Gauges and well logging Overview - elibrary.nnra.gov.ng
Transcript of Gauges and well logging Overview - elibrary.nnra.gov.ng
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IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Gauges and well logging
Overview
Day 6 – Lecture 3
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Objectives
• To give an awareness of the use of
radioactive sources in gauging equipment
• To gain a basic understanding of how these
gauges work
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Content
• What is a nuclear gauge ?
• Applications of gauges in industry
• Gamma gauges
• transmission
• Beta gauges
• transmission and backscatter
• Neutron gauges
• Well logging
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What is a Nuclear Gauge?
• Device used in numerous industries, mostly in process control and quality control.
• Consists basically of a shielded radiation source and a radiation detector
• The radiation interacts with the examined material before reaching the detector, supplying real-time data.
Detector
Material Flow
Shutter
Control
Shielding
Source
Shutter
(Closed)
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Applications of gauges in industry
Quality Control
• Density: rubber, oils, fabric, paper, etc
• Thickness: paper, glass, steel, plastic films
• Level: beverages, cooking oil
Process Control
• Density: cement, mud, liquids, chemical products
• Level: vessels, silos, chemical products, minerals
• Moisture: glass, cement, minerals
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Applications of gauges in industry
Film Thickness Paper Thickness
Beverage Level Oil Level
Quality
control
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Applications of gauges in industry
Process
Control
Mineral Weight
Liquid Flow Mud Flow
Mineral Level
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Types of nuclear gauge
Gauges can be categorised by their mode of
• operation • transmission
• backscatter
• type of radioactive source used • Gamma
• Beta
• Neutron
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Types of nuclear gauge
Transmission: the detector measures the amount of
radiation that passes through the examined
material
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Types of nuclear gauge
Backscatter: the detector is placed on the
same side as the source, measuring the
amount of scattered radiation
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Types of nuclear gauge
• Gamma
• Beta
• Neutron
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Gamma gauges
• Density gauge
• Level gauge
• All operate in transmission mode
• Sources used
• caesium-137
• cobalt-60
• americium-241
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Density gauge
Detector
Typical source:
1 GBq Cs-137
Source
For a known thickness of material, the density can be
deduced by comparing the radiation signal at the
detector with and without the material in the beam
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Point level gauge
High level alarm
Low level alarm
Typical source:
10 GBq Cs-137
Sources Detectors
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Point level gauges
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Liquid fill height gauge
Typical source: 3.7 GBq Am-241
Source Detector
Accept
Reject
Drinks can or bottle
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Liquid fill height gauge
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Beta gauges
• thickness gauge (transmission)
• coating thickness gauge (transmission)
• film thickness gauge (backscatter)
• Sources used
• krypton-85 (encapsulated gas)
• strontium-90 (foil source)
• promethium-147 (foil source)
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Beta thickness gauge
detector
source
web
Typical sources:
3.7 GBq Pm-147
11.1 GBq Kr-85
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Beta thickness gauge
Can be used to
measure: paint, oil,
lubricating films,
plastic, enamel,
ceramic and
phosphate
coatings on metals
and some non-
metals
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Beta thickness gauge
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Beta coating thickness gauge
Detector 1
Source 1
web
Typical source:
37 GBq Kr-85
coating
Source 2
Detector 2
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Beta backscatter gauge
GM counter
Source Metal coating
Substrate
Typical sources:
200 MBq Pm-147, Tl-204
Thicker the coating, the more
backscatter
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Beta backscatter gauge
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Neutron gauges
• hydrocarbon detection gauge
• moisture content gauge
• usually operate in backscatter mode
• Sources used
americium-241/beryllium
plutonium-238/beryllium
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Moisture Gauging using Neutrons
Detector
Neutron shield
Neutron source
High hydrogen
concentration
Low hydrogen
concentration
Typical source
1.85 GBq Am/Be
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Neutron soil moisture gauge
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Nuclear Density Gauge
Am-241/Be
Cs-137
Typical sources:
1.85 GBq Am-241/Be
370 MBq Cs-137 Neutron source
moisture
measurement
gamma source
density
measurement
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Nuclear density gauge
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Well Logging Operations and Equipment
• Well logging
• Drill to Stop
• Measurement or Logging While Drilling
• Borehole logging
• Sources used
• caesium-137 (gamma), typically 40 GBq
• americium-241 / beryllium (neutron), typically
110 GBq
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Drill-to-Stop Well Logging Operation
Well Logging operation that
requires all drilling operations to
cease and requires that parts of
the drilling apparatus are
removed to provide access to
the well bore. The well logging
tool is then lowered into the well
bore to obtain information.
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Drill-to-Stop Well Logging Operation
Well Logging tools
without sources
stored in transport
vehicle
Well Logging tools
without sources at
storage facility
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Measurement While Drilling (MWD)
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Measurement while Drilling (MWD)
Well Logging operations that occur
during the drilling of the well bore
and do not require that the drill stem
or other equipment be removed
from the well. This type of operation
requires that the well logging tool
contains one or more sealed
sources and be located above the
drilling stem to obtain information
through mud telemetry
communications.
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MWD - Neutron Sub
Radioactive
Source Port
Detectors
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MWD – Gamma Sub
Radioactive
Source Port
Detectors
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Geological borehole logging
Geological logging is used to investigate the
geological make-up of an area by lowering test
tools into a borehole. The picture shows a logging
tool containing a neutron source.
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Summary
• Overview of the types of nuclear gauges
found in the workplace
• Brief description of well logging equipment
and process
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