Garry Kasparov

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Garry Kasparov

Kasparov in 2007

Full name Garry Kimovich Kasparov

Country Soviet Union

Russia

Croatia[1]

Born 13 April 1963

Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union

Title Grandmaster (1980)

World

Champion

198593 (undisputed)

19932000 (classical)

FIDE

rating

2812

(http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?

event=4100018) (March 2015)

(inactive)

Peak

rating

2851 (July 1999, January 2000)

Peak

ranking

No. 1 (January 1984)

Garry KasparovFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian:

, Russian pronunciation: [ar kimvt k

sparf]; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,[2] 13 April1963) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess Grandmaster,former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist,considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all

time.[3] From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparovwas ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months. His

peak rating of 2851,[4] achieved in 1999, was the highestrecorded until being passed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professionaltournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11).

Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed WorldChess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-

champion Anatoly Karpov.[5] He held the official FIDEworld title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him toset up a rival organization, the Professional ChessAssociation. In 1997 he became the first world champion tolose a match to a computer under standard time controls,when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in ahighly publicized match. He continued to hold the "Classical"World Chess Championship until his defeat by VladimirKramnik in 2000.

Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chesson 10 March 2005, so that he could devote his time topolitics and writing. He formed the United Civil Frontmovement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, acoalition opposing the administration and policies of VladimirPutin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as acandidate in the 2008 Russian presidential race, but failure tofind a sufficiently large rental space to assemble the numberof supporters that is legally required to endorse such acandidacy led him to withdraw. Kasparov blamed "official

obstruction" for the lack of available space.[6] Although he iswidely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to

Putin,[7] support for him as a candidate was very low.[6] Thepolitical climate in Russia reportedly makes it difficult for

opposition candidates to organize.[8][9] He is currently on theboard of directors for the Human Rights Foundation andchairs its International Council.

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Contents

1 Early career

2 Toward the top

3 1984 World Championship

4 World Champion

5 Break with and ejection from FIDE

6 Losing the title and aftermath

7 Retirement from chess

7.1 Post-retirement chess

7.1.1 Candidate for FIDE presidency

8 Head-to-head record versus selected grandmasters

9 Politics

9.1 Central committee member of Komsomol

9.2 Co-founder of Democratic Party of Russia and Choice of Russia bloc

9.3 Keeper of the Flame award

9.3.1 Unwitting board member of award organization

9.4 United Civil Front

9.5 The Other Russia

9.5.1 Attacked

9.6 Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March

9.7 Arrest in Moscow and questioning by FSB

9.8 KGB general says Kasparov's life in danger

9.9 2007 presidential bid

9.9.1 Detention at rally

9.9.2 Forced to quit campaign

9.10 "Putin must go"

9.11 Human Rights Foundation

9.12 Arrest and beating at Pussy Riot trial

9.13 Miscellaneous

9.14 Allegation of FSB non-disclosure of Boston marathon bombing suspects

9.15 On the Navalny trial

9.16 On the Syrian civil war

9.17 Croatia connections

9.18 Sochi Olympics



9.19 Access to website blocked

10 Chess ratings achievements

11 Playing style

12 Olympiads and other major team events

13 Other records

14 Books and other writings

14.1 Early writings

14.2 My Great Predecessors series

14.3 Modern Chess series

14.4 Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series

14.5 Other post-retirement writing

15 Chess against computers

15.1 32 simultaneous computers, 1985

15.2 Deep Thought, 1989

15.3 Deep Blue, 1996

15.4 Deep Blue, 1997

15.5 Deep Junior, 2003

15.6 X3D Fritz, 2003

16 Books

17 See also

18 Notes

19 Further reading

20 External links

Early career

Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: ) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (nowAzerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother, Klara

Gasparian, was Armenian.[10][11][12][13] Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian", although

"very indifferent".[14]

Kasparov first began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and

proposed a solution.[15] His father died of leukemia when Garry was seven years old.[16] At the age of twelve,

Garry adopted his mother's Armenian surname, Gasparian, modifying it to a more Russified version, Kasparov.[17]

From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik'schess school under noted coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills

and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.[18]

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Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius,

1974

Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 pointsof 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of8 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time.

In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk.He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chessmaster. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life,and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember theSokolsky Memorial as long as I live", he wrote. He has also said that after the

victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.[19]

He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, theyoungest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss systemtournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the solequalifying place.

Kasparov rose quickly through the World Chess Federation rankings. Startingwith an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka,Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for ViktorKorchnoi who was originally invited but withdrew due to threat of boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won thishigh-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess

players (at the time, number 15 in the world)[20]). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior ChessChampionship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the SovietUnion at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.

Toward the top

As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 198182. His first win in asuperclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1982. He earned a

place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.[21] Atage 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage,he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on theJanuary 1983 list.

Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 63 (four

wins, one loss).[22] Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to beplayed in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976, and was at that time thestrongest active non-Soviet player. Various political maneuvers prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, andKasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, alongwith the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltn Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match wasput together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 74 (four wins,one loss).

In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He becamethe youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen, a former pupil of Kasparov.

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Kasparov becomes World

Junior Champion at

Dortmund in 1980

Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 84 (four wins, no losses) againstthe resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying toplay Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he waselected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.

1984 World Championship

The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov andGarry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish.Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 40 in a "first to six wins" match. Fellow players predicted he would be

whitewashed 60 within 18 games.[23]

In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws,some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lostgame 27, then fought back with another series of draws until game 32, his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed,through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34games, the match of Jos Ral Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.

Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 53 in Karpov's favour.Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the

President of Fdration Internationale des checs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few monthslater. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had beenstrained by the length of the match.

The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came toa head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.

World Champion

The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the firstplayer to win 12 points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would notcarry over. But in the event of a 1212 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985,Kasparov secured the title by a score of 1311, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defense. He

was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion,[24] and breaking the record held by

Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.[25] Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.

As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of hisdefeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with eachcity hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his wayto a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late inthe match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of

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Kasparov after winning the

FIDE World Championship

title in 1985

Kasparov and Viswanathan Anand in

a publicity photo on top of the World

Trade Center in New York

selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography UnlimitedChallenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 1211.

A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates'Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than aone-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game, andneeded a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away apawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title asthe match was drawn by a score of 1212. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in theperiod 198487, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three yearssince 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)

A fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one withKasparov winning by a margin of 1211. In their five world championshipmatches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.

Break with and ejection from FIDE

With the World Champion title in hand,Kasparov began opposing FIDE.Beginning in 1986, he created theGrandmasters Association (GMA), anorganization to represent professionalchess players and give them more sayin FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumeda leadership role. GMA's majorachievement was in organizing a seriesof six World Cup tournaments for theworld's top players. A somewhatuneasy relationship developed with

FIDE, and a sort of truce was brokered by Bessel Kok, a Dutchbusinessman.

This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle forKasparov's next World Championship defense: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated AnatolyKarpov in a qualifying match, and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and

compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected,[26] the world champion and hischallenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called theProfessional Chess Association (PCA). This is where a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE version ofthe World Champions tradition.

In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in

the long run.[27]

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Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and played their well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov wonconvincingly by a score of 127. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with anunprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship matchbetween Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeatedCandidates semifinalist), which Karpov won.

FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Thus, till this was in effect, there was a parallelrating list presented by PCA which featured all world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE.

There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The titleremained split for 13 years.

Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New YorkCity. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. It was the last World Championship to beheld under the auspices of the PCA, which collapsed when Intel, one of its major backers, withdrew itssponsorship in retaliation for Kasparov's choice to play a 1996 match against Deep Blue, which augmented the

profile of IBM, one of Intel's chief rivals.[28]

Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World ChessAssociation (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidatesmatch to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the fundsrequired and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed.

This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped inBrainGames.com, headed by RaymondKeene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arrangedagainst Kramnik.

During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only

school in the country with a full-time chess coach,[29] and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In

1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school.[30] Kasparov also won the Marca Leyendatrophy that year.

Losing the title and aftermath

The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student ofKasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia, and had served on Kasparov's team for the1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.

The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grnfeld Defence and achieved winning positions inGames 4 and 6. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnikexploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the RuyLopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 86. Kasparov becamethe first player to lose a world championship match without winning a game since Emanuel Lasker lost to Jos RalCapablanca in 1921.

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Kasparov playing against Vladimir

Kramnik in the Botvinnik Memorial

match in Moscow, 2001

After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, andremained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik andthe FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming

his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.[31]

Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid timecontrols over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpovsurprised the experts and emerged victoriously, winning two games and

drawing one.[32]

Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 inmuch of the public eye, he was included in the so-called "PragueAgreement", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunitethe two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match againstthe FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off afterPonomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match againstRustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in theUnited Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey insteadcame too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match andso had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.

According to chess historian Edward Winter: "Increasing shifts of opinion against Kasparov were detectable from1985 onwards, but it was not until 1987, and the publication of his autobiography Child of Change, a deeplyuntrustworthy shambles, that the real deterioration in his public standing began." In a Chess Notes feature articletitled "Reflections on Garry Kasparov", Edward Winter offers a summary of Kasparov's public perception in the

1980s2000s.[33]

Retirement from chess

After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that hewould retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (hecommented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never wonoutright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.

Kasparov said he may play in some rapid chess events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books,including both the My Great Predecessors series (see below) and a work on the links between decision-making inchess and in other areas of life, and will continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he views as "headeddown the wrong path".

Kasparov has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with

whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria, with whom he also has a child.[34][35]

Post-retirement chess

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On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof ChessChampions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3 second increments per

move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4/6.[36]

Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 2124 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 31, and eight blitz games, in whichKasparov won 62, winning the match with total result 93. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two

players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.[37]

Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The

collaboration remained secret until September 2009.[38] Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800, and rose from world number four to world

number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010,[39] in March of that year it was

announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.[40] According to aninterview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he

would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov,[41] but in fact no further training sessions were held and

the cooperation gradually fizzled over the course of the Spring.[42]

In May 2010 it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess

Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 65 to retain the title.[43]

Also in May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel-Aviv University in

Israel.[44]

In January 2011, Kasparov began training the American grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of severaltraining sessions was held in New York just prior to Nakamura's participation in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in

Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.[45] In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an

end.[46]

Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first, in September against Frenchgrandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1. The second was a longermatch consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov wonagain by a score of 43.

Candidate for FIDE presidency

On 7 October 2013 Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception

in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.[47] Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his

former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE #1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.[48]

Head-to-head record versus selected grandmasters

(Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins losses =draws as of 2 May 2014.)[49]

Players who have been undisputed World Champions in boldface

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Politics

Central committee member of Komsomol

Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984 and in 1987 was elected to the CentralCommittee of Komsomol. But in 1990 he left the party and together with his family fled from Baku to Moscow on

a chartered plane[50] when pogroms against Armenians in Baku took place forcing thousands of ethnic Armenians

to flee Azerbaijan.[51]

Co-founder of Democratic Party of Russia and Choice of Russia bloc

In May Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia. Kasparov was in June 1993involved with the creation of the "Choice of Russia" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign

of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.[12]

Keeper of the Flame award

In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy (a US think tank)

for his contributions "to the defence of the United States and American values around the world".[35][52][53][54][55]

Unwitting board member of award organization

In April 2007, it was asserted[56] that Kasparov was a board member of the National Security Advisory Council of

Center for Security Policy,[52] a "non-profit, non-partisan national security organization [in Washington, DC] that

specializes in identifying policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security".[53] Kasparovconfirmed this and added that he was removed shortly after he became aware of it. He noted that he did not know

Michael Adams +10-0=8

Viswanathan Anand +155=31

Boris Gelfand +130=8

Boris Gulko +13=3

Vassily Ivanchuk +114=22

Anatoly Karpov +28-21=129

Victor Korchnoi +161=23

Vladimir Kramnik +45=40

Alexander Morozevich +30=4

Alexei Shirov +150=14

Nigel Short +282=26

Peter Svidler +62=4

Veselin Topalov +103=14

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Kasparov at the third Dissenters

March in Saint Petersburg on 9 June

2007

about the membership and suggested he was included in the board by accident because he received the 1991

Keeper of the Flame award from this organization.[54][55] But Kasparov maintained his association with the

leadership by giving speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution.[35]

United Civil Front

After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social

movement whose main goal is to "work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia".[57] He has vowed to "restoredemocracy" to Russia by toppling the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, of whom he is an outspoken

critic.[58][59][60]

The Other Russia

Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. TheOther Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union ofRightist Forces as they are concerned about its inclusion of radical nationalist and left-wing groups such as theNational Bolshevik Party and former members of the Rodina party including Viktor Gerashchenko, a potentialpresidential candidate. But regional branches of Yabloko and the Union of Rightist Forces have opted to take part

in the coalition. Kasparov says that leaders of these parties are controlled by the Kremlin,[61] despite the fact thatthey both publicly oppose the president's policies.

Attacked

On 10 April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with achessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you

gave that up for politics" immediately before the attack.[62] Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other

episodes since.[63][64]

Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March

Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, bothinvolving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint

Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.[65][66]

Arrest in Moscow and questioning by FSB

On 14 April 2007, he was briefly arrested by the Moscow police whileheading for a demonstration, following warnings by the prosecution officeon the eve of the march, stating that anyone participating risked being

detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released.[67]

He was summoned by FSB for questioning, allegedly for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.[68]

KGB general says Kasparov's life in danger

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Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB general Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, "I do not talk in detailspeoplewho knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is only one man whois vocal and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken

in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list."[69]

2007 presidential bid

On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian Presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress

held in Moscow by The Other Russia.[70]

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the"Other Russia" coalition and vowed to fight for a "democratic and just Russia". Later that month he traveled to theUnited States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert,Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.

Detention at rally

On 24 November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally inMoscow. This followed an attempt by about 100 protesters to break through police lines and march on the

electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections.[71] He wassubsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five

days. He was released from jail on 29 November.[72] Putin spoke briefly about the incident in an interview withTime magazine later that year, saying: "Why did Mr. Kasparov, when arrested, speak out in English rather thanRussian? When a politician works the crowd of other nations rather than the Russian nation, it tells you

something."[73]

Forced to quit campaign

On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability torent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble to endorse his candidacy, as is legallyrequired. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Kasparov'sspokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering andsaid that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that separate smaller gatherings be held at the same time

instead of one large gathering at a meeting hall.[74]

"Putin must go"

Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign "Putin must go",started on 10 March 2010.

Human Rights Foundation

Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011, succeeding the recently deceased

author, activist, and former Czech president Vclav Havel.[75] On 31 January 2012 Kasparov hosted a meeting ofopposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the

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disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey

Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.[76]

Arrest and beating at Pussy Riot trial

On 17 August 2012 Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the verdict

reading in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.[77] On 24 August he was cleared of charges thathe took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge YekaterinaVeklich said there were "no grounds to believe the testimony of the police". He could still face criminal charges over

a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained.[78] He later thanked allthe bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.

Miscellaneous

Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that "fascism has come to Russia....Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler,is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It

was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!"[79]

In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader ofKazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West "has entertained a brutal killer and his

entourage" and that his fee "came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury."[80]

Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. "I found these rumors to bedeeply saddening and, moreover, surprising," he wrote. "I was unable to respond immediately because I was insuch a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by theKremlins propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council

(KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement."[81]

In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand

up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.[82]

Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize,in 2013. The organization praised him as "not only one of the worlds smartest men" but "also among its

bravest."[83]

At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told the Daily Beast's Michael Moynihan that democracy

no longer existed in what he called Russia's "dictatorship."[84]

Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed toleave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. "So for the time being," he said, "I refrain fromreturning to Russia." He explained shortly thereafter in an article for the Daily Beast that this had not been intendedas "a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise," but merely an expression of "the darkreality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the oppositions Coordinating Council areunder criminal investigation on concocted charges." He noted that the Moscow prosecutors office was "opening an

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investigation that would limit my ability to travel," making it impossible for him to fulfill "professional speakingengagements" and hindering his "work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New

York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education."[84]

Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlieragainst fraudulent Russian elections had been "a proud moment for me." He recalled that after joining the oppositionmovement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite "every anti-Putin element in the country tomarch together regardless of ideology." Therefore the sight of "hundreds of flags representing every group fromliberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream." Yet mostRussians, he lamented, had continued to "slumber" even as Putin had "taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to

reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been."[85]

Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 New York Times op-ed byPutin. "I hope Putin has taken adequate protections," he tweeted. "Now that he is a Russian journalist his life maybe in grave danger!" Also: "Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free

speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy."[86]

Allegation of FSB non-disclosure of Boston marathon bombing suspects

In a 12 May 2013, op-ed for the Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian securityagency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elderbomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who "were killed in Dagestanby the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S." Kasparov argued, "If no intelligence wassent from Moscow to Washington" about this meeting, "all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously."He further observed, "This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the faceof an impending terror attack," pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslanschool attack, "there were FSB informants in both terror groupsyet the attacks went ahead unimpeded." Giventhis history, he wrote, "it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S.Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizingRussian officials complicit in human-rights crimes." In sum, Putin's "dubious record on counterterrorism and its

continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero."[87]

On the Navalny trial

Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had beenconvicted "on concocted embezzlement charges," only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release thenext day pending appeal. "The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia," wrote Kasparov, "are bothelaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting theawkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state." Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirovprosecutor's about-face, "my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable

repression under Putin, anything different is good."[88]

On the Syrian civil war

Kasparov wrote in Time Magazine on 18 September 2013 that he considered the "chess metaphors thrown aroundduring the worlds response to the civil war in Syria" to be "trite" and rejected what he called "all the nonsenseabout 'Putin is playing chess and Obama is playing checkers,' or tic-tac-toe or whatever." Putin, argued Kasparov,

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"did not have to outplay or outthink anyone. He and Bashar Assad won by forfeit when President Obama, PrimeMinister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table." There is, helamented, "a new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the

protection of the U.N."[89] Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.[90] In the samemonth he told an interviewer that "Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically," because

Putin's regime "is behind Assad."[91]

Croatia connections

Kasparov maintains a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In early February 2014, Kasparov appliedfor citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, adding that he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia.According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov is "widely perceived" as having been a vocal supporter ofCroatian independence during the early 1990s. On 28 February 2014, his application for naturalisation was

approved, and he is now a Croatian passport holder.[92]

Sochi Olympics

Kasparov spoke out several times about Putin's antigay laws and the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott. Heexplained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russias bid from the outset, since hosting the Olympics would"allow Vladimir Putins cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars" and "lend prestige to Putinsauthoritarian regime." Kasparov added that Putin's anti-gay law was "only the most recent encroachment on thefreedom of speech and association of Russias citizens," which the international community had largely ignored.Instead of supporting a games boycott, which would "unfairly punish athletes," Kasparov called for athletes andothers to "transform Putins self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule for the

entire world to see."[93] In September, Kasparov expanded on his remarks, saying that "forcing athletes to play apolitical role against their will is not fair" and that politicians should not "hide behind athletes." Instead of boycottingSochi, he suggested, politicians should refuse to attend the games and the public should "put pressure on thesponsors and the media." Coca-Cola, for example, could put "a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can" and NBCcould "do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists." Kasparov also emphasized thatalthough he was "still a Russian citizen," he had "good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I

returned to Moscow."[94]

Access to website blocked

Related to the Crimean crises the Russian federative regulator, Roskomnadzor, blocked access to the web page

kasparov.ru at the demand of the public prosecutor.[95]

Chess ratings achievements

Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1986 to 2005

(Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).[96] He

was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the

rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating

of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.[97]

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Kasparov at Valletta in 1980

In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby

Fischer's old record of 2785. On the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists Kasparov reached a

2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved.[98] He held that record for the highest rating

ever achieved until his former student Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January,

2013.

There was a time in the early 1990s when Kasparov was over 2800 and the only person in the 2700s was

Anatoly Karpov.

According to the unofficial Chessmetrics calculations, Kasparov was the highest rated player in the world

continuously from February 1985 until October 2004.[99] He also holds the highest all-time average rating

over a 2 (2877) to 20 (2856) year period and is second to only Bobby Fischer's (2881 vs 2879) over a

one-year period.

Playing style

Kasparov's style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.[100][101] Kasparov himself has described his

style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.[102] Kramnik has opined that "[Kasparov's] capacity

for study is second to none", and said "There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with."[103] Carlsen,whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, "I've never seen someone with such a feel for

dynamics in complex positions."[104] Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive

play in the opening.[105][106]

Olympiads and other major team events

Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented theSoviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup ofthe Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, atage 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia atthat level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In82 games, he has scored (+50 3 =29), for 78.7% and won a total of19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. Forthe 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, inhelping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessalonikicanceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates.

Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record, from,[107] follows.

Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9/12 (+8 1 =3), team gold,

board bronze;

Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8/11 (+6 0 =5), team gold, board bronze;

Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8/11 (+7 1 =3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;

Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8/10 (+7 0 =3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;

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Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8/10 (+7 0 =3), team gold, board gold, performance silver;

Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6/10 (+4 1 =5), team gold;

Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5 0 =4), team gold, board gold, performance silver;

Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+6 0 =3), team gold, board gold.

Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championshipand played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed

Euroteams record, from,[108] follows.

Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5/6 (+5 0 =1), team gold, board gold;

Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4 0 =4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.

Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase(http://www.olimpbase.org/1981k/1981in.html) is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file(http://www.chessmetrics.com) has his individual score from that event.

Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8 0 =2), team gold.

Other records

Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streak was broken by Vasily Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where

Kasparov placed 2nd, half a point behind him. The details of this record winning streak follow:[21]

Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12/17, tie for 1st;

Bugojno 1982, 9/13, 1st;

Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;

Niki 1983, 11/14, 1st;

Brussels OHRA 1986, 7/10, 1st;

Dubai 27th Olympiad

Brussels 1987, 8/11, tie for 1st;

Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;

Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11/15, 1st;

Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11/17, tie for 1st;

Reykjavk (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;

Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;

Skellefte (World Cup) 1989, 9/15, tie for 1st;

Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;

Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9/11, 1st;

Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://www.olimpbase.org/1981k/1981in.htmlhttp://www.chessmetrics.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Chess_Olympiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Ivanchukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Chess_Olympiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Chess_Olympiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugojnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares,_Ja%C3%A9nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Chess_Olympiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_chess_tournament



Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.

Books and other writings

Early writings

Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial[109] autobiography when still in his early 20s,originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated severaltimes after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of keyunannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1985: Fighting Chess: My Games and

Career[110] and this book has also been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotatingthe games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow,1985.

He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chesspublications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene andthis book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two openingbooks with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation ofthe Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributedextensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.

In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online

Challenge[111] with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World

game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.[112]

Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations.[113]

My Great Predecessors series

In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published.This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Jos RalCapablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from somereviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis ofgames directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of theseshortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the BritishChess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, VasilySmyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spasskyappeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky,Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on BobbyFischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger ViktorKorchnoi, was published in March 2006.

Modern Chess series

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Talhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Larsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Oscarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chess_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro-Kann_Defence#Classical_.2F_Capablanca_Variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Laskerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)



His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers "the openings revolution of the 1970s1980s"and is the first book in a new series called "Modern Chess Series", which intends to cover his matches with Karpovand selected games. The book "Revolution in the 70s" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessedin that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) "Hedgehog" opening plan of passively developing thepieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the mostnotable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide theirown "take" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s.

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series

Kasparov is publishing three volumes of his games.

Other post-retirement writing

In 2007 he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess andin the business world.

In 2008 Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: "I am often asked if I ever met orplayed Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member ofthe evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him

personally for what he did for our sport."[114]

He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess.

Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog(apparently no longer active).

Kasparov is currently collaborating with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for arevival of world innovation, due out in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company.

Chess against computers

32 simultaneous computers, 1985

Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some

difficulty.[115]

Deep Thought, 1989

Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match in 1989.[116]

Deep Blue, 1996

In February 1996, IBM's chess computer Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in one game using normal time controls, inDeep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. Kasparov gained three wins and two draws and won the match 42.

Deep Blue, 1997

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mig_Greengardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_-_Kasparov,_1996,_Game_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Deep_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchin



Kasparov wore 3D glasses in his

match against the program X3D Fritz.

In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 32 in a highly publicized six-game match.The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer hadever defeated a world champion in match play. A documentary film was made about this famous matchup entitledGame Over: Kasparov and the Machine.

Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access toDeep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.

After the loss Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves,suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM deniedthat it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developersto modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in thecomputer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files

but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.[117] Although Kasparov wantedanother rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.

Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation of the game Arimaa.[118]

Deep Junior, 2003

In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control matchwith a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE "Man vs.

Machine" World Championship, against Deep Junior.[119] The engine

evaluated three million positions per second.[120] After one win each andthree draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decentposition Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by theDeep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he

feared making a blunder.[121] Originally planned as an annual event, thematch was not repeated.

Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a

standard time control.[122]

X3D Fritz, 2003

In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtualboard, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D ManMachinematch ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparovcontinued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the

machine overall and played well. "I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game."[123]

Books

The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr)

World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Juniorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arimaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy#3D_viewershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kasparov-18.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_-_Kasparov,_1997,_Game_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Over:_Kasparov_and_the_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Deep_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritz



Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson)

LondonLeningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess)

Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)

The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)

The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)

Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess)

Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd)

Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess)

Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)

Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess

Online)

My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess)

My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess)

Checkmate!: My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports)

My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess)

My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess)

My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess)

How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 19751985 (2008, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 19861987 (2009, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 19882009 (2010, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess)

The Blueprint: Reviving Innovation, Rediscovering Risk, and Rescuing the Free Market (2013, W. W.

Norton & Co)

See also

Kasparov versus the World

List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik

Committee 2008

Putinism

Notes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_games_between_Kasparov_and_Kramnikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putinism



1. "Gotova stvar: Gari Kasparov je dobio hrvatsko dravljanstvo! - 24sata" (http://www.24sata.hr/sport/gotova-stvar-

gari-kasparov-je-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-355576). 24sata.hr. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

2. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I, 2011, ISBN 978-1-85744-672-2, pp. 1617

3. "Most experts place [Bobby Fischer] the second or third best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead of

Karpov." Obituary of Bobby Fischer (http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,2243266,00.html), Leonard

Barden, The Guardian, 19 January 2008

4. "Who is the Strongest Chess Player?" (http://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player). Bill

Wall. Chess.com. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.

5. Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split

6. Conor Sweeney, Chris Baldwin, Putin "heir" on course to win Russia election: poll

(http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213)

7. Eli Lake (17 June 2012). "Chessmaster Garry Kasparov Is Determined to Checkmate Vladimir Putin"

(http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/17/chessmaster-garry-kasparov-is-determined-to-checkmate-

vladimir-putin.html). The Daily Beast.

8. Gessen, Masha (2012). The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin. New York: Riverhead

Books. pp. 196197. ISBN 978-1-59448-842-9. Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered

during the attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to

house him; event attendees and organizers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a "total

television blackout" was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from

growing.

9. Demirjian, Karoun (2014-09-13). "Moscow city elections leave little room for Russian opposition"

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-

opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.html). Washington Post. Retrieved

2014-09-28."Independent opposition candidates faced many obstacles. In February, Putin signed a law requiring all

independent candidates to collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents. The city didnt finalize the

boundaries of the districts which expanded from 35 to 45 until April. Then in May, two of the original 'For

Moscow' members were slapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their campaigns.[paragraph break] The

remaining would-be candidates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approximately 5,000 signatures. It

proved an elusive goal for most coalition members."

10. Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russia's Great Red Hope

(http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-is-russia-s-great-red-

hope.html)

11. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov (http://www.amazon.com/Garry-Kasparov-Part-1973-

1985/dp/1857446720/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1331167107&sr=8-1): "I am absolutely sure that the Garry

Kasparov, who became leader of the chess world, professed the same values as Garik Weinstein, who once,

following the example of his father, became fascinated by chess..."

12. Biography (http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=44993207033D9) on Kasparov.ru site (Russian)

13. White King and Red Queen by Daniel Johnson, ISBN 1-84354-609-4

14. "Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Values of Democracy' "

(http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301057,00.html). Fox News. Retrieved 20 October 2013.

15. Unlimited Challenge, an autobiography by Garry Kasparov with Donald Trelford, ISBN 0-00-637358-5

16. Kasparov: The World's Chess Champion

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(http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/33_kasparov.html), by Anne Kressler,

From Azerbaijan International (3.3) Autumn 1995. (Retrieved 31 March 2008)

17. Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1996). Oxford Companion To Chess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-

280049-3. OCLC 34618196 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34618196).

18. Ham, Stephen (2005). "The Young King" (http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review506.pdf) (PDF). Chesscafe.

Retrieved 11 August 2007.

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20. "FIDE Rating List: January 1980" (http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo198001e.html). OlimpBase. Retrieved 2 April

2011.

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Params=199510SSSSS3S062926000000111000000000000010100)

22. "World Chess Championship 198284 Candidates Matches" (http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/8284$cix.htm).

Mark Weeks' Chess Pages. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

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(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/25/world/asia/25chess.html). The New York Times.

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Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22 June 2012.

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DNA, 10 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

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(http://groups.google.com.au/group/comp.os.os2.advocacy/browse_thread/thread/ef970315cae13745/2f7089236fd

34f08)

29. Tradition with an eye on the future (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/expateducation/4179931/Tradition-with-

an-eye-on-the-future.html)

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19147262.html)

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Chess Notes", Chess History Center

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id=1024232006)", The Scotsman, 13 July 2006.

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Putin" (http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/01/071001fa_fact_remnick?printable=true). New Yorker.

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is-to-improve-my-chess/#more-15978), ChessVibes, 7 September 2009

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newsid=6346). Chessbase. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.

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Chessbase Publishing. Chessbase. Retrieved 16 December 2011.

47. "Kasparov Announces Candidacy for FIDE President" (http://www.chess.com/new

Garry Kasparov

Documents

Transcript of Garry Kasparov