Gas TurbinesBrands & typesLooking for filter elements of a specific brand and type?EFC supplies filter elements of all brands and types.Page 5

Water / Air IntakeProblems with water and / or mist in your air intake? EFC solutions on page 9-10

Air IntakeYou want to avoid washing of your turbines? Look at the high efficiënt air intake filters on page 10

Seal GasSeal gas filters from Indufil:Page 12

2

HighlightsContent

Seal gas filter elementTurbine air intake filter element

3 Introduction EFC Filtration

4 Filtration and EFC

5 Gas turbines and filtration

8 Gas turbines: Filtration applications

13 How to save money

14 Research

16 Engineering Process

18 Background information

1210

3

Introduction

We always deliver the best filtration solution. If a standard product is not available, we’ll create a tailor-made solution, whether you need a simple filter element or a complex turnkey installation. You can come to us with any filtration problem. Aside from considering the investment costs, we also address issues such as the environmental impact, waste costs, maintenance and occupational health.

“We guarantee the best solutions, on time and on

budget”

Introduction EFC Filtration

“Over the past decade, our engineering department has changed significantly. To provide the best solutions and meet the highest industrial and customer standards, we have invested in our laboratory capabilities, our engineers and our engineering software. With our 25 years of experience and knowledge of filtration and industrial processes, we guarantee the best solutions, on time and on budget.”

In most cases, we start with a problem in a production process without knowing the process specifications. We gather all the information at your location or in our laboratory to enable our engineers to create the best filtration concept. After this concept is approved, we continue with our basic and detailed engineering, which includes the use of 3D modelling, flow simulations, process and strength calculations based on standard design codes, and HAZOP meetings. After our design freeze, the product is manufactured and certified. The final product is delivered and commissioned after FAT and SAT with all the necessary documentation. Our project managers are your contact point during this process.

4

Filtration and EFC

We remove contaminants from your process, product, andenvironment. In doing so, we increase production equipmentavailability, prevent downtime and create a safe working environment. We supply brand and styles according to customer demand, guaranteeing 100% availability of all your filters. Thanks to our fully automated custom logistics administration system, we quickly understand your stocking requirements, and ultimately save you money.

Your filtration system is in good hands with EFC. Our maintenance and 24/7 breakdown service guarantees system availability and minimizes downtime. We provide maintenance not only for the filter, but for the entire unit. This includes compressed air cleaning, piping and valves. Our department also has a laboratory for solid particle research and a fleet of rental and test units.

Service & maintenance

Engineered solutions

Standard products are not always the best solution. We can custom design, manufacture and install a product ourselves. With our own engineering department designing both filter elements and complete units, we control the continuity and quality of your processes, while maintaining the lowest possible costs.

Filtration products

5

Gasturbines and filtration

Your gas turbine is a crucial asset. The availability and efficiency of the asset must be guaranteed by avoiding pollution during the process. This applies to pollution in the combustion air, as well as in the helpgasses and in the liquids like seal gas and lubricating oil.

EFC supplies filter systems and consumables for every possible application on a gas turbine. We protect the turbine from pollution and increase the output and availability. TCO of operating your turbo machinery will decrease.

We use state of the art filtration techniques to:- Avoid fouling and corrosion of turbine internals.- Reduce washing of the turbine or even avoid it. completely by filtering smaller particles without increased differential pressure/ loss of energy.- Increase MTBF and thereby reducing costs and increasing availability of the turbine.- Increase life time of filters resulting in increased availability of the asset. Keeping the lubricating oil and seal gas of the mechanical seal on specifications eventually lowers your costs as well. This is because of reducing the wear of the asset and lowering the frequence in which replacing filters is necessary.

Generally we help you to choose the right method of filtering in order to get rid of pollution. We deliver hardware and filterelements, also of the existing solutions you are currently using.

Brand & types

Turbo machinery and filtration

Can-FlowClarcorCroslandCumminsCunoDeltechDetroit DieselDeutzDollingerDomnick HunterDonaldsonDresser-Rand

FacetFairy ArlonFarrFleetguardFlolineFramGEGOREHankinsonHengstHydacHytrex

AAFAltairAtlas CopcoBaldwinBea FiltriBoll & KirchBWFCameronCamfilBWFCameronCamfil

IndufilIngersoll RandInternormenKnechtMahleMannMilliporeMP FiltriNorgrenPallParkerPECO

Peerless PlentyPurolatorRacorRexrothRMFRonningen PetterSullairTriple RUnited Engine LIFUFIUltrafilter

Vee BeeVelconViledonVokesWaukeshaZander

If your brand is not on the above list, do not worry: call us: we will make any filtration product available.

We can supply filters and filter elements from:

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Turbo machinery and filtration

Turbo machinery and filtration

Liquid fuel filter / Fuel gas filter / Water injection filter

Liquid fuel filter / Fuel gas filter / Water injection filter

Air intake

Air intake

Lube oil filter

Lube oil filter

7

Power Gen

Seal

Dry gas seal

N2/Air

Oil and Gas

Lube oil filterLube oil filter

Lube oil filter

8

Gas Turbines: filtration applications

Fuel gas filtration Liquid fuel filter

At some point, it may occur that the gas turbine temporarily has no access to the fuel gas. The turbine has to use liquid fuel (diesel) at these situations. A liquid fuel forwarding skid is necessary to achieve the right pressure for this process. The liquid fuel (diesel) enters the skid at 3 bar, and the skid brings the pressure to 50-55 bar, depending on the necessary pressure for your gas turbine.

The skid consists of 2 particulate filters; a frontfilter at 10 microns and a finalfilter at 3 microns. If the liquid fuel has any condensate, the fuel has to be conditioned before it enters the forwarding skid. This can be done with a coalescing liquid to liquid filter.

Fuel gas filter (FGF)

This system cleans gas before it enters the turbine. It has to be guaranteed that the fuel gas is completely free of any solid and liquid particles. Gasfiltration makes sure that any form of pollution (solid and liquid particles) is filtered out of the gas before the gas enters the turbine. This process consists of two stages:

1. Firstly, the gas (fuel) enters a cyclone to make sure any liquids that are still mixed with the gas are removed.2. After this the gas moves on to a combined filter element that removes all remaining liquid or solid particles. The filter fineness of this process is 1 or 3 microns.

A number of norms gas filters have to meet:- Filter material has to be stainless steel (unless OEM specifies differently),- Filters have to be particulate & coalescing, - Filters that will be used in flammable or chemicle environment (e.g. H2S) need to be fitted with a bolted cover,- Collapse pressure of the element has to be at a minimum of 5 bar,- The efficiency of particulate filters has to be <4µm (β 4 ≤ 85).

These norms can be found in API 614. For more information on API 614 go to the chapter “background information” on page 19 of this brochure.

9

Water injection At the process of burning fossil fuels, an amount of NOx (nitrogen mono-oxide) is always formed. Also at the burning compartment of the turbine NOx is being formed. The amount of NOx released is directly proportional to the temperature of the process; when the fuels are burned at a lower temperature, there is less release of NOx. We make this happen by injecting water (sometimes gaseous/ hydrogen) in the burning compartment of the turbine.

Injecting too much water or hydrogen can lead to an increase in CO-release (carbon mono-oxide). This has to be prevented. A balance has to be found to have the smallest amount of both NOx and CO released.

Injection water filter

In order to do this, we have to find exactly the right amount of water of hydrogen to be injected.

The water contains pollution which could damage the turbine. This is the reason why water that is used in gas turbines has to be treated with care to prevent damage to the turbine. The water passes a duplex filter to remove any pollution before it is injected in the burning compartment of the turbine. The filter will remove all particles larger than 3 to 10 microns.

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Air intake filter

The consequences of these problems could be that the turbine is so badly damaged that it has to be shut down. This has to be prevented, since this obviously costs a lot of money. This is the reason why the air intake is being filtered before it is used in the process.

The filtration of intake air however also brings a disadvantage: difference in pressure over the filters, which causes the output of the turbine to be reduced.

Choice of filtration

At EFC we make a compromise between the costs of problems and the costs of reduced output due to filtration. With a thorough inspection of the environment in which the turbine is situated and of the installation, we can determine what kind of pollution can be expected. After this we can determine what problems can be caused because of this pollution, and finally we decide the method of filtering.

The function of the air intake filter is to prevent abrasive and contaminant particles to reach the compressor and all following elements of the turbine. For more information on the classification of air intake filters, go to the chapter “Background information” on page 19 of this brochure.

Air intake element (V-bank or multipleat format)

Detail air intake filter element (cylindrical)

Air intake filterelement (combined cilindrical and conical)

The name says it all. This element filters air. This air is compressed by a compressor and is necessary for the burning of the fuel in the burning compartment. The following problems can emerge due to polluted intake air:

- FOD (foreign object damage)- Erosion- Clogged cooling pipes- The fusion of particles- Corrosion

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K-type demisterAn engineered product that is cleanable

In addition to the traditional filters there are new techniques that make it possible to remove pollution at lower costs.

For example we can remove moisture and mistparticles (up to 99,98% of al particles larger than 0,5-1 micron).

Moist particles and solid particles are carried along by moisture and can clog your air intake filter very quickly which causes the differential pressure to increase and the turbine to trip.

Also, the drain of these moist particles and the solid particles causes your air intake filter to work way longer and thereby reduces your costs.

K-type demister mounted on a GFR holding frame Different types of K-type demisters

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Seal gas filter

A compressor contains a mechanical seal. The mechanical seal shuts the axle and the blades of a compressor. We grease the mechanical seal with gas. This gas has to be free of pollution. Any pollution can damage the seal. The seal gas filter removes the pollution from the gas.

The filter in this system functions as some sort of a “last chance” filter. The filter is carefully picked on the basis of the quality of the gas to make sure the filter works in the optimal way. This filter is always delivered in a double construction and it comes with a transfer valve. Because of this, the filter can be replaced while your process simply continues.

As said before, the seal has a closing function. The seal works with a rotating and a stationary ring. The actual closing element is the narrow split between the rings. The split is around 3 microns wide. Because of this, we recommend that filter elements used for this application are always capable of filtering particles < 3 microns. We also recommend using coalescing filter elements for this application. This is because there is a chance that there is moisture in the system that has to be removed.

The compressor that is not a part of the turbine also contains a lube oil filter. This filter has the exact same function as the lube oil filter in the compressor that is in the gas turbine.

Lube oil filterIn the compressor of the gas turbine we have a lube oil filter. This filter cleans the oil that later on serves as lubricating oil for the rotating parts of the turbine. The cleanliness necessary for this oil is determined by the manufacturer of the asset. This is usually displayed by a classification according to ISO 4406. For more information on this norm, go to the chapter “background information” on page 17 of this brochure.

The lube oil filter removes pollution from the oil. The pollution has to be removed because it hurts or even completely removes the lubricating function of the oil. The consequences of this would be: faster wear or failure of the components that have to be lubricated.

A number of norms lube oil filters have to meet:-Filters have to be in duplex construction to guarantee continuous flow.

-Filter have to work from the inside to the outside (unless the OEM specifies differently).

-Clean pressure drop over the element may not be higher than 0,3 bar.

-Metal/stainless steal filter media is not accepted.

-Filter fineness: Normal finenes 10 µm (β 10 ≥ 10), absolute fineness 15µm (β 15 ≥ 200)

These norms can be found in API 614. For more information on this norm, go to the chapter “background information” on page 18 of this brochure.

Seal gas filter

Lube oil filter (to API614)

lube oil filterelement

13

Why you can save money

At EFC we determine what the problem is, in coöperation with you, and we will realise the best method of filtration. We do this in a planned order; we reach the proper solution step by step:

- Step 1: We describe the problem.- Step 2: We determine the process and the variables.- Step 3: We choose the best method of filtration.- Step 4: We determine which hardware brings the best solution.- Step 5: We size and design the hardware, for example: How many filter elements, what kind of connection, Atex and other environmental demands, how to install.- Step 6: We test the method.

By using the newest method of filtration and innovative solutions we can often realise improvements.

Redundant(duplex) self ceaning filter for hazardous area

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ResearchResearch on missing process information can be performed on-site or in our laboratory. Our services include analysing liquids, particles and the behaviour of dirt particles in the carrier medium.

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HCMOur mobile HCM for hydraulic fluids

On-site Analysis

Laboratory

Energy-dispersive X-ray

Particle Distribution Chart

Reverse EngineeringDid you know?

This is just a selection of our standard

laboratory analyses.

With our Hydraulic Cleanliness Measuring equipment (HCM), we can determine the amount of contamination in any hydraulic fluid. This analysis can be done on-site and without interrupting the (production) process. The results are instantaneous. Other on-site measurements include particle size distribution for gasses and compressed air leakage.

We can analyse any liquid, gas or solid particles in our laboratory. Some of the techniques and analyses we most commonly use include:SEM-EDX is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterisation of a fluid, gas or solid particle. We can use this information to determine the characteristics of the sample, which may be

necessary to select the most efficient filtration method.

CHNS analysis is also a technique to determine the

elemental composition of a sample.

GC-MS is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.

PSD (Particle Size Distribution) provides an overview chart of the particle sizes in any liquid or gas. In many cases, this chart will provide information on the type of filter and the filter rating that should be used for this specific process.

We use Reverse Engineering to obtain information about filtration products by disassembling them. Once disassembled, we use various testing methods to find out what materials were used, for example by testing the melting or burning points of the plastic material or using chemicals to look for distinctive desaturation or colourisation. Once the materials are known, we can use this information to create our own filter products, or use the newly obtained

knowledge to improve the product.

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Engineering ProcessOur ISO9001 certified engineering and manufacturing process

1. Define ProjectWe begin each project by determining your wants and requirements, the contaminants and the process conditions, and by defining the desired end result. The goal is always the solution with the lowest Total Cost of Ownership (TCO).

2. ResearchResearch on missing process information may be performed on site or at our laboratory, for instance liquid analyses, measurement of particle size and the behaviour of dirt particles in the carrier medium. We are also able to offer X-ray analysis, GC/MS analysis, CHNS analysis and SEM/EDX. If necessary, we use ‘Reverse Engineering’ in order to reach the right solution.

3. Concept DesignBased on our research and knowledge of filtration, our engineers create a concept design. We examine all possible filtration methods and decide on the best method or combination of methods for your application. The most important question is which filtration method can remove the contamination effectively and efficiently within the project parameters. This design is presented including a 3D General Arrangement Drawing and supporting evidence on the chosen design. Our designs come with process guarantees.

4. Basic EngineeringAfter the design is approved, our engineering department will size the product according to the specific process parameters and all the additional functions are added to create an accurate 3D model. Flow simulations and process calculations are used to refine the model. At this stage we also consider the applicable regulations and standards such as ATEX, PED, ASME BPVC (Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code), AS/NZS1200, RToD (Dutch Rules for Pressure Vessels), PD 5500, EN 13445, EN 13480, BS 806 and specific standards such as the Shell DEPs.

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5. Detail EngineeringOur detail engineering involves the final orientation of all the components and performing strength calculations, TIP and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) in accordance with the required standards. At this stage, we verify that all the components are supplied with the required documentation and certification. After our design freeze we start with the creation of the parts lists, sheet layouts and production

drawings.

6. ManufacturingThe product is manufactured at an ISO 9001 certified production site, under the strict supervision of our engineers and quality control department. All production steps are performed in accordance with the applicable national and customer standards. Before manufacturing the materials are checked using Positive Material Identification (PMI) or Optical Emissions Spectroscopy (OES). With these analysis techniques, we can verify the quality of the materials and compare them to the material certificates. After production, the welds, materials and construction are checked and the Notified Body approval is done. The product is only delivered after the Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) according to the Test and Inspection Plan (TIP). A Site Acceptance Test (SAT) or a Notified Body certified KVI (Keuring van Ingebruikname) can be done before use. All our products are delivered with an Instruction and Operation Manual (IOM) and Mechanical Data Record (MDR).

7. InstallationThe system can be installed onsite by our field engineers including all additional components such as valves, pipes and metering equipment. After installation they train the operators in the use and maintenance of the system.

8. CommissioningOur field engineers can commission the filtration system. Following our test procedures, they inspect and test every individual function of the system including the filtration output. They also test the unit at the maximum rating and

capacity.

9. MaintenanceBecause the availability of our system is critical within your production process, we can provide 24/7 maintenance support. Our field engineers check the entire system and replace filters and components if necessary. All their findings and activities are reported and possible improvements are

suggested. In this way, we guarantee optimal availability.

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Background informationIn this chapter we give some brief information on the following subjects:

1) Classification of hydraulic liquids when it comes to cleanliness2) Classification of air filters.3) API 614 (5th edition)

Beta ratio

Filters are classified according to beta ratio per filter fineness.

Formula Beta Ratio:

B(X)(c)= Particles larger than X upstream Particles larger than X downstream

Beta ratio voor deeltjes gelijk of groter dan 5 micron is 200

Beta ratio for particles equal to or larger than 5 microns is 200

B(5)(c)= 2000 = 200 10Codes on cleanliness

Codes on cleanliness indicate the “cleanliness” of the liquid (oil).Codes on cleanliness are determined by the ISO 4406: 1999 norm.This is the renewed version of the older ISO 4406.

Iso 4406 ISO 4406:1999

Pollution determined over 100ml

Pollution determined over 1ml

Pollution is detemined by using standard Microscope

Pollution is determined by using certified electron microscope

Optical determination Electronical determination

Measured particles (2,) 5, 15, microns

Measured particles 4, 6, 14 microns

Longest linear dimension of the particle

Average surface of the particle

1) Classification of hydraulic liquids when it comes to cleanliness

19

1) Classification of hydraulic liquids when it comes to cleanliness

Liquid filtration. Cleanliness of hydraulics and lubricating oils

Codes on cleanliness indicate the “cleanliness” of the liquid (oil).

Codes on cleanliness are determined by the ISO 4406: 1999 norm.This is the renewed version of the older ISO 4406.

With the pollution measured an the tabel on the right hand side the ISO code is determined.

No.

of p

artti

cles

per

1m

L flu

idG

reat

er th

an in

dica

ted

Size

Particle Size (micrometers)

Particlesize

Number ofParticles

20

The European norm EN779 is decisive for the testing and classifying of air filters in climate technique. In 2012, CEN accpeted the new version of the norm with a number of alterations to the previous revision from 2002. The alterations mostly affect the F7, F8 and F9 filters and will be explained to a deeper level in this document.

The methods of testing for the classifying of filters have, in the 2012 revision, remained the same. G-class filters (coarse filtering) are classified by measuring how much dust the filter captures in a test set-up. The filter is mounted to an air duct, after which the test dust blowed through the filter. The percentage (AM) of the dust that the filter captures, determines the filterclass. For the (M- and) F-class filters we use an atomized liquid di-ethylhexyl Sebacate, at which in the same test set-up the particles of 0,4 micron before and after the filter is measured. The level of capture (EM) of the particles determines the filterclass.

2) Classification of air filters

Introduction norm: EN779

Technical specifications

FilterclassEN779:2002

FilterclassEN779:2012

Dust capture(AM) in %

Efficiency(EM) in %

Min. Efficiencyat 0,4 μ in %

G2 G2 65 < A < 80 -

G3 G3 80 < A < 90 -

G4 G4 90 < A -

F5 M5 - 40 < E < 60

F6 M6 - 60 < E < 80

F7 F7 - 80 < E < 90 35

F8 F8 - 90 < E < 95 55

F9 F9 - 95 < E 70

Methods of testing

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Minimal efficiency

In the version of 2002 the minimal efficiency of the filter was abolished. The testrestults only showed the average efficiency measured over the entire lifetime of the filter. Because of this, filters in filterclass F7 are introduced to the market that reached an average efficiency of 85%, but only reached an initial efficiency of less than 10%.

According to the EN779:2002 norm, these filters met the demands. In ad-dition to that, the filters offered a low initial pressure difference, but in fact the filters functioned poorly. For this reason, it was decided that the mini-mal efficiency of the filters has to be determined again.

The filters F7, F8 and F9 have to meet the required minimal efficiency of respectively 35%, 55% and 70% of the 0,4 micron particles DEHS according to the determined procedure.

Electrostatically discharging

In the 2012 version of EN779 the F7, F8 and F9 filters also have to meet the minimal efficiency after the filter is electrostatically discharged. The process of electrostatically discharging requires the liquid isopropanol.

The filtermedium is submerged in the liquid for 2 minutes straight, then it is dried for 24 hours, and finally it is cleaned with the highest quality air for 1 hour. The medium is placed in the test environment and gets tested.

The efficiency that is measured in this test has to be higher than the determined minimal percentage. If this is not the case, the filter will not be awarded with the filterclass.

Filterclasses

The F5 and F6 filters are now classified in M5 and M6. Despite the alteration of the classifications, nothing is altered in the test procedure or standardization of these products. Efficiency is still calculated on the basis of the DEHS aërosol test at particles of 0,4 micron.

The minimal efficiency is not measured at the M-class filters. The important changes in the norm have taken place at the filterclasses F7, F8 and F9. These classes remain the F-classes, but now have to meet a minimal efficiency at the start and when they are electrostatically discharged.

Most penetrating particle

The Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS) indicates the particle size of pollution which is the least captured by the filter. For example, a filter can capture 100% of the particles of 1µm, but just 40% of the particles of 0,4µm.

Because the filter is measured on the efficiency of the particle size which is the lowest, you are always guaranteed of respresentative values.

22

Introduction norm: EN1822The European norm EN1822 is decisive for the testing and classifying of air filters with high efficiency and extremely low pass. In 2009 the newest version of this norm was accepted by CEN with a number of alterations on the older versions from 1998 (parts 1 through 3) and 2000 (parts 4 & 5). De primary change in the norm is the new indication Efficient Particulate Air (EPA) filter.

Technical specifications

Group Filterclass Integral value local value

Efficiency at theMPPS in %

Efficiency at theMPPS in %

EPA E10 ≥ 85 -

E11 ≥ 95 -

E12 ≥ 95.5 -

HEPA H13 ≥ 99.95 ≥ 99.75

H14 ≥ 99.995 ≥ 99.975

ULPA U15 ≥ 99.9995 ≥ 99.9975

U16 ≥ 99.99995 ≥ 99.99975

U17 ≥ 99.999995 ≥ 99.9999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2Particle size (micron)

Effic

ienc

y %

DiffusionInterceptionInertieSieveMPPS

23

Most penetrating particle sizeThe Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS) indicates the particle size of pollution which is the least captured by the filter.

For example, a filter can capture 100% of the particles of 1µm, but just 40% of the particles of 0,4µm. Because the filter is measured on the efficiency of the particle size which is the lowest, you are always guaranteed of respre-sentative values.

Application

Methods of testingThe MPPS of each filter has to be determined by using a test aerosol. At EPA, HEPA & ULPA filters, the efficiency of the entire filter is determined by using an aerosol probe. Now we have an overall efficiency, also referred to as “Integral value”.

At EPA, HEPA & ULPA filters, tests on the medium and packings are executed in addition to these tests. The filter is declared to have a leak when the local penetration exceeds the integral penetration by a multiplier of 5.

Absolute filters are used in areas with highest demands when it comes to (clean) air. The filters are specifically designed to capture particulate matter, aerosols and micro-organisms.

Some examples of areas were absolute filters are used are cleanrooms, operations rooms & quarantine departments.

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A few important point that the API 614 describes:

Lube oil filters:

Filters have to be in 100% redundant i.e. duplex paralel, design to guarantee flow.Filters have to work outside to inside. (unless OEM specifies otherwise)Clean differential pressure over the element < 0,3 barMetal/stainless steel filter media is not accepted.Filter efficiency: nominal value 10µm (β 10 ≥ 10) absolute value 15µm ( β 15 ≥ 200)

Gas filters:

Filter materiaal has to be stainless steel (unless OEM specifies otherwise)Filters have to be particulate & coalescing.Filters that will be used in flammable or chemical environment (e.g. H2S) need to be fitted with a bolted cover.Collapse pressure of the element is to be > 5bar

API 614 5th Edition

1. Gas filters 1.1 General 1.1.1 The filters shall have a minimum efficiency of 98,8 % on particles less than or equal to 4 μm (beta ratio, β 4 ≤ 85) and shall be in accordance with the dry gas seal manufacturer’s requirements. 1.1.2 Gas filters shall be sized for a collapse differential pressure of at least 500 KPa (5 bar; 70 psi). 1.1.3 The filter element material shall be designed for the maximum gas temperature and shall be compatible with the gas filtered. 1.1.4 Unless otherwise specified, filters in flammable or toxic services shall have bolted covers. 1.1.5 Unless otherwise specified, the filter housings shall be stainless steel.

2 Particulate filter sizing. 2.1 For differential-pressure control systems, filters shall be sized for a clean pressure drop of 21 kPa (0,21 bar; 3 psid) at twice the gas flow calculated at maximum labyrinth design clearance and at the design differential pressure. 2.2 For flow-control systems, filters shall be sized for a clean pressure drop of 10 kPa (0,10 bar; 40 in of water) at three times normal flow.

3. Coalescing filter sizing When the gas contains liquids or moisture, coalescing filters shall be provided. If the knockout rates exceed 50 % of the coalescing capacity of the element, a mechanical separator shall be installed ahead of the filter assembly.

4.Transfer valves 4.1 For flammable or toxic service, there shall be no leakage into the isolated system (such as the standby filter). When an isolation system is designed such that total shutoff of flow adversely affects the seal, the vendor shall provide cautionary warning signs to that effect on the dry-gas-seal system module. NOTE Four individual block valves or a combination of block valves and transfer valves can be required for positive isolation to transfer filters. 4.2 Transfer valves shall have steel bodies. Valve stems, plugs or balls shall be made of stainless steel.

3) API 614 5th edition

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5 Filters 5.1 Duplex full-flow filters with replaceable elements or cartridges shall be provided. Filters shall provide a minimum particle removal efficiency, EPR, of 90 % for 10 µm particles ( β 10 ≥ 10) and a minimum EPR of 99,5 % for 15 µm particles ( β 15 ≥ 200), both in accordance with ISO 4572 when tested to a minimum terminal (end-oftest-run) differential pressure of 350 kPa (3,5 bar; 50 psi). Filter installations shall be in accordance with the following provisions a) to g). NOTE 1 See ISO 10438-1:2007, Annex D, for additional information concerning filter ratings. NOTE 2 This applies to all filters in the system, including booster-pump-discharge and control-oil filters if provided. a) The filters shall be located downstream of the coolers. NOTE Coolers can trap and release dirt and debris. b) The filters shall be piped in a parallel arrangement using a continuous-flow transfer valve (see 4.7). c) Filter cases and heads shall be suitable for operation at the maximum discharge pressure (at the trip speed for turbine drives) of centrifugal pumps or at a pressure not less than the pressure-limiting device setting of positive displacement pumps. d) Filters that have covers weighing more than 15 kg (35 lb) shall have cover lifters. e) The filters shall not be equipped with differential pressure-limiting valves or other valves that can cause bypass of unfiltered (dirty) oil around the filter elements. f) The filters shall be equipped with valved vents and clean- and dirty-side valved drain connections. The dirtyside connections shall be located lower in the housing than the filter elements or cartridge support bases to allow complete drainage of the dirty side. g) Unless otherwise specified, the equalization/fill valve shall be locked or car sealed in the open position with the equalization/fill line orifice thermally sized by the vendor. tubing. 5.2 Oil filter design shall be in accordance with the following provisions a) to h). a) Oil shall flow from the outside inward toward the centre of the filter element. b) Oil flow from the centre towards the outside of the filter element may be provided with purchaser’s approval. c) Adequate support of the filter elements shall be provided to prevent them from rupturing or to prevent unfiltered (dirty) oil from bypassing the elements and reaching the equipment. d) Centre posts and other hardware in contact with filtered oil but not integral with the filter housing shall be made of austenitic stainless steel.e) The maximum number of filter cartridges permitted in one stack is two. f) If the cartridge-to-cartridge joint is not self-aligning, a collar shall be used between the stacked cartridges to ensure alignment. g) Filter stacks shall not exceed 1 m (3 ft). h) Stacked cartridges shall have adequate support and maintainable alignment.

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5.3 Filter cartridge materials shall be water- and corrosion-resistant and in accordance with the following provisions a) to d). a) Water-resistant filter cartridges shall not deteriorate if water contamination in the oil reaches 5 % by volume and the operating temperature reaches as high as 70 °C (160 °F). b) If specified, filter-element media shall be non-hydroscopic. If water contamination in the oil reaches 5% for extended periods of time (up to 3 months), clean filter cartridges shall not have a clean-filter pressure drop greater than 60 kPa (0,60 bar; 10 psi) at rated oil viscosity, flow and temperature. NOTE This is a design requirement for filter elements and not for system operation. c) When a specific filter element or cartridge is required, the purchaser shall completely specify the make, the model number and the type of construction. d) Metal mesh or stainless metal filter elements are not acceptable.

6 Pressure6.1 The pressure drop for clean filter elements or cartridges shall not exceed 30 kPa (0,30 bar; 5 psi) at an operating temperature of 40 °C (100 °F) and normal flow. Pressure drop across the total filter system may exceed these values by the amount of pressure drop across the transfer valve and other filter system components. NOTE The 30 kPa (0,30 bar; 5 psi) is the difference between the drop across the filter housing with no elements installed and the drop across the filter housing with clean elements installed. 6.2 Elements or cartridges shall have a minimum collapsing differential pressure of 500 kPa (5,0 bar; 70 psi). 6.3 When the tops of filter housing covers are more than 1,2 m (4 ft) above the console base, the vendor shall provide a step to facilitate their maintenance. 6.4 Systems with booster pumps shall be provided with twin filters downstream of the pumps. NOTE This is to protect the equipment from damage from particles resulting from pump wear. 6.5 When required, or if specified, more stringent requirements for control-oil filtration shall be provided. Filtration requirements of serviced equipment, such as hydraulic servo-valves, should be utilized in determining filtration requirements.

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7 Transfer valves 7.1 Unless otherwise specified, the vendor shall supply individual transfer valves independently serving each cooler set and each filter set (see Figure B.20). 7.2 Transfer valves shall be two-way, six-ported, continuous-flow valves. A single-body, six-port taper or a straight plug valve, with or without resilient seats, may be used or two three-way plug or ball valves permanently aligned and joined with a single operating lever may be used. a) Tapered plug-type valves shall have provisions for plug lifting. e) The maximum number of filter cartridges permitted in one stack is two. f) If the cartridge-to-cartridge joint is not self-aligning, a collar shall be used between the stacked cartridges to ensure alignment. g) Filter stacks shall not exceed 1 m (3 ft). h) Stacked cartridges shall have adequate support and maintainable alignment.

b

EFC Filtration b.v. | Fluorietweg 33 | 1812 RR Alkmaar | P.O. Box 3034 | 1801 GA Alkmaar | The NetherlandsEFC Filtration LTD | 80 Sidney Street | Folkestone | CT19 6HQ Kent | United Kingdom

EFC Filtration LTD PTY | 30A Bullfinch Street | 6163 WA Spearwood (Perth) | AustraliaT: +31 (0) 72 540 5454 | E: info@efcfiltration.com | W: http://www.efcfiltration.com

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