Gas Exchange and Circulation
Transcript of Gas Exchange and Circulation
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Bianca Marie Isaguirre
Jose Daniel Fortades
BSN 2- 12F
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Gas Exchangeamong animals
y Respiration is the exchange of gases between the organism
and the environment.
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External respiration- involves the exchange of gases
between the blood and lungs.
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Internal respiration- refers to the exchange of gases between
the blood and tissues.
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Cellular respiration- is a chemical process by which cells break
down glucose to release energy, using oxygen.
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FUNCTIONS
OF
TH
E RESPI
RATO
RYS
YST
EMy Ventilation (breathing)- is the mechanical process that
moves air into and out of the lungs.
y Gas exchange, which occurs between the blood and other
tissues in the body.
y O xygen Ventilation by the tissues in the energy-liberating
reactions of cell respiration.
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STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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ORGANS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
yNose
y
warms,moistens andfilters inhaledair as it is
conducted tothe pharynx.
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yPharynx (thr oat)
y common passage way of food into the
esophagus and air into the larynx.
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y Larynx y Prevents food and
fluid entering the
trachea and lungs
during swallowing;permits passage of
air while breathing;
prevents foreign
materials fromentering the trachea;
and produces sound.
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y T rachea (windpipe )
y Serves as passageway forair; cleanses the air.
y Br onchi/br onchi oles
y
Passageway for air;cleanses the air.
y Lungs
y Contain bronchi,bronchioles and alveoli andpulmonary vessels.Surrounded by pleurae; siteof gaseous exchange.
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Mechanics of Respirationy The respiratory system may also be divided into
two:
1. conducting division
Includes all of the cavities and structures that transport
gases to the respiratory division
2. respiratory division
Involved in gas exchange between the air and blood
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BREATHINGy Consists of ins pirati on and e xpirati on
y In mammals, breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active
movement, with the contraction of diaphragm muscle.This is known as negativ e pr essur e br eathing.
y Breathing in Humans
y As the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the
pectoralis minor and intercostal muscles pull the rib cageoutward. The chest cavity expands, and air rushes into the
lungs through the trachea to fill the resulting vacuum.
When the diaphragm relaxes to its normal, upwardly
curving position, the lungs contract, and air is forced out.
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EXTERNAL RESPIRATIONy the processes by which external air is drawn
into the body in order to supply the lungs with
oxygen, and (used) air is expelled from thelungs in order to remove carbon dioxide from
to body
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INTERNAL RESPIRATIONy the processes by which the
gases in the air that has already
been drawn into the lungs byexternal respiration are
exchanged with gases in the
blood/tissues so that carbon
dioxide (CO2) is removed from
the blood and replaced withoxygen (O2).
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
yThe breakdown of food within a cell
to release energy in the form of ATP
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Variations in Respirator y Organs Among
AnimalsEarthworm
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Frogs
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Fishy A fish breathes by absorbing oxygen from the water it
drinks. Water flows into the mouth, through the gills, and
out of the body through gill slits.A
s water flows throughthe gills, the oxygen it contains passes into blood
circulating through gill structures called filaments and
lamellae. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the fishs
bloodstream passes into the water and is carried out of
the body.
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Birdsy Unlike humans, birds
have lungs with an
opening at each end.
New air enters the
lungs from one end,
and used air goes out
the other end. The
lungs are connected
to a series of air sacs,
which facilitate the
movement of air.
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Insects and other arthropods
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D
iseases of the respiratory SystemAsthma
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Emphysema
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Common cold
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Sinusitis
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Tonsilitis
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Bronchitis
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Pneumonia
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Tuberculosis
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Pleurisy
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
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GAS EXCHANGE IN
TERRESTRIAL PLANTSy In terrestrial plants, air enters the tissues, and the
gases diffuse into the moisture bathing the internal
cells.y In the leaf of the plant, an abundant supply of carbon
dioxide must be present, and oxygen from
photosynthesis must be removed. Gases do not pass
through the cuticle of the leaf; they pass throughpores called stomata in the cuticle and epidermis.
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y Stomata are
abundant on thelower surface of theleaf, and theynormally openduring the day
when the rate of photosynthesis ishighest.Physiologicalchanges in thesurrounding guard
cells account for theopening and closingof the stomata.
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