydes, Amines, Acids


Bonded Porous Polymer PLOT Columns

HP PLOT Q: Polystyrene divinylbenzene- based

HP PLOT U: Divinylbenzene/ethylene glycolmethacrylate- based

- resistant to water & alcohols

- can quantitate water and alcohols

- rinseable


Column Stability/ Reproducibility:Alcohol Injections


Analysis of Acetone on HP PLOT U

min0 1 2 3 4 5

Air

Wat

er

Met

hano

l

Ace

tone


Selectivity comparison: PLOT Q vs U

Time (min)

Methanol

1 2

4

7

6

5

3

9

8

Column: 0.53mm x 30m HP-PLOT/QOven: 150°CCarrier: Hydrogen 9ml/minInjection: 250C Split mode(12:1)Detector: FID 250CSample: 1ul 0.1-0.3% solvents in methanol1. Ethanol 2. Acetonitrile3. Acetone 4. Dichloromethane5. Diethylether 6. Pentane7. Ethyl acetate 8. Hexane9. Benzene


Selectivity comparison: PLOT Q vs U

min0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Met

hano

l

Eth

anol P

enta

ne

Eth

er

Ace

ton

e

Hex

ane

Eth

yl A

ceta

te

Column: HP-PLOT U 0.32mm x 30m x 10µm

Oven: 150C

Inlet: 180C, Split ratio 30;1

Detector: FID 200C

Sample: 1ul liquid


Volatile Primary Amines

min0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

counts

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

TCD1 A, (PLOTU\75160012.D)

amm

on

ia

Iso

prop

yl a

min

e

trie

thyl

am

ine

prop

ylam

ine

buty

lam

ine

air

wat

er

Column: HP-PLOT U 0.53mm x 30m x 20um. Oven:150C(1min) 10C/min to 190C(5min). Carrier: Hydrogen, 7ml/min. Inlet: 180C, Split ratio 30;1. Detector: TCD200C. Sample: 2ul amines in methanol, 1-10%.


Analysis of Noble & Fixed Gases Using HPPLOT MoleSieve

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HP Plot Al2O3

• Three types, "S" "M" and KCL deactivated- will resolvehydrocarbon isomers.

– "S" and "M" are excellent general use columns. Baselineresolution of C1-C6; optimized for resolution of C2-C4isomers.

– Design goal for "S" & "M": RI for ethylene & propylene asclose to midpoint of flanking peaks as possible.

– "S" best for resolving acetylene from butane & propylenefrom isobutane

– "M" best for resolving cyclopropane from propylene(otherwise, "S" & "M" interchangeable)

– "KCL" best for dienes


Comparison of PLOT Al2O3 Columns

5 10 15 20 250

5

64

3

2

1

1711

12

13

14

15

16

10

7

8

923

1819

2022

21

Propylene on HP Plot Al203 "M"deactivation

Carrier: He, constant flow

Oven: TP1=35°C (2 min), 5°C/min to100°C, 10°C/min to 180°C (5min)

Detector: FID (250°C)

Samplesize:

Overload Conditions

0 5 10 15 20 25

23

1 2

5

9

10

1112

13

14

15

16

17

1819

20

21

22

3 4 876

Ethylene on HP Plot Al203 "S"deactivation

0 5 10 15 20

12 3

5

67

8

910

11

12

13

14+15

16

17

2320

19

2122

18

4

4

Ethylene+Proplyene on CompetitiveAl203 Column

13. iso-Butylene14. cis-2-Butene15. Iso-Pentane16. n-Pentane17. 1,3-Butadiene18. Propyne19. trans-2-Pentene20. 2-Methyl-2-butene21. Pentene-122. cis-2-Pentene23. n-Hexane

● Methane● Ethane● Ethylene● Propane● Cyclopropane● Propylene● iso-Butane● n-Butane● Propadiene● Acetylene● trans-2-Butene● Butene-1


GS-GasPro

- Silica-based PLOT column

- “Bonded” stationary phase

- Unique selectivity

- Highly inert to reactive compounds

- Retention stability uneffected by water

- Mass Spec friendly PLOT column


GS-GasProFantastic for Freons


GS-GasPro

Excellent sensitivity for sulfur gases!


GS-CarbonPLOT

• Monolithic carbon molecular sieve

• Phase formed in situ-no particles

• Extended temperature limit of 360°C

• Unique selectivity

• Mass Spec friendly

• Better price


Natural Gas Mixture

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

0

Carbon-PLOT

1. Methane2. Acetylene3. Propane4. iso-Butane5. n-Butane6. iso-Pentane7. n-Pentane

Column: GS-CarbonPLOT30 m x 0.32 mm I.D., 1.5 µm

J&W P/N: 113-3132Oven: 125°C for 2 min

125°C to 350°C at 20°/minCarrier Gas:Helium at 30 cm/secInjector: 250°C, Split 1:20Detector: MSD, SIM


Break Number 2

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New Selectivities and Application SpecificColumns

• HP Fast Residual Solvent Column

• DB-ALC1 & DB-ALC2; Blood Alcohols

• DB-MTBE; Resolves MTBE from the Methylpentanes

• DB-VRX; The Volatiles Column

• DB-HT SimDis; “Boiling Point” phase with 430C MAOT

• DB-TPH; Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

• DB-Petro; PONA, PIANO and PNA analysis

• DB-Dioxin; dioxin analysis, resolves toxic congeners

• Chiral Columns


Chiral Columns

• It is nearly impossible to predict success ofseparation of enantiomers on any given column

• CycloSil-B is a good general purpose column(“DB-5” of chiral columns)

• Trial and Error: We have money-back guaranteeif column doesn’t do separation


Chiral Columns

• We have two different, but similar, types ofchiral stationary phases. Both are derivatizedbeta-cyclodextrins

• CycloSil-B: silane modified

• Cyclodex-B: permethylated

• HP Chiral -10 and -20 ß: permethylated


Structure and Properties of ß- Cyclodextrin

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2+2+

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2+2+

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2+2+

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CycloSil-B


Chiral Separation- Oils & Fragrances

min5 10 15

pA

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

FID2 B, of CHIRAL\SIG20020.D

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HP Chiral-20 β

30m X 0.25mm X 0.25cm

P/N 19091G-B233

Components:

1. nonane

2. (+) 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

3. (-) 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

4. (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene

5. (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene

6. α−Terpinene

7. (S)-(-)-Limonene

8. (R)-(+)-Limonene

9. γ−Terpinene

10. (+/-)-Linalool

11. (-)-Menthone

12. (+/−)−α−Terpinen-4-ol

Carrier: Hydrogen, 36 cm/sec, Constant pressure

Oven: 50 C (2 min) to 143 C at 5 C/minInjection: Split (ratio 30:1), 1 ml, Inj Temp 250 CDetection: FID, Det Temp 300 C

Sample: 0.25 ng/ml each analyte in Hexane


Headspace Analysis of Common Solvents onHP-624

min0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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Column: HP-624, 30 m x 0.53 mm x 3.0 um (HP Part No. 19095V-423)Carrier: Helium, 35 cm/sec, Constant FlowOven: 40 C (5 min) to 90 C at 2 C/min 90 C to 250 C at 30 C/minInjection: Headspace, 180 C, Split 7/1Detector: FID, 260 C

Headspace Conditions: Carrier Gas Pressure: 3.5 psi Oven Temp: 85 C Loop Temp: 95 C Transfer Line Temp: 110 C Vial Pressure: 10 psi

Vial Equilibration Time: 10 min Pressurization Time: 0.2 min Loop Fill Time: 0.15 min Loop Equilibration Time: 0.05 min Injection Time: 1.00 min

1 Methanol2 Ethanol3 Ether4 Acetone5 i - Propanol6 Acetonitrile7 Methylene Chloride8 t - Butanol9 Hexane10 Propanol11 Methylethylketone

12 Ethylacetate13 Tetrahydrofuran14 s - Butanol15 Chloroform16 Cyclohexane17 Benzene18 Heptane19 Trichloroethylene20 1,4 - Dioxane21 Pyridine22 Toluene


Headspace Analysis of Common Solvents onFast Residual Solvent Column

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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1 Methanol2 Ethanol3 Ether4 Acetone5 i-Propanol6 Acetonitrile7 Methylene Chloride8 t-Butanol9 Hexane10 Propanol11 Methylethylketone

GC: 6890Column: HP-Fast Residual Solvent Column (HP Part No. 19095V-420)Carrier: Helium, 30 cm/sec, Constant FlowOven: 40 C (1.7 min) to 90 C at 6 C/min 90 C to 250 C at 30 C/minInjection: Headspace, 180 C, Split 7/1Detector: FID, 260 C

Headspace Conditions: Carrier Gas Pressure: 3.5 psi Oven Temp: 85 C Loop Temp: 95 C Transfer Line Temp: 110 C Vial Pressure: 10 psi

Vial Equilibration Time: 10 min Pressurization Time: 0.2 min Loop Fill Time: 0.15 min Loop Equilibration Time: 0.05 min Injection Time: 1.00 min

12 Ethylacetate13 Tetrahydrofuran14 s-Butanol15 Chloroform16 Cyclohexane17 Benzene18 Heptane19 Trichloroethylene20 1,4-Dioxane21 Pyridine22 Toluene


DB-ALC1 & DB-ALC2Analysis of Blood Alcohols in 2 minutes!

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3

2

1

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3

DB-ALC130m x 0.53mm I.D., 3µm

DB-ALC230m x 0.53mm I.D., 2µm

GC ConditionsCarrier: Helium at 80 cm/sec,

measured at 40°COven: 40°C IsothermalInjector: Split 1:10, 250°CDetector: FID, 300°C

Headspace ConditionsOven: 70°CLoop: 80°CTransfer line: 90°CVial Equil. Time: 10 minPressurization Time: 0.20 minLoop Fill Time: 0.20 minLoop Equil. Time: 0.05 minInject Time: 0.2 minSample Loop Size: 1.0 mLSample Composition: 0.1% ethanol,

0.001% others

1. Methanol2. Acetaldehyde3. Ethanol4. Isopropanol5. Acetone6. 1-propanol


DB-MTBE

PIDResolves

the Pentanesfrom

MTBE!


DB-HT Sim Dis

HotHot

Hot


DB-VRX: The Volatiles Column

1

2

34 5

6

7

8,9

11

10

12

13

14

15

17

18

16

23

1921

20

27

26

25

29

30

31 33

34

36

37

38

35

39

41

40

47

49

50

52

51

5456

60,63

62

65,66

67

68

69

71

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

ELCD

Column: DB-VRX75 m x mm.45 mm I.D., 2.55 µm

J&W P/N: 124-1574Carrier: Helium at 9 mL/min,

measured at 35°COven: 35°C for 12 min

35-60°C at 5°/min60°C for 1 min60-200°C at 17°/min200°C for 5 min

Injector: Purge and trap (O.I.A 4560)J&W LVI, 150°C20 ppb per component in 5 mL water

Trap: VOCARB™3000Detector: ELCD (O.I.A. 4430), with NiCat™

reaction tube in the halogen mode,950°C reactor temperature

1. Dichlorodifluoromethane2. Chloromethane3. Vinyl chloride4. Bromomethane5. Chloroethane6. Trichlorofluoromethane7. 2-Chloropropane (IS)

8. 1,1-Dichloroethene9. Iodomethane

10. Allyl chloride11. Methylene chloride12. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene13. 1,1-Dichloroethane14. Chloroprene15. cis-1,2-Dichloropropane16. 2,2-Dichloropropane17. Bromochloromethane18. Chloroform19. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane20. Carbon tetrachloride21. 1,1-Dichloropropene22. Benzene23. 1,2-Dichloroethane24. Fluorobenzene (IS)25. Trichloroethene26. 1,2-Dichloropropane27. Dibromomethane28. Trifluorotoluene (IS)29. Bromodichloromethane30. 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether31. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene32. Toluene33. trans-1,3-Dichloropropane34. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane35. Tetrachloroethene36. 1,3-Dichloropropane37. Dibromochloromethane

38. 1,2-Dibromoethane39. 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene (IS)40. Chlorobenzene41. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane42. Ethylbenzene43. m-Xylene44. p-Xylene45. Styrene46. o-Xylene47. Bromoform48. Isopropylbenzene49. cis-1,4-Dichlorobutene50. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane51. Bromobenzene52. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane53. n-Propylbenzene54. 2-Chlorotoluene55. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene56. 4-Chlorotoluene57. tert-Butylbenzene58. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene59. sec-Butylbenzene60. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene61. p-Isopropyltoluene62. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene

63. Benzyl chloride64. n-Butylbenzene65. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene66. Bis (2-Chloroisopropyl) ether67. 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane68. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene69. Hexachlorobutadiene70. Naphthalene71. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene


DB-Petro50Exceeds all ASTM and AFNOR requirements for PONA analysis


DB-TPH

High Throughput TPH Screening


DB-Dioxin


High Resolution Megabore

• Same Outer Diameter as the Megabore

• No Special Hardware Required

• Smaller Inner Diameter (0.45mm)

• Maintain Phase Ratio (Beta)

• Methods are easy to translate!


High Resolution MegaboreSame Resolution - Faster Analysis!

BTEXCarrier: HeliumOven : 40°C for 3 min, 5°/min to 100°C


Summary

• Column deactivation chemistries improved.- enhanced acidic and basic analyte sensitivities- column chemistries optimized for specificapplications

• Stationary phases optimized to extend max templimit & lower bleed, extend minimum temperaturelimits, and improve physical & chemical stability.

• New selectivities/ applications


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GC Column Technology - Advancements and Practical ... in GC... · Advancements and Practical...

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Transcript of GC Column Technology - Advancements and Practical ... in GC... · Advancements and Practical...