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Transcript of GARISSA CP FINAL.pdf
E U COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF GARISSA
NDMA
COUNTY DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLAN
GARISSA COUNTY
FEBRUARY 2014
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the efforts of the technical departments who compiled this document. These are
• National drought management authority
• Agriculture
• Livestock
• Water
• Education
• Heath and nutrition
• Conflict and peace building
• Kenya Red Cross Society
I appreciate the efforts and support in planning, undertaking and preparing this documents by the following partners
The county Government of Garissa
African development solution -ADESSO
Veterinary San Frontieres – BELGIUM
The success of this work depends upon both the collective and individual representation these stakeholders availed to the preparation of the county drought contingency plan.
Dr. Mohamed keinan
County Drought Coordinator
National Drought Management Authority- Garissa
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
NDMA- National Drought Management Authority
ASAL – Arid and Semi Arid Lands
CP- Contingency Plan
CSG- County Steering Group
DMC- Drought Management Cycle
DS – Drought Scenarios
KFSSG – Kenya food Security Steering Group
MOA- Ministry of Agriculture
CG – County Government
MOE- Ministry of Education
MOLD-Ministry of Livestock Development
MOH- Ministry of Health
MOW&I – Ministry of Water and Irrigation
NG- national Government
CTK – Crisis Tool Kit
NDCF – National Drought Contingency Fund
CDC – County Drought Coordinator
CDRO – County Drought Response Officer
CRO – County Resilience Officer
CO – Chief Officer
SOP- Standard operating Procedures
DCF- Drought Contingency Fund
M&E- Monitoring and Evaluation
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of Kenya make up more than 80 per cent of the country’s land
mass, and are home to more than 30 per cent of the population and nearly half its livestock.
Nomadic pastoralism, the predominant livelihood in the ASALs, is the only form of productive land
use through periods of poor and erratic rains; indeed, it may be difficult to conceive another
livelihood more suited to this environment despite instance where alternative/complementary
livelihood are often mentioned..
Drought is a common phenomenon in Kenya, particularly in the Asal counties .its occurrence
increases with the increased variability caused by climate change. Given its slow onset, drought can
be predicted, managed and should never turn into famine, hence the need to develop this
comprehensive drought contingency plan for Garissa county.,
The development of this strategic and sustainable responses in this plan involved participation of
various stakeholders including representative from all the sub-counties .the plan has six sections
namely livestock,agriculture,education water ,conflict and health/nutrition .the county stakeholders
have developed this county drought contingency plan to assist individuals and organizations through
a process of identifying specific actions in each drought phase that can be taken to reduce drought
risks.
The first chapter of this Drought contingency Plan provides general overview of the county. Chapter two to seven discusses each sector in details per livelihood zone. For each sector, the following key areas are systematically covered: an overview of the sector, drought scenario, drought indicators, intervention plans and finally intervention budgets for each drought stage. The document also highlights standard operating procedures (SOP) in the face of a drought event as contained in NDMA’s response manual.
Thank you County drought coordinator NDMA GARISSA
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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ III
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 County profile .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Demographic data ............................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Administrative Units And Population Per Sub County And Divisions ........................... 2
1.4 Livestock and livestock population ............................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management................................................. 4
2.2 Drought Early Warning Phase Classification .................................................................. 5
2.2.1ENVIRONMANTAL INDICATORS ................................................................................. 6
2.3 Measuring Socio-Economic Effects ................................................................................ 7
2.4 Methodology to Establish Early Warning Phase Classification ...................................... 9
CHAPTER THREE: CONTEXT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 13
Overview .............................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Livelihood zones ............................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Wealth Breakdown for the Reference Year (2011-2012) .............................................. 28
3.3 Source of food for the Reference Year (2011-12) ......................................................... 28
3.4 Source of Cash for the Reference Year(2011-2012) ...................................................... 29
3.5 Expenditure Patterns for the Reference Year (2011-2012)............................................ 30
CHAPTER 4: SECTOR INTERVENTIONS .................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Livestock Sector............................................................................................................. 31
4.2 Health and Nutrition Sector ........................................................................................... 56
4.3 Water Sector................................................................................................................... 69
4.4 Agriculture Sector .......................................................................................................... 78
4.5 Education Sector ............................................................................................................ 92
4.6 Social Protection .......................................................................................................... 104
4.7 Conflict and Security Sector ........................................................................................ 108
CHAPTER FIVE: OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION .......................................................... 118
5.1 Standard Operating Procedures.................................................................................... 118
5.2 Response Taskforces/ Working groups ....................................................................... 118
CHAPTER SIX: PROCEDURES FOR DISBURSEMENT OF DROUGHT CONTINGENCY FUND....................... 128
6.1 Drought Contingency Fund (DCF) Business Process .................................................. 128
6.2 Drought Contingency Process................................................................................ 130
6.3 Early Warning Process ........................................................................................... 131
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6.4 Funds Requisitioning and Disbursement Process .................................................. 132
6.5 Fund Reporting Process ......................................................................................... 133
6.6 Proposed Drought Contingency processes Linkages ............................................. 134
3.0 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................... 135
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Recurrent drought has been a common phenomenon in Garissa County for the last two decades. The loss caused by drought supersedes all other hazards combined with livelihood destruction being the main effect and environmental degradation continuing. During high stress periods, the natural resource base (water, pasture) becomes insufficient to support large numbers of livestock’s. This has forced several pastoralists to relocate livestock to the costal ranches thus increasing cost of production. This coupled with lack of any appreciable harvesting of food crops in this arid county leads to food shortages, malnutrition, poor health and high mortality rates of people during drought. Recovery from drought is a significant challenge because the impact of drought leaves household assets critically depleted. Hence, the need exists for a strategic long-term, pro-active approach for drought management to increase the resilience levels of communities in the target areas and to promote early response to drought in order to minimise the losses of household assets. This contingency plan for Garissa County is designed to allow early response to drought events in order to minimise depletion of household assets and to support local economies. 1.1 County profile
Garissa County is located in North Eastern province and borders Wajir County to the North, Tana River County to the west, Isiolo County to the North West, Somalia to the East and Lamu County to the south. The larger county has now been subdivided into five (7) administrative sub-counties namely Fafi, Lagdera, Balambala, Dadaab, Garissa, Ijara and Hulugho with a total area of 44,057 Km² .The County is basically flat with no hills, valleys and mountains. It rises from a low point of 200m above sea level on the southern sides through bush-covered plains to about 400m above sea level on its northern parts. The major physical features are seasonal lagaas and the Tana River basin in the western side. The soils range from the sandstones, dark clays to alluvial soils along the River Tana basin. White and red soils are found in Balambala sub county where terrain is relatively uneven and well drained. The soil has low water retention capacity but supports vegetation, which remains green long after the rains. These soils have potential for farming. The rest of the district has sandy soils that support scattered shrubs and grass. Alluvial soils are found along the Riverine zone of Tana and Lagaas (Seasonal drifts).
The county falls under ecological zone V&VI characterized by low erratic and unreliable rainfall of bimodal in nature with long rains season expected from mid March to May and the short rains season expected from mid October to late November .The temperatures are high all round the year.
1.2 Demographic data
The county covers an area of approximately 44,174.5 square kilometers with an estimated population of 623,060 according to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS 2009Census). The County consists of three main livelihood zones; pastoral-all species with 85 percent, pastoral cattle with 5 percent, agro-pastoral with seven percent and a formal employment/business/petty trade at three percent of the population respectively. The population of the County, is predominantly Muslim and Pastoralists, and is concentrated in small
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pockets surrounding water points and urban/market centres. These are the areas where basic services like education; health, security and commercial activities are to be found.
The county was under relief operation since the year 2000 with currently, 84,505 persons benefitting from the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO) in the County. The numbers came down from 121,437 after the improved short rains reported by the assessment conducted in February 2013. Other food support programs include supplementary feeding which targets 2,120 children under five, pregnant and lactating mothers as well as regular school feeding programme targeting 42,049 pupils in all public primary schools.
1.3 Administrative Units And Population Per Sub County And Divisions
Sub County Divisions Projected Population 2013
Garissa Central 136,608
Sankuri 20,598
Balambala Balambala 35,807
Danyere 28,991
Lagdera Benane 23,631
Modogashe 48,327
Shant-abak 36,246
Dadaab Dadaab/Dertu 156,992
Liboi 21,122
Fafi Bura 14,770
Galmagala 11,122
Jarajilla 85,321
Hulugho Hulugho 24,474
Bodhai 5,351
Sangailu 27,192
Ijara Masalani 37,816
Ijara 13,402
TOTAL 727,771
1.4 Livestock and livestock population
The main livestock production system practiced in the county is extensive methods (pastoral nomadic) which are currently under threat due to the recurrent droughts, uncontrolled livestock diseases and population increased resulting in unplanned settlement along livestock grazing routes and environmental degradation by the large population of refugees hosted by the county. Main livestock species include cattle, camels, donkey, goat and sheep. Their number may fluctuate significantly depending on severity of droughts events in the county. The estimated livestock population in the county as per the 2009 human census since no livestock census has been conducted in the county.
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No Livestock Species Number
1 Cattle 816,617
2 Sheep 942,732
3 Goats 1,294,687
4 Camels 261,100
5 Donkeys 160,000
6 Poultry 11,415
8 Bee Hives 10,632
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CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management
NDMA will promote different approaches/tools that address the underlying structural causes of vulnerability and reduce the impacts of shocks. In this regard, the use of drought risk reduction, climate change adaptation and social protection strategies all have an important role to play at different times and in different ways in reducing vulnerability and building resilience. NDMA will support the integration of these three strategic areas in a more comprehensive manner in order to strengthen people’s resilience to climatic shocks (As indicated here below).
The ultimate objective of the drought response system is to promote early mitigation efforts that reduce the time that elapses from the point when warning of drought stress is given and the point when response at county level starts. Drought mitigation activities will take a livelihood perspective and be specifically designed to support local economies and promote linkages with long-term development strategies. This is expected to reduce considerably the losses of assets by households during drought crises and contribute to enhance resilience. The rationale of this approach is based on the fact that the benefits of investing in early response by subsidizing the livelihoods/ local economies exposed to drought risks are much higher than if intervening in a late stage to provide emergency humanitarian aids1.
The contingency planning process adopted by NDMA is based on the drought cycle management approach, which can be understood in terms of five phases that can be categorized into normal, alert, alarm, emergency, and recovery, with different types of interventions tailored to the various phases. DCM describes in a general way how to reduce vulnerability (& increase resilience) of populations to drought through proper planning. The aim is also to use funds more effectively: making investment in drought preparedness during the normal and alert stages means that less money should have to be spent during the emergency phase. Early warning systems and the warning
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stages that are derived from them are an effective way of triggering interventions to manage drought.
Each EW phase will require specific drought mitigation activities to support livelihoods and minimize depletion of assets. Some drought management models run together ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ warning stages as a single stage. This simplifies the warning stages but it loses a sensitive transition and decision point since the alert stage is extremely important for early action that can reduce the later social and economic impact of drought, saving people and money. Running ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ together as a single stage disguises this trigger. 2.2 Drought Early Warning Phase Classification
In order to determine the early warning phase, there is need to measure and combine the drought indicators related to the 4 classes of indicators proposed for the decision mechanism (see below)
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2.2.1ENVIRONMANTAL INDICATORS 2.2.1.1Meteorological Drought Indicators
The TAMSAT (Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite and other data) rainfall estimation method is Africa based on the recognition of storm clouds in the thermal IR imagery and calibration against ground-based rain gauge data. A rain rate is associated with all clouds colder than a prescribed temperature threshold
2.2.1.1.1Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)
SPI is standardized anomaly, equivalent to the statistical Z-score, representing the precipitation deficit over a specific time scale, such as 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, relative to climatology (McKee et al., 1993). Drought classification by SPI-3month values and their thresholds (adapted from McKee 1993)
Rainfall estimate based on TAMSAT (actual versus long term average, MARCH to MAY 14)) FOR GARISSA
2.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought Indicators
Quantitative drought indicators based on vegetation status
Earth observation (EO) satellites measure the radiation reflected by the Earth surface. Usually, the radiation is measured within discrete spectral bands. The reflectance properties vary with the state of the surface (e.g. vegetation canopy). This permits characterizing the state of the Earth surface over large areas with high revisit frequency (e.g. daily observations by medium resolution satellites). Combining several spectral bands (e.g. red and near-infrared) in so-called vegetation indices (e.g. NDVI) further increases the link to ground state conditions (e.g. vegetation stress).
Color SPI Values Rainfall Category > +1.5 or more Strongly above normal 1 to +1.5 Above normal -1 to 1 Normal -1.5 to -1 Below normal <-1.5 Strongly below normal
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2.2.1.3Vegetation Condition Index
This indicator is suitable to measure the status of pasture and therefore can be used to assess grazing resources available to livestock. The Vegetation Condition Index is based on the relative NDVI change with respect to minimum and max historical NDVI value. The NDVI of a given week is compared to the minimum NDVI found in the archive (of that week: NDVImin) and the maximum NDVI found for that week (NDVImax).
Drought classification by VCI-3month values and their thresholds-GARISSA
Color VCI values Drought Category 3-monthly average
≥50 Wet 35 to 50 No drought 25 to 34 Mild Drought 10 to 24 Severe <10 Extreme Drought
2.3 Measuring Socio-Economic Effects
The impacts and implications of deviations in environmental indicators are basically demonstrated in socio-economic indicators performance in the two livelihood zones of the county that are predominantly dependent on environmental indicators. The table below describes each indicator of socio-economic effects of drought under the three classes proposed in chapter 1 (Production; Access; and Utilisation).
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Table: EW Phase Classification - Suggested Indicators of Socio-Economic Effects of Drought
INDICATOR CLASS
Drought Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds
Production indicators
Livestock migration
Show the pattern of livestock migration in relation to access to wet and dry season grazing
Average distance and pattern of migration assessed against baseline data (migration pattern during normal periods)
Milk production
Record milk production per unit and production levels over time.
The recorded value is compared to the long term average milk production for the period
Livestock body condition
Use body condition scoring and standard variables e.g heart girth, weight, lactation status
Baseline survey will help to determine what range of variation can be expected during what kind of drought condition, thereby providing data to help establish aggregation and threshold criteria
Livestock deaths
Record quantities and trends over time. Calculate mortality indices and use this to trigger response.
Use significance levels. Analyse correlation between deaths and vector of community level covariates to get predictable variation in mortality experience
Actual planting date
The median actual planting date of key staple crops will be determined.
The median actual planting date will be assessed against the baseline normal. The average deviation will be used to assess if a threshold has been crossed
Area planted
Record actual area planted for each crop.
Area planted will be compared to baseline values and assessed as a percentage change.
Actual harvest
Actual harvest quantities for each crop will be compared to long-term averages.
Total harvest will be compared to baseline values and assessed as a percentage change.
Access indicators
Price of cereals
Each market/community should have their prices recorded and changes over time noted.
Season-normalized baseline data will be used in marginal agricultural livelihoods to identify significant deviations above the normal range of food prices within an area.
Livestock terms of trade
Record weekly prices for livestock and cereals to calculate to ToT
Season-normalized baseline data will be used to identify significant deviations from the normal range of ToT within an area.
Availability of cereals and legumes
Record average quantity per household or survey unit. Data will be used to create a food balance sheet.
The item balances on the food balance sheet will tell if the household is in an adverse situation. Baseline data will help to thresholds for each community, derived from the percentage change in the food items in the FBS.
Availability of water
List all the water sources and monitor changes in each source and number of sources. Thresholds will be based on the percentage change in number of sources and ratios of gender fetching
Medium
Milk consumption
Record the % of sampled households that reported regular milk consumption. Include record of milk
The normalised baseline is compared to actual milk consumption for the period
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INDICATOR CLASS
Drought Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds
consumption by children
Availability Indicators
MUAC The middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) can be used to show the malnutrition levels among young children. This is compared with the standardized MUAC for age Z-scores.
Threshold will be based on percentage change in the MUAC for Age Z scores (MAZ)
Coping Strategy Index
The coping strategies section covers questions on unintended dietary change or livelihood strategies. Thus households are asked how often they have been forced to rely on less preferred foods than normally consumed, to borrow or purchase food on credit, to reduce the number of meals, and to limit portion size or skip a whole day without eating due to lack of money or food
2.4 Methodology to Establish Early Warning Phase Classification
2.4.1Establishing deviation from the long-term average
For all the major indicators monitored in the monthly data collection, current observations are compared with long-term average or baseline data. The data variations are analysed to determine whether the changes significantly deviate from the long term average for the specific period of the year. This helps determine whether changes recorded are normal occurrences in the communities interviewed or whether they should be considered as early warning concerns. It also helps indicate whether problems identified are chronic and therefore needing long term solutions, or whether they indicate a crisis or emergency situation that could stress normal coping mechanisms. Baseline data is available for the major monitoring indicators.
The level of each of the quantitative indicators is interpreted relative to their long term rolling average. A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles, and it is calculated using at least 10 years data (depending on availability of reliable data), for each of the livelihood zones. The long term mean is used to compare the level of the current year’s indicators deviation from the ‘normal’ or long term average.
The historical reference data is, therefore, used as a baseline that allows us to interpret EW info against a reference trend line. It allows a comparative analysis in the level of EW indicator trends, the direction and magnitude of change, and the rapidity of change. For example when a sharp rise in the price of cereal is reported in a given month relative to the trend line in an arid county, this should ring a bell indicating the need for close monitoring of the magnitude of the indicator fluctuation range and the cause of that fluctuation. This is because deviation from the historical reference alone does not tell us whether the magnitude of the price change is abnormal and if it is
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due to drought and/or some other reasons, thereby warranting drought response interventions, or whether the deviation is within the normal range.
Indicator Fluctuation Range
Jan Dec
The indicator fluctuation range shown in Fig above allows us to visually perceive the deviation from the reference. It also allows an interpretation of whether deviations are ‘abnormal’ or whether they are normal at that time of the year. The normal ranges are calculated using the standard deviation(σ)of the time series defined as the prediction interval between which 95% of values of a time series fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a sample value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values. The reference range is therefore obtained by measuring the average and taking two standard deviations either side of the mean.
The magnitude of the deviation indicates how many standard deviations a current observation is below (or above) the historical average.
Normal ranges are calculated for each indicator and for each livelihood zone. In a normal year, indicators are expected to fluctuate within the normal range. Fluctuations outside the normal range are normally a cause for alarm that should indicate the need to closely study the drought and food security situation, with a view to adjusting the warning level. However, determination of warning levels relies not just on quantitative indices but on qualitative ones as well.
While comparison of quantitative early warning data with baseline or long term references provides a systematic way of identifying significant changes, qualitative information is essential in beefing up the quantitative analysis. The information is mainly used for triangulation and verification of quantitative data from households and markets for each livelihood zone.
Qualitative data is obtained from discussions with key informants. It is also obtained from field monitors’ and data analysts’ field reports and is based on observation and discussions with the members of the local community. Information from other agencies is also considered. Generally, the data analyst includes a brief explanation to qualify each significant movement in the main indicators, thereby using the qualitative information to back up the quantitative data.
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The following tables provide guidance in the establishment of the drought phase; the first table refers to livestock based livelihood and the second one to agricultural marginal areas. The set of indicators for the two livelihoods can be used and combined in the case of agro-pastoral livelihoods.
The following table provides guidance in the establishment of the drought phase with regard to livestock based livelihoods
EW PHASE INDICATORS BIOPHYSICAL THRESHOLDS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS
NORMAL All environmental indicators are within seasonal ranges
SPI-3month: -0.09and above VCI: 40 and above
N/A
ALERT Meteorological drought indicators moves outside normal ranges
SPI3month: below -0.09 RFE: < 80% of normal Weather forecast: rainfall below normal
N/A
ALERT WORSENING
Agricultural and hydrological drought indicators moves outside normal ranges
VCI-3month: below 31 zVI-3month: below -056 Water availability : declining, below normal
N/A
ALARM Environmental and at least two production indicators are outside normal seasonal ranges
VCI-3month: below 30 zVI-3month: below -055 Water availability : inadequate
Livestock Migration: animals start to migrate to more distant bad-year grazing areas Livestock body condition: score below normal per the period Milk Production: at least x standard deviation (σ) below the normal range for the period
ALARM WORSENING
If in addition to two production indicators, at least two access indicators (impact on market and access to food and water) are outside the normal ranges, then the phase status remains at “alarm” but with a worsening trend. The trend will be further worsening when also one or more availability indicators (impact on nutrition and on coping strategies) move outside the normal range,
SPI: 3-6month > -0.98 VCI-3month: below 30 State of pasture: poor and inadequate Water Access: the average distances to water sources more than x σ
Livestock Migration: animals continue to migrate to more distant bad-year grazing areas Livestock body condition: score below normal per the period Milk Production: > x σ below historical average for the period Livestock mortality rate: at least x σ outside normal range for the period Milk consumption: >x σ decrease from long term average for the period. Terms of Trade: at least x σ above the normal ranges for the period Availability of cereals and legumes: food balance sheet shows < ?% of normal food amount for the period Coping Strategy Index: ?? MUAC: at least x σ outside
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normal range for the period EMERGENCY All indicators are outside normal
ranges. The emergency phase affects asset status and purchasing power to extent that seriously threatens food security. As a result, coping strategy index, malnutrition (MUAC) and livestock mortality rates move above emergency thresholds
VCI: below 20
Coping Strategy Index: emergency threshold MUAC: > x σ outside normal range for the period
RECOVERY
The drought phase must have reached at least Alarm stage. Recovery starts after the end of drought as signalled by the environmental indicators returning to seasonal norms; local economies starting to recover;
SPI-12month 0.09 and above VCI-3month: above 50
N/A
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CHAPTER THREE: CONTEXT ANALYSIS
Overview
The county is principally a arid area falling within ecological zone V-VI and receives an average rainfall of 275 mm per year. There are two rain seasons, the short rains from October to December and the long rains from March to May. Rainfall is normally in short torrential downpour making it unreliable for vegetation growth. The southern parts of the County such as Hulugho, Masalani and Bura receive more rainfall than the northern parts. Balambala and Fafi Constituencies practice rain-fed agriculture on small scale. During the dry season, there is a general migration of livestock from the hinterland to areas near River Tana where water is readily available. The county has over the years experienced a number of disasters including recurrent drought, flood, conflict and disease outbreaks. Disasters are expensive and usually divert development funds. There is need to allocate adequate resources to mitigate them and develop resilience mechanisms.
3.1 Livelihood zones
Nomadic pastoralism is the backbone of the Garissa economy. However, the County can be divided into five distinct livelihood zones (LZ):
1. Pastoral - All Species 2. Formal Employment/Casual Waged Labour/Business 3. Pastoral - Cattle/Sheep 4. Agro Pastoral
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3.1.1 Population per Livelihood zone per Division in the County
Livelihood Division Population Sub-total Proportion
Pastoral - All Species Banane 23,631
Dadaab 156,992
Jarajila 85,321
Liboi 21,122
Modogashe 48,327
Shanti-Abak 36,246
Sub-Total 371,639 51%
Pastoral Cattle & Sheep Hulugho 24,474
Sangailu 27,192
Ijara 13,402
Sub-Total 65,068 9%
Pastoral Camel & Goats Bura-Garissa 25,982 25,982 4%
Agro-Pastoral Balambala 35,807
Danyere 28,991
Sankuri 20,598
Bodhai 5,351
Kotile 4,206
Sub-Total 94,953 13%
Formal Employment & Urban Centres Garissa Central 136,608
Masalani 33,610
Sub-Total 170,218 23%
TOTAL 727,860
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3.1.2 Pastoral all species Livelihood Zone
The Pastoral - All Species LZ hosts half of the county population and is generally inhabited by members of the Somali ethnic community. Their settlement patterns are as follows; nomadic (85%), fully settled (10%), out-migrant labour (3%) and in-migrant labourers (2%). The livelihood zone is characterized by thick vegetation cover that support livestock fall backs during the drought periods though accessibility is hindered by water shortages and long distances. Markets are a major contributor to household food in the Pastoral - All Species LZ. Between 80-100% of maize, beans and other pulses, roots and tubers, wheat products and fish are purchased from the market. On the other hand, almost all the milk and dairy products (90%) are from own livestock production (see Figure below)
Livestock and crop production activities
Livestock is the major source of income in the Pastoral - All Species LZ, providing approximately 72% of household income. A mix of livestock; camels, sheep, goats, cattle and donkeys are reared in this LZ. However, goats are the highest source of food (50%) from livestock, followed by sheep (30%), cattle (15%) and camels (5%). Similarly goats are the highest contributors (55%) to household income from livestock, followed by cattle (25%), sheep (15%), and camels (5%) (see table below ).
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Sources of income
Livestock production is the major income earner, contributing approximately 72% of the total household income. Firewood collection/charcoal burning is important and contributes around 15% of household income while the rest of the sources contribute 13%.
Crops production contributes only 5% to household income. Both long rains and short rains are equally important in crop production in this LZ. The rice crop provides the highest contribution (80%) to both household food and income from own crop production. Green-grams (10%), cowpeas (7%) and sorghum (3%) have minimal contribution to household food and income (see Figure 4).
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SOURCE ; MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
3.1.3. Formal Employment/ Casual Waged Labour/Business Livelihood Zone
The Formal Employment/ Casual Waged Labour/Business LZ is found around Garissa town and Masalani mainly inhabited by the Somali ethnic community (82%). The rest of the population (18%) is made up of minorities from inside and outside the County. The majority (75%) of the population is settled while about 10% are in–migrant and 15% out-migrant laborers. Most of the foods consumed in these urban households are purchased from the markets. Cereals, pulses, fish and cooking fats are all purchased from the market place with over 80% of the meat, milk, fruits and vegetables also being purchased from traders.
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The major sources of income in the Formal Employment/ Casual Waged Labour/Business LZ are small businesses (25%), formal waged labour (22%), casual waged labour (17%) and petty trading (15%), with other sources making up 21%. Small business and waged labour are more important in this LZ than in the pastoral zones due to the presence of the major formal institutions, medical facilities and private sector established.
Livestock and crop production activities
Food crops provide only 5% of household income in this LZ. Bananas, melons, tomatoes and mangoes are cultivated under irrigation. In addition, large amounts of bananas and mangoes are imported from other regions and districts, particularly from the neighboring Tana River District. Bananas are the most important source of income (50%) from household crop production, followed by mangoes (30%), tomatoes (15%) and melons (5%). Similarly, bananas are the highest
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contributors to household food (40%), followed by tomatoes (30%), mangoes (20%) and melons (10%).
Livestock contribute only 1% of household income in the Formal Employment/ Casual Waged Labour/Business LZ. The major livestock kept in the LZ are cattle, sheep and goats. Goats contribute 50%, sheep 35% and cattle 15% to income from livestock.
Markets serving the LZ
Four markets: Suq Mugdi, Iftin, Garissa Ndogo and Garissa Town, Masalani town serve the Formal Employment/ Casual Waged Labour/Business LZ. Livestock trade takes place in Garissa Ndogo and Garissa Town markets, while poultry, farm produce, and labour are traded in all four markets. Farm inputs are traded in Suq Mugdi.
3.1.4. Pastoral – Cattle/Sheep Livelihood Zone
The Pastoral – Cattle/Sheep LZ mainly comprises of the Somali ethnic community. Approximately 92% of the population is nomadic with only 5% being fully settled. The remaining proportion (3%) is composed of migrant laborers and internally displaced persons. Over 90% of the beans, maize, rice, sorghum, wheat products, fruits and vegetables that are consumed in the Pastoral – Cattle/Sheep LZ are purchased from the markets. Meat, milk and other dairy products are largely from household production.
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Source: ALRMP
3b) Sources of income
Livestock production is the main source of income in the LZ, contributing almost 80% of the total household income. Other activities that contribute to income include small businesses, casual waged labour and food crop production (see Figure 11).
source :ALRMP
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Livestock and crop production activities
Livestock production is the most important economic activity in the Pastoral – Cattle/Sheep LZ, contributing approximately 80% of household income. Households in the Pastoral – Cattle/Sheep LZ keep an average 30 cattle, 60 sheep, and 10 goats per household. Sheep are the highest contributors to household income (60%), followed by cattle (20%), goats (15%) and camels (5%). Likewise, sheep are the highest contributor to household food (55%) from livestock, followed by goats (25%), cattle (15%) and camels (5%).
Sources: alrmp2
Food crop production contributes approximately 5% of household income. The main crops grown in this LZ are maize and cowpeas, which are grown during both short and long rains. Maize contributes 95% of both household food and income while cowpeas contribute the remaining 5%.
Markets serving the LZ
Three markets, Modogashe, Garissa and Dadaab, Masalani and balambala serve the Pastoral – Cattle/Sheep LZ. Livestock and food produce are traded in the three markets, while labour exchange and farm produce trade take place in Garissa and Dadaab markets. Farm inputs are mainly obtained from Garissa.
23
3.1.5 Agro - Pastoral Livelihood Zone
The Agro-Pastoral LZ hosts approximately 13% of Garissa county population. It is mainly inhabited by members of the Somali ethnic group, who form 98% of the population. Most members of the community are either semi-nomadic (35%) or fully settled (30%). The LZ also settles internally displaced persons, who form a significant proportion of the population (15%). Out-migrant labour constitutes 15%, while in migrant labourers are about 5% of the population. Most foods consumed in the Agro-Pastoral LZ households are obtained from the market. The fish, wheat and almost all roots and tubers (99%), beans (80%), and maize (83%) are purchased from the market. Significant amounts of fruits (95%), milk and dairy products (70%), sorghum and millets (50%), and vegetables, (50%) are obtained from household production.
Source; Ministry of agriculture
Sources of income
Crop production is the main source of income in this LZ and contributes 50% of the total household income. Other important sources of income include livestock production (15%) and remittance and gifts (10%). Firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 5% while other activities contribute 5% to household income (see Figure 15).
24
Livestock and crop production activities
Food crop production contributes nearly 50% of household income in the Agro-Pastoral LZ. Bananas provide the highest contribution (40%) to household income from household production. Tomatoes paw paws, mangoes and melons are important cash crops, jointly contributing 55% of household income with other crops contributing 5% of income. On the other hand, rice is the highest contributor (35%) to household food from followed by maize
(25%), bananas (15%), tomatoes (10%), cowpeas (7%) and other crops (8%). Bananas, pawpaw, tomatoes and rice are grown under irrigation while sorghum and cowpeas are cultivated under rain-fed conditions. A large percentage of the land is left fallow, both on rain-fed and irrigated farms.
source: MOA 2011
25
Livestock production contributes approximately 15% of household income in the Agro-Pastoral LZ. The average household keeps 10 goats, 20 sheep and 25 cattle. Cattle and cattle products provide the highest proportion of household food (70%) from livestock (see Figure 17). Likewise food products from cattle contribute approximately 50% of household income.
source; ministry of Livestock
4e) Markets serving the LZ
Three major markets, Wajir, Mwingi and Garissa, serve the Agro-Pastoral LZ. Garissa is the most active in livestock trade, although poultry trade takes place in all the markets. Crop produces retails in Garissa, while trade in farm inputs and labour exchange takes place in both Garissa and Mwingi markets.
3.1.6. Pastoral - Camel/Sheep/Goats Livelihood Zone
The Pastoral - Camel/Sheep/Goats LZ is mainly occupied by members of the Somali ethnic group. Approximately 96% of the population is nomadic, with the rest either fully settled, internally displaced or migrant labour. The meat and milk products consumed within the Pastoral – Camel/Sheep/goats LZ are from their own household production while beans, rice, vegetable and wheat are all purchased from the market. Most of the maize, pulses and sorghum (80-95%) are also purchased from the market.
26
source; ministry of Livestock
Sources of income
Livestock production is the main source of income, contributing approximately 55%. Other significant sources include remittances and gifts (10%), firewood collection/charcoal burning (8%), and a mix of other activities (27%).
27
Livestock and crop production activities
Livestock production is the most significant economic activity and provides about 55% of household income. Goats provide the highest contribution to income (50%), followed by cattle (25%), sheep camels (20%) and sheep (5%). Goats also provide the highest contribution to food (55%) from household livestock production, followed by sheep (30%), cattle (10%) and camels (5%) .
source; ministry of Livestock and ministry of Agriculture
Crop cultivation is not widespread in this LZ, contributing only 5% to household income. However, cowpeas, green grams and sorghum are grown under rain fed conditions during the long and short rains. Sorghum provides the highest contribution to both income and food (60%) from household crop production.
Markets serving the LZ
Two markets, Garissa and Dadaab, serve the Pastoral – Camel/Sheep/goats LZ. Trade in livestock, farm produce and labour takes place in the two markets. Retail of farm inputs is mainly carried out at the Garissa market.
Livestock and crop production constrains
Various constraints limit the main economic activity of animal husbandry (in order of importance):
• shortage of pasture and browse • endemic livestock pests and diseases • insecurity/raid risk of holding animal stock • shortage of animal drinking water
28
• poor/low yielding animal genetic stock Crop production is constrained by:
• endemic crop pests or diseases • lack of access to markets, low producer prices • low quality seed stock and planting materials • low technical skills, knowledge • lack of reliable water, unfavourable climate
3.2 Wealth Breakdown for the Reference Year (2011-2012)
Livestock ownership is the main factor determining wealth in this Livelihood Zone. In the reference year (March 2011 to February 2012) the wealth breakdown based on livestock ownership was:
Total Livestock Holding Wealth Breakdown
TLU TLU/person % of HHs % of pop
Very Poor 2.8 0.4 35% 20%
Poor 18 (?)2 1.8 30% 25%
Middle 44 2.9 20% 26%
Better Off 88 3.9 15% 29%
TLU (Tropical Livestock Unit): camel=1; cattle 0.7; shoat= 0.1
It should be noted that the differences per person between the poor, middle and better off are not all that large (only 2.2 times higher for the better off compared to the poor). The practice of marrying more wives and increasing household size as livestock are accumulated tend to reduce the holding per capita among the better off groups.
3.3 Source of food for the Reference Year (2011-12)
2 The wealth ranking seems overestimating the average herd size owned by the various wealth groups (e.g. poor household owning between 6-12 camels)
29
For the very poor the single most important source of food is food aid, followed by purchase. Consumption of wild fruits provides an important source of calories. For the middle and better off households milk and meat account for roughly 50% of total food consumed.
3.4 Source of Cash for the Reference Year(2011-2012)
The following graph provides a breakdown of total cash income according to income source.
Annual Income
(Ksh)
40,000-60,000
80,000-120,000
135,000-185,000
200,000-280,000
The middle and better off derive most of their cash income from the sale of livestock, with very little diversification into other income sources. For the very poor, self-employment provides the main source of cash income (charcoal burning, mat and basket making, brewing, etc.)
30
3.5 Expenditure Patterns for the Reference Year (2011-2012)
The following graph provides a breakdown of total cash according to categories of expenditure
All groups, apart from the very poor, spend similar amounts per capita on roughly the same food basket and non-food items. These findings indicate with the exception of the very poor there are not big differences in standard of living between the wealth groups.
31
CHAPTER 4: SECTOR INTERVENTIONS
4.1 Livestock Sector
Introduction
Climatically, Garissa county falls under Ecological zones -IV to VI (pratt &gwynne)w . it is characterized by a bimodal rainfall of between 300—400mm per annum. Temperatures range from 20 to 39 °C. the Mean annual evapo-transpiration rate is 2600-2800 mm /annum.
The Main economic activity is livestock production. Pastoral-nomadic is the common system of grazing.
Irrigated agriculture takes place along the banks of the two permanent Rivers in Garissa Mandera counties
There are pockets of rain fed agriculture in other districts but is faced with the challenges of inadequate rainfall.
Garissa county is home to 816,617 Cattle: 942,732 Sheep: 1,294,687 Goats: 261,100 Camels and 160,000 Donkeys.
The county has vast grazing lands suitable for pastoral production; however in the past decade massive livestock loses have occurred due to frequent and severe droughts experienced. This has resulted in impoverishment and urgent need for contingency measures.
There has been no major outbreaks of livestock diseases though cases of CCPP, CBPP, LSD, FMD,camel and goat pox are reported.
Due to the existence of a riverine area fodder production is being practiced in 3 sub-counties of Balambala, Garissa and Fafi.
The county on yearly basis sells livestock to markets and consumption areas worth between Ksh 1.5-2.4 billion.
32
Drought losses
The livestock sector over the many past decades has experienced massive losses to drought. In the most recent occurrence of 2011, lagdera Sub County, for instance lost over 50% of its cattle herds to drought. Drought is the single most destructive hazard to livestock production. It is for this reason that contingency plans are necessary.
GARISSA COUNTY LIVESTOCK SECTOR PLAN: LIVELIHOOD ZONES 2014: PASTORAL
Drought phase’s indicator
Drought phase Threshold indicator
Alert
• Erratic, low quantity ,poorly distributed rains
• Rainfall less than 25% of seasonal expectation
• Scarce poor quality pasture. Animals trek 2 days for pasture
• Water scarcity in pans in grazing areas.
• Water scouting increases in suspected rainfall areas
• Deteriorating but Fair livestock body condition(LBC)
Alarm
• Rainfall performance poor. • Cessation period arrives and
passes. • Forecasts are of depressed
rains
Early alarm
• very few pans with water • Pasture depletion in many areas
reported • Trekking for water towards the
river increases. • 10% of household can access
camel milk Late alarm
• Livestock disease outbreaks common
• Out migration of livestock increases
• Poor body condition of livestock (BCS of <2 in cattle)
• Low prices for livestock • All water pans dry • Livestock Watering Pressure on
boreholes is tremendous • Camels watered beyond 7 day
33
interval • No milk available.
Emergency
No rains
Forecasts are on drought
Early emergency
• Increased migration to meru,isiolo,merti,tana river,ijara,somalia
• Deaths reports of weak livestock reported
Late emergency
• Livestock disease outbreaks increased
• Poor body condition of livestock<1.8
• Low prices for livestock • All water pans dry • Conflicts for resources increased • Watering Pressure on boreholes
is high • No milk available • Massive Livestock deaths
reported Recovery
Abundant rains
Evenly distributed
Early recovery
• Pasture regrowth begins • In migrations reported • Water pans are full Late recovery
• Body condition of livestock improves
• livestock prices rise • milk availability improves • perennial grasses grow • breeding occurs in livestock
34
LIVESTOCK SECTOR PLAN ;
EW PHASE:
ALERT
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Population
Cost
(Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LALT1 Commercial livestock off-take Support.
• Sensitization/awareness creation on off-take to the community • Engage with DLMC, livestock
traders and community livestock marketing groups to activate livestock off-take And establishing trader subsidy regimes and monitoring systems
• Routine repairs and Maintenance of stock route structures and other market infrastructure
• Alert late stage with seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season
• Sell livestock when price and body condition are favourable for better income • Provide funds for procurement
of water,drugs, and other needs for remaining herds. • Reduce pressure on the
environment- scarce pasture and water resources • To encourage a saving for
disaster culture in the community
Three months
SVI is between
-0.84 and -1.27;
Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
non- breeding herd, mainly cattle 6,100: 12,000 small stock and 120 camels
57 m
Community role
• Present animals to market • Herd culling
GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Capacity building • Livestock market information collection
and dissemination • Grants and loans for destocking Donors role
• Funding for above Source for funding and community mobilization.
35
Disease surveillance
• Field sampling and disease situation monitoring • Activation of community disease surveillance and reporting committees • procurement and Stocking of drugs and vaccines and the mobilization of resources for vaccination • for - Transport and staff; •
• • To enhance disease control • To inform procurements of
drugs for vaccination and treatments • To facilitate planning for
vaccinations and treatments
16 months SVI is between
-0.84 and -1.27;
Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
170,000 cattle; 440,000 small stock: 40,000 camels
5m Community roles
• Strengthen disease control committees
• Report on disease incidences GOK role (livestock dept)
• Disease surveillance and reporting Donor/NGO role
• Funding for the emergency response. • LOGISTICS
LALT2
Vaccinations and treatments
• procurement and Stocking of drugs and vaccines and the mobilization of resources for vaccination • development of crushes • logistical preparation for - Transport and staff; • Actual Mass vaccination, and treatments, deworming and tick control
• To reduce morbidity and mortality by targeting 25% of cattle : 30% the small stock and 25% of camel population
1month Reports from the field
200,000 cattle; 430,000 small stock: 90,000 camels
15 m Community role
• Present livestock for vaccinations and treatment
• Observe quarantines GOK role (SCLPO/SCVO)
• Provision vaccines and facilitation for vaccination
• Disease surveillance and reporting Donors role(FAO ,
• Funding for the emergency response. NGO roles
• Funding for the emergency response. • Logistical support
LALT3 1.Provision of livestock
• Procurement and stocking of mineral and vitamin
Alert early stage, with
• Boost livestock immunity during drought period to
Throughout the Alert
SVI is between -
Goats/sheep 20 m Community role
36
feed supplements
supplements for at risk livestock population. 45% of smallstock,35% of cattle:40% of camels
• Distribution of feed supplements to feeding centers
seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season
reduce morbidity and mortality • Provide nutrients not readily available in pasture •
phase and alarm phases
0.84 and -1.27;
Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
930,000
Cattle:
270, 000
Camels:
104,000
• Organize receipt and distribution at local level .
• Provide storage where necessary GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Distribution of feed supplements Donors/NGO role
• Funding for the emergency response. • Logistical support
2. strategic water supply to at risk livestock herds
• Rapid assessment of livestock water situation and needs for next 3 months • Water trucking to needy areas • Capacity building for water use associations • Procurement of water storage and treatment facilities • Repairs /Construction of structures at water sources. • Procure/ Ensure strategic water storage tanks are in working order
Alert late stage, with seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season
• To enhance access to water during drought periods for both domestic and livestock uses
3 months SVI is between -0.84 and -1.27;
Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
livestock:
Cattle 160,000
:small stock 530,000: Camels 56,000
Donkeys 52,000
16 M Communities/
Water user Associations roles
• Management of water sources • Reporting and community level coordination • Basic repairs and maintenance • Local resource mobilization Donors
• Trainings and capacity building • Support on acquisition of fast moving spare
parts GoK- water dept
• Technical support and coordination • Support on acquisition of parts • Law enforcement especially on protection of
water sources
37
EW PHASE:
ALARM
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Population
Cost
(Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LALM1
subsidized commercial off-take
• Sensitization/awareness creation on off-take to the community • Engage with DLMC, livestock
traders and community livestock marketing groups to activate livestock off-take And establishing trader subsidy regimes and monitoring systems
• Engage livestock sector departments to do disease control, and surveillance • Routine repairs and Maintenance
of stock route structures and other market infrastructure
• Alert late stage with seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season
• Sell livestock when price and body condition are favourable for better income • Provide funds for
procurement of water ,drugs, and other needs for remaining herds. • Reduce pressure on
the environment- scarce pasture and water resources • To encourage a saving
for disaster culture in the community
Three months SVI is between
-0.84 and -1.27;
Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
non- breeding herd, mainly cattle-9,000 and small stock-20,000
50 m
Community role
• Present animals to market • Herd culling
GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Capacity building • Livestock market information collection
and dissemination • Grants and loans for destocking to, LMAs
& DLMC Donors role
• Funding for above Source for funding and community mobilization.
38
LALM2
Conflict prevention and resolution
• Activation of community peace committees
• Reporting on tension and flare ups
• Community conflict prevention barazas
• Early alarm period
• To reduce resource use conflicts
6 months • Escalating drought situation
• Reports from conflict hotspots
Whole county
4m Community roles
• Conflict reporting • Resource management GOK/ Provincial administration
• Peace building • Enforcements ad peace restoration • Capacity building of communities on conflict
prevention and peace building • NGO/DONORS • Funding and logistics
LALM3
Procurement and hay distribution to the remaining breeding herds ,the lactating and calves
• (publicity) • Dispatch /Transport/Distribute/
animal feed, water and related services to strategic locations (destocking markets, migratory routes and households for remaining herds)
• Facilitation of Monitoring staff
• Initiated at Alarm Early Stage
• Protection of the livestock herds
• Maintain production at the households to sustain nutrition statuses
Throughout the alarm phase and on-set of emergency
SPI Between -0.83 and -1.27
SVI Between 0 and -0.83
Rainfall Anomaly Between 10 and 25% and Negative weather forecast.
19,500 cattle : 42,500 small stock
185,000 bales
10 M Community role
• Organize receipt and distribution at local level .
• Provide storage where necessary GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Distribution of feed supplements Donors/NGO role
• Funding for the emergency response. • Logistical support
39
LALM4
Strategic water supply to livestock
Water trucking to affected settlements @ 5 strategic sites /sub county. Total 35 sites
• repairs and maintenance of water sources.
• stockpiling of fast moving spares.
• Alarm Late Stage
• Water provision for livestock at strategic grazing areas and along migratory routes
• To ensure strategic water supply sources are operational
Alarm Late Stage through to end of Emergency
SPI Between -0.83 and -1.27
Rainfall Anomaly Between 10 and 25% and Negative weather forecast.
Increasing distance to water sources (Average Distance More than 16 KMs)
the remaining herd
15M Community roles.
- Provision of unskilled labor - Daily management of water sources - Basic maintenance of boreholes - Conflict management
GoK/ Water providers
- Activate rapid response teams - Rehabilitation and repairs of boreholes - Training water users on basic
maintenance - Provision of water storage tanks in
strategic areas - Continued stockpiling of fast moving
spares - Repairs and maintenance of water
bowzer Donors role
- Funding for above NGO roles
- Facilitate rapid response teams. - Support water tankering and repairs
activities. - Capacity-build community water user
groups.
EW PHASE:
EMERGENCY
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target Population
Cost
(Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LEMR slaughter • Participatory establishment with community of purchase
• Beginning of the
• Provide relief meat and/or cash to benefit
• Duration of the Emergency
SPI Between -0.83 Cattle 9,5 00 50 M Livestock Council and LMAs.
40
1 destocking prices,catergories ,numbers and locations for destocking • beneficiary households targeting. • Engagement with relief committees • Actual slaughter and distribution. • Train and equip 30 community members to dispose dead animals
Emergency Phase
the community • Disposal of dead animals to minimize public health issues
Phase and -1.27
SVI Between 0 and -0.83
Rainfall Anomaly Between 10 and 25% and Negative weather forecast.
• Declining ToT (<50%)
• LBC Less Than 1.8
Shoats-
25, 000
- Community mobilization/publicity Community role
- Identification of beneficiary households with view to targeting most vulnerable
- Engage relief committees - Disposal of dead animals - Selection of slaughter sites
GOK role(DVO/DLPO)
- Consultation with the community on purchase prices,numbers,types and locations.
- Provision technical back up & emergency fund
- Capacity building meat relief committees - Facilitate meat inspection along with
public health. Donors role
- Funding for the emergency destocking. NGO roles
- Funding,community mobilization and capacity building.
LEMR2
Procurement and distributionof hay
• publicity • Dispatch -Transport/Distribute • Facilitation of Monitoring staff
• In entire emergency Stage
• Protection of the livestock herds
• Maintain production at the households to sustain nutrition statuses
Throughout emergency
6 months
SPI Between -0.83 and -1.27
SVI Between 0 and -0.83
Rainfall AnomalyBetween 10 and 25% and Negative weather forecast.
1% of cattle:0.5% small stock Herd.
650,000 bales
80M Community role
• Organize receipt and distribution at local level .
• Provide storage where necessary GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Distribution of feed supplements Donors/NGO role
• Funding for the emergency response. • Logistical support
41
LEMR3
To provide curative treatment to all surviving livestock population.
• Continued disease surveillance • Treatments • monitoring
• Early Emergency
• To minimize/reduce mortality of core breeding herd
• Throughout Emergency into early Recovery
• SVI<-1.28 And SPI<1.28 and Rainfall anomaly <50% and weather forecasts are negative • Declining ToT (<50%) • LBC Less Than 1.8
of the surviving herds
10M Community role
• Present livestock for vaccinations and treatment
• Observe quarantines GOK role (SCLPO/SCVO)
• Provision vaccines and facilitation for vaccination
• Disease surveillance and reporting Donors role(FAO ,
• Funding for the emergency response. NGO roles
• Funding for the emergency response. • Logistical support
LEMR4
Strategic water supply to livestock
Water trucking to affected settlements
• repairs and maintenance of water sources.
• stockpiling of fast moving spares.
• Entire emergency Stage
• Water provision for livestock at strategic grazing areas and along migratory routes
• To ensure strategic water supply sources are operational
Throughout Emergency into early Recovery
SPI Between -0.83 and -1.27
Rainfall Anomaly Between 10 and 25% and Negative weather forecast.
Increasing distance to water sources (Average Distance More than 30 KMs)
the remaining herd
63M Community roles.
- Provision of unskilled labor - Daily management of water sources - Basic maintenance of boreholes - Conflict management
GoK/ Water providers
- Activate rapid response teams - Rehabilitation and repairs of boreholes - Training water users on basic
maintenance - Provision of water storage tanks in
strategic areas - Continued stockpiling of fast moving
spares - Repairs and maintenance of water
bowzer Donors role
- Funding for above
42
NGO roles
- Facilitate rapid response teams. - Support water tankering and repairs
activities. - Capacity-build community water user
groups.
EW PHASE:
RECOVERY
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Trigger Target Population
Cost
(Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LREC1 restocking and redistribution of livestock herds to 1,800 vulnerable households
• Participatory Identification of most vulnerable households who lost livestock to drought for restocking.
• Support community led restocking initiatives
• Early recovery phase.
• To facilitate households asset build up and sustainable livelihood.
• 1month • SVI<-1.28 And SPI<1.28 and Rainfall anomaly <50% and weather forecasts are positive
1,800 HH with 10 goats
20M Community roles
- Identification of beneficiaries targeting the most vulnerable.
- Mobilize community contribution from able community members.
GoK/DLPO
- Sustain livestock extension services - Train beneficiaries on livestock
husbandry - Provide market information - Promote pasture/fodder production. - Livestock disease surveillance
Donors role
- Funding community led NGO roles
- Capacity-build rangeland user associations
Support conflict management initiatives
43
LREC2 Range Rehabilitation/conservation of strategic grazing areas
• Procurement and provision of range land reseeding materials.
• Range land reseeding • Promotion of grazing
management • Support community initiatives
on pasture and feed rehabilitation.
Throughout recovery phase
To enhance pasture and fodder production and utilization
3months • SVI<-1.28 And SPI<1.28 and Rainfall anomaly <50% and weather forecasts are positive
5400HH engaged.
10M Community role.
- Identify and agree on rehabilitation sites. - Initiate and support traditional grazing
management initiative. - Open up the rangeland for pasture
production. - Formation of pasture and grazing
management committees. - Develop intra and inter community
pasture management protocols - Establish pasture seed banks for
sustained supplies. - Pasture/fodder seed bulking
GoK/DLPO
- Awareness creation on suitable pasture varieties.
- Support procurement, supply, and transportation of pasture/fodder planting material.
Donors role
- Funding for above NGO roles
- Capacity-build rangeland user associations
- Support conflict management initiatives.
Promotion of fodder production and conservation in bura & balambala
• Procure fodder planting materials
• Facilitate staff for promotion activities
•
Throughout tr recover phase
To conserve pasture for next season
6 months • Favourable forecasts
• Adequate rains
40 farms 7.5m Community role
• Organize receipt and distribution at local level .
• Provide storage where necessary GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Distribution of planting materials • Promotion of fodder planting
44
• Construction of fodder storage structures Donors/NGO role
• Funding for the response. • Logistical support
Support to livestock marketing
• Construct livestock market at balambala
From early recover
To facilitate trade in the region
3 months • 1 market 3m Community role
• Organize marketing activities • Provide site for market GOK role (DLPO/DVO)
• Construction of market structures Donors/NGO role
• Funding for the response. • Logistical support
LREC3 • Disease control
To provide prophylaxis and curative treatment to the returning herd population.
• On set of recover
To reduce livestock diseases outbreaks and mortality rates.
• 3Months • SVI<-1.28 And SPI<1.28 and Rainfall anomaly <50% and weather forecasts are positive
All surviving livestock
12M Community role
• Present livestock for vaccinations and treatment
• Observe quarantines GOK role (SCLPO/SCVO)
• Provision vaccines and facilitation for vaccination
• Disease surveillance and reporting Donors role,
• Funding for the emergency response. NGO roles
• Funding for the emergency response. • Logistical support
45
LREC4 Strategic water supply to livestock
• Development of water sources-desilt 10 strategic 20,000m3 water pans& 2 boreholes
• Throughout recovery phase
• To improve access to water resource for livestock production
• 3months • SVI<-1.28 And SPI<1.28 and Rainfall anomaly <50% and weather forecasts are positive
Target 15% of livestock herds both small and large stock
30M Community roles.
- Provision of unskilled labor - Daily management of water sources - Basic maintenance of boreholes - Conflict management
GoK/ Water providers
- Activate rapid response teams - Rehabilitation and repairs of boreholes - Training water users on basic
maintenance - Provision of water storage tanks in
strategic areas - Continued stockpiling of fast moving
spares - Repairs and maintenance of water
bowzer Donors role
- Funding NGO roles
- Facilitate rapid response teams. - Support water tankering and repairs
activities. - Capacity-build community water user
groups.
46
ALERT PHASE BUDGET
CODE
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total
Cost
Notes
LALT1 commercial off-take Workshop for livestock traders DLMC,Gok and pastoralist representatives to plan activation of livestock off-take activity 50pers
workshop
3
150,000
450,000
Publicity of the off-take intervention ln benane, Shantabak, and m/gashe divisions
barazas 50 60,000 3,000,000 Community Barazas
Local FM radio publicity
10 50,000 500,000 Local fm stations advertisements
Actual offtake cattle 2000 10,000 20,000,000
Lumpsum includes money for staff facilitation ad vehicle repairs as well as for 2 monitoring trips
Small stock 10,000 3,000 30,000,000
Staff facilitation
lumpsum 3,400,000
Maintenance of holding grounds and other market infrastructure
Infrastructure
lumpsum 1,400,000
Sub Total LALT1 Sub Total 58,750,000
Disease surveillance i
• Field sampling and disease situation monitoring • Activation of community disease surveillance and reporting committees • logistical preparation for - Transport and staff;
Field surveillance trips
10 200,000 2,000,000 1 trip monthly
Monitoring and supervision
10 150,000 1,500,000 1 trip per quarter
Community motorbikes
2 100,000 200,000 For bura and ijara
47
Sub Total
3,700,000
Sub Total LALT1
LALT2 Vaccinations and treatments
Rapid assessments and mapping mission 2 250,000 500,000 Per diems for assessment team
Procurement of assorted other drugs 5 Lump sum 2,000,000
Vaccination CCPP dose 500,000 10 5,000,000 For goats and sheep
Vaccination PPR dose 700,000 10 7,000,000 For goats and sheep
CBPP dose 100,000 10 1,000,000 For bovines
Acaricides (pour on) Pour on 10,000 700 7,000,000 Tick control
Treatment for deworming litre 500,000 600 3,000,000 All species
Construction/repairs of vaccination crushes crushes 20 100,000 2,000,000
Treatment for trypanosomiasis vial 10,000 250 2,500,000 Mainly camels
Multi-vitamin vial(100ml) 10,000 250 2,500,000 All species
Aerosol spray can 1,500 300 450,000 Mainly cattle and camels
Antibiotics (20%) Vial (100ml) 4,000 350 1,750,000 All species
Equipment (syringes, drenching gun, etc) lot 5 50,000 250,000 Kit of equipment
Transport repairs car 20 15,000 3,000,000
Team facilitation allowances days lumpsum 3,750,000
48
Contingency 0%
Sub Total 41,700,000
LALT4 Strategic water provision for livestock
Rapid assessment to monitor status of water points in strategic water corridors and grazing
Field visits 2 250,000 500,000 County steering group
Water trucking for strategic trade corridors 7 s/c - 3,000,000 21,000,000 gen sets, solar pumps,
Capacity building for water user association Training 14 200,000 2,800,000 2 sites per sub-county
Procurement of water storage tanks 10m3 for strategic trade corridors
Plastic tanks 70 200,000 14,000,000
To be placed in strategic water corridors/points.
Procurement of fast moving spares for selected b/holes
assorted 3,000,000
Rehab of water sources, water-pans, springs, shallow wells
assorted 2,000,000
Sub Total LALT4 43,300,000
ALERT PHASE TOTALS 144,450,000
ALARM PHASE BUDGET
49
CODE
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total
Cost
Notes
LALM2 CONFLICT PREVETION
Community barazas on peace building @2 meetings per sub county
barazas 14 200,000 2,800,000 From the alarm through the emergency
Peace monitoring Surveillance trips @ 2/sub-county
Surveillance trips
14 200,000 2,800,000
Sub Total LALM1 5,600,000
LALM1 subsidized commercial off-take
• Sensitization/awareness creation on off-take to the community in 7 sub-counties •
barazas 14 50,000 700,000 At 2 meetings per sub county
• Engage with DLMC, livestock traders and community livestock marketing groups in 7 subcounties
workshop
7 200,000 1,400,000 • to activate livestock off-take
And establishing trader subsidy regimes and monitoring systems
• Actual offtake
Cattle 3,000 10,000,000 30,000,000
Small stock 10,000 3,000 30,000,000
• Routine repairs and Maintenance of stock route structures and other market infrastructure
7sc 200,000 1,400,000 7 selected strategic market points
Sub Total LALM2 63,500,000
LALM3 Hay provision and feed supplementation
Procurement of hay bales bales 10,000 250 2,500,000
Distribution of hay bales to needy areas Trips/various 7sc 200,000/sc 1,400,000 Includes transport charges,per diems etc
Monitoring of distribution and utilization of hay@2 trips/ sub-county for 7 sc.
7sc Trips 3 250,000 750,000
50
Procure mineral blocks 2.5kg block 3,000 500 1,500,000 Provided to livestock generally
Procure survival mash 70kg bag 1,000 4,500 4,500,000
Range cubes 70kg bag 1,000 2,500 2,500,000
13,150,000
LALM4 Strategic water supply to livestock
Facilitation for Transport and per diems Lump sum 2,500,000 hire, repairs, per diems
Procurement and stockpiling of spare parts , replacement tanks etc
Spares Assorted Lump sum 15,000,000 Gen sets, solar pumps,
Repairs and maintenance of water sources along stocked routes and trade corridors
Sub counties 7sc 500,000 3,500,000
Sub Total LALM4 21,000,000
ALARM PHASE TOTALS 103,250,000
EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET
CODE
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total
Cost
Notes
LEMR1 slaughter destocking
• Participatory establishment with community of purchase prices,catergories ,numbers and locations for destocking
barazas 14 trips 150,000 2,100,000 @2 trips/sub county
51
• beneficiary households targeting. • Engagement with relief committees
Community meeting trips
7sc 200,000 1,400,000 @ 1 trip /sc
• Actual slaughter and distribution. Purchase of livestock
3000 cattle,
10,000
30,000,000
10,000 goats
2,500
25,000,000
Facilitation of staff
7sc 300,000 2,100,000 hIre of transport,vehicle, repairs: staff per diems
• Train and equip 30 community members to dispose dead animals@ 2 trainings/sc
s/c workshops
14 300,000 4,200,000
Sub Total LEMR1 64,800,000
LEMR2 Hay provision for needy livestock:
5,000 heads of cattle:10,000 sheep
Procurement of hay bales
Distribution of hay bales to needy areas
Monitoring of distribution and utilization of hay
Sub Total LALM2
bales 200,000 250 50,000,000
Trips/various 7sc 500,000 3,500,000 Includes transport charges,per diems etc
trips 14 150,000 2,100,000
55,600,000
LEMR3 Vaccinations and treatments
Rapid assessments and mapping mission 7 200,000 1,400,000 Per diems
Vaccination CCPP dose 100,000 10 1,000,000 For goats and sheep
52
Vaccination PPR dose 200,000 10 2,000,000 For goats and sheep
CBPP dose 100,000 10 1,000,000 For bovines
Deworming litre 3,000 600 1,800,000 All species
Tick control litre 3,000 700 2,100,000 Pour on
Treatment for trypanosomiasis vial 2000 250 500,000 Mainly camels
Multi-vitamin vial(100ml) 2,000 250 500,000 All species
Aerosol spray can 2100 300 630,000 Mainly cattle and camels
Antibiotics (20%) Vial (100ml) 2,000 350 70,000 All species
Equipment (syringes, drenching gun, etc) lot 7 50,000 350,000 Kits of equipment
Transport repairs car 7sc 400,000 2,800,000 7sub-counties@ 600,000 each
Team facilitation allowances 7sc 400,000 2,800,000
Sub Total 14,950,000
LEMR4 Strategic water supply to livestock
Water trucking to shortage areas 7sc 1,000,000 7,000,000 CSG working teams
Procurement and stockpiling of spare parts /tanks Spares Assorted 1,000,000 10,000,000 Gen sets, solar pumps,
Repairs and maintenance of water sources 7sc 5,000,000 3,500,000
Sub Total LALM4 21,500,000
EMERGENCY PHASE TOTALS 452,555,500
53
RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET
CODE
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total
Cost
Notes
LREC1 restocking and redistribution of livestock herds to 800 vulnerable community members
• Awareness creation and .beneficiary targeting@2 main barazas/ sub-county
barazas 10 250,000 2,500,000
Participatory Identification of most vulnerable households who lost livestock to drought for restocking
Support community led restocking initiatives Goats 4000 2,000 8,000,000 1800 households restocked
Staff facilitation for destocking@3 trips/ sub-county
Trips 10 300,000 3,000,000
Sub Total 45,800,000
Range Rehabilitation/conservation of strategic grazing areas
• Procurement and provision of range land reseeding materials.
SEEDS assorted 500/kg 2,500,000
Chloris sudan grass and Eragrostis for 7sub -counties
•
• Promotion of grazing management@ 2barazas/sc
Barazas 10 50,000 500,000 Grazing councils strengthened
Support community initiatives on range rehabilitation.
groups 20 200,000 4,000,000 Groups funded to do reseeding
Sub Total 7,000,000
LREC3 • Disease control To provide prophylaxis and curative treatment Drugs 7sc assorted 3,000,000 5,000,000 Purchase of various drugs as informed by
54
to the returning herd population. surveillance reports
Staff /vehicles facilitation
7sc
7sc
500,000
3,500,000 Staff allowances,fuel,vehicle repairs
Sub Total 8,500,000
LREC4 Strategic water supply to livestock
• Development of water sources- 10 strategic waterpans ;2 boreholes
Water pans 1 6,000,000 6,000,000
boreholes 1 6,000,000 6,000,000
Sub Total 12,000,000
Promotion of fodder production and conservation.
in garissa, bura & balambala sc farms 10 300,000 3,000,000
In balambala sc construct 10,000 bale capacity hay store
Hay store 3 500,000 1,500,000
Staff /vehicles facilitation
3sc
3sc
500,000
1,500,000 Staff allowances,fuel,vehicle repairs
Sub Total 6,000,000
Support to livestock marketing
Construct livestock market at balambala market 1 2,000,000 2,000,000
55
GARISSA COUNTY : LIVESTOCK SECTOR BUDGET……….. (KSHs) 781,555,500
LIVESTOCK SECTOR BUDGET SUMMARY
Phase Cost Alert 144,450,000 ALARM 103,250,000 EMERGENCY 452,555,500 RECOVERY 81,300,000 TOTAL 781,555,500
Sub Total LREC4 2,000,000
RECOVERY PHASE TOTALS 81,300,000
56
4.2 Health and Nutrition Sector
Good health care services are mostly in the urban areas. The average distance to the nearest health facility is 35Km. Most of the health facilities are along the river where there are settlements. The number of trained health personnel is also very low with the doctor population ratio being currently 1:41,538 while the nurse population ratio is 1:2,453. The health care in the province is provided by a mix of public, private, traditional health care systems and NGOs (especially in the refugee camps). The private health facilities are mainly confined at the big commercial centers and very few small towns. Government health facilities provide over 90% of the health care in the region. County has one Provincial General Hospital (level 5) situated at the county Headquarters Garissa town that serves patient from Mandera, Wajir, Kitui, Tana River county as well as the refugee population and neighbouring countries. The biggest challenges in providing health care services in the county are, the vastness of the region with poorly developed road networks, frequent diseases outbreaks which are frequently brought about by poor sanitation, influx and the presence of large population of refugees from the neighbouring countries, recurrent disasters like drought and floods which are a major occurrence in the county and are development challenge within the county since this diverts development resources and productive labour in the delivery of services. In addition other major challenges are severe shortfall of trained health personnel and high level of staffs’ turnover couple with inadequate human resource personnel and insufficient funding from the Government.
During the drought diarrheal diseases outbreaks occur due to many factors which revolve around poor hygiene practices (knowledge, attitude and perception) among the community members. Many efforts have been undertaken by different actors to mitigate against the problem but gap exists especially in community mobilization on house hold water quality improvement, hand washing at critical times, waste management and good health and hygiene behaviors. The interplay of the above factors with reduced access to nutritious foods during this period manifest mostly in Children below the age of five years, pregnant and lactating women and the elderly through acute malnutrition which has been a long standing problem in the county but escalates in drought situation. With Global Acute Malnutrition rates currently at 12% for our county1, this already put the county at an alert stage and there are ongoing efforts by MoH and implementing partners to address the situation.
The major opportunities in the county are the presence of major health partners like UNICEF, WHO, UNHCR, APHIA-plus IMARISHA which have their regional office in Garissa town and the presence of committed health personnel. Moreover, other opportunities are the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other tropical diseases along with many statics facilities and new districts hospitals put up Government and partners.
57
EW PHASE: ALERT Code Activities Proposed
Intervention When Objectives Timefra
me
Trigger Target Population cost Define roles and responsibility
LALT 1 Strengthen community health systems for early diagnosis, referrals, and follow-up disease outbreaks
- Conduct Integrated outreach services
Increase of New cases reported at the health facilities
- Prevent acute moderate malnourished children under five, lactating and pregnant women from eventually deteriorating to situation of severe malnutrition
Monthly -high cases of morbidity reported.
60% under-fives,70% adult treated at the health facility
10m MOH,UNICEF,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS, WFP
LALT2 Disease hot spots mapping
Mapping of Hot Spots\ in terms of vulnerability to diarrhea, polio, measles disease outbreak
Increase in morbidity is noted at the HF level
To identify areas those are highly vulnerable to disease outbreak
Monthly Increase in disease cases/ suspected case noted
Whole county 5M MOH, UNICEF,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS,
LALT3 To monitor and control water quality/surveillance
Water quality testing and monitoring(using portable PAQUALAB)
Regularly on monthly basis
150 water samples collected and tested for bacteriological analysis
Monthly A noted increase in diarrhea and typhoid
80% of the water sources
1M MOH, UNICEF ,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS,
LALT4 To increase knowledge and skills for hygiene and sanitation in the community
Capacity building of Community Health Workers (CHWs) on hygiene promotion.
500 CHWS (10 two day long trainings to enhanced capacity of CHWs.
Yearly Poor hygiene practices
80% of the villages 2M MOH, UNICEF,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS,
LALT5 To increase knowledge and skills for hygiene and sanitation in schools
Conduct hygiene promotion campaigns in schools
Monthly in schools starting immediately
Safer school environment for learning
Monthly Poor hygiene practices in schools
90% of all schools primary and secondary
3M MOH, UNICEF ,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS,
LALT6 To ensure there is enough stocks in case of an emergency
Stockpiling of NFI:Chlorine tablets, water filters, soap. Procure 4500 water
Immediately Improved water quality and hygiene practices
Ensure stocks are always in
Incidences of waterborne diseases.
50% of the households
2M MOH, UNICEF,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS, WFP
58
filters 700 cartons of bar soap, 140 cartons of aqua tabs
place
LALT 7 Treatment of drinking water
-scale up behavior change communication to the vulnerable communities - Treatment of drinking water by boiling or use of chemicals Chlorination of shallow wells/institutional water tanks Distribution of chlorine tablets
Late Alert phase
-Reduce morbidity and mortality
ongoing outbreaks of non-communicable diseases
-Number of individuals reported with communicable diseases Target 90% of the shallow wells and institutional tanks
5M Sub-County health Management committee MOH, UNICEF ,MERCY-USA ,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS
LALT8 To increase latrine coverage in the county
Triggering 65 villages towards attaining open defecation free status.
Immediately Improve sanitation uptake. CLTS will help bring about
behavior change
April, 2014
Poor latrine coverage
80% of the households
4M MOH, UNICEF ,MERCY-USA ,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS
LALT9 To promote proper sanitation in schools.
Immediately Improve sanitation coverage in schools.The
five schools will be selected through WASH assessment
using micro RAT
By end of 2014
Improper sanitation in schools
5 schools per sub-county
5M MOH, UNICEF,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS
LALT10 To promote proper sanitation in health centers
Support construction of double door sanitation facilities in 21 health facilities
Immediately Improve sanitation in health facilities CHW and
Health facility management committees will be trained on hygiene and sanitation
June, 2014
Poor sanitation in health facilities
3 health facilities per sub-county
5M MOH, UNICEF,MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS
LALT 11 Increased coverage of micronutrients supplementation
Supply of enough drugs at health facilities -ECD –school
Late Alert Stage
Reduce vulnerability through promoting improved care practices
After every six months
-High increase of underweight
-Under five children in ECD schools
10m DEO, Sub County Nutritionist, UNICEF MERCY-
59
and de-worming for young children and their mothers
supplementation with Vitamin A and dewormed and Zinc supplementation for diarrhea management
cases USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS
LALT 12 Strengthen coordination mechanism
-link nutrition & health actors and services for early warning system at sub-national and community
Early Alert phase
-Establish efficient coordination mechanism
Monthly Link nutrition and health actors
-Monthly meetings.
3M MoH, UNICEF, MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS
LALT 13 Support the MOH to carry out monitoring of the situation through sub-county monthly data gathering and reporting collation and analysis
Monthly data analysis and use of the same for decision making
Immediately Improve the quality of the data gathered regularly. Use data for decision making
Monthly Poor and incomplete data
Data from 100% of the health facility and 80% of the community units
3M MoH, UNICEF, MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS, WFP
EW PHASE: ALARM LALT 1 Capacity building for
health workers on Disaster Risk Reduction
-Organize workshop for health workers -On job training
Early Alarm
Increase knowledge on Disaster risk management
2-3 months Number of health worker trained on DRR
All health workers to be trained on DRR
5m Health management team(MOH)NDMA,UNICEF
LALT 2 CHEWs & CHWs to identify and refer malnourished children under five years, pregnant and lactating mothers
Retrain CHEWs and CHWs to identify and refer malnourished children
Early alarm
Ensure continued capacity enhancement in the community
By July, 2014 Increased cases of malnutrition in the community
80% of the under-fives, pregnant and lactating mothers
4M MoH, UNICEF, WFP, implementing partners
LALT 3 Community sensitization and mobilization to identify changes in health and nutrition status of the target population
-community sensitization meetings -sensitization through chiefs Barazas
Early Alarm
To ensure community support to identifying cases of malnutrition and diseases
3-4 months Increased cases of malnutrition and morbidity
80% of the under-fives, pregnant and lactating mothers, general population
2M MOH, Unicef, UNHCR, WHO, Implimenting partners
LALT4 Link with ministry of education for outreach activities to
Ministry education staff trained on screening and referral
Immediately
Sensitize and utilize the teachers for surveillance
By Dec, 2014 Increase in malnutrition and morbidity
90% 0f the school going children
3M MOH, WFP, UNICEF, MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KEN
60
ECD centers to enhance screening and referral
purposes YA RED CROSS
LALT 5 support sensitization of MtMSGs and CHCs to conduct community based surveillance for health and nutrition as well as support MYCF
Mother support groups and CHC trained on community based health and nutrition surveillance
By March, 2013
Unsure effective community based health and nutrition surveillance and support for MIYCN
By October, 2014
Increased malnutrition and morbidity cases
80% of under-fives, 80% of pregnant and lactating mothers
4M MoH, UNICEF, MERCY-USA,IRC,ACF,APD,KENYA RED CROSS, WFP
LALT 6 Periodic water Quality Surveillance.
- Taking samples -Analyzing -Advising on the source if contaminated -Check on water tankering
Early Alarm
Support control and prevent communicable diseases
Ongoing -Increase of water –borne diseases
-90% household to consume quality water
3m Public health(MOH),WESCOD,UNICEF
LALT 7 Prepositioning therapeutic/supplemental supplies.
- Procurement and distribution of nutrition supplies and equipment’s (Zinc Sulfate, Vitamin A, De wormers, RUTF, RUSF, CSB, Vegetable oil, Digital scale, height boards, MUAC tapes
Early alarm stage
Maintain supply chain of anthropometric equipment, therapeutic and supplemental commodities
1-3months No Breakdown of supply chain
Screening and Integrated Management of malnourished children
20m County nutritionist Implementing partners, UNICEF. Capacity working group
LALT 8 Expand/Establish supplementary and therapeutic feeding centre
-ensure all health facility act as supplementary and therapeutic feeding centres
Early alarm stage
Ensure the community can access services within the nearest HF
By July, 2014 Noted increase in cases of malnutrition
80% of the under-fives, pregnant and lactating mothers
4M MOH, Implementing partners, UNICEF,
LALT 9 Improved Infant and Young Child feeding practices
-Support appropriate complementary feeding -Formation of mother to mother support groups -Formation of fathers groups
Late Alarm phase
-Support the promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding
1-3 months Marketing of breast milk substitutes, low Exclusive breast feeding rates
Pregnant and Lactating mothers
7m MOH,UNICEF and supporting partners
EW PHASE: EMERGENCY LEM 1 Management of
moderate and Acute malnutrition and continued access to treatment
-Rapid screening on Hot spots area - Malnourished cases are screened, referred and treated according to standards at health facility
Early emergency phase
-Reduce Mortality and morbidity rate
1-3 months Increase in Mortality for under fives
Under fives 500,000 Sub-County Health Management team(MOH),supporting partners
61
and community level
LEM 2 Support referral mechanisms for severely malnourished and complicated disease cases from health facilities and outreaches sites(Children &PLW)
Referral mechanism in place to address any emergency
Early emergency
-Ensure timely referral of complicated cases -prevent deaths
1month Increased cases of malnutrition and morbidity
General population in the county
5M MOH, NDMA, UNICEF, Implementing partners
LEM 3 • Enhancement of nutrition and Disease surveillance
-Establish and strengthen ongoing nutrition assessment/surveillance mechanism -initial rapid assessment at the community
Early emergency phase
-To ensure continuous monitoring of new cases reported
ongoing To improve case finding reported
Under fives 3m MOH, NDMA, supporting partners
LEM 4 Nutrition Survey -Carry out Nutrition survey
Early Emergency
To determine the malnutrition rate
6months GAM>15% Under-fives ,pregnant and lactating mothers
15m MOH, IRC,UNICEF,KENYA RED CROSS,APD,HESED,
LEM 5 Establish Blanket supplementary feeding
Supplementary feeding of all under-fives, pregnant and lactating mothers
Early emergency
To save lives 6 months GAM>15% Under-fives ,pregnant and lactating mothers
15M MOH, WFP IRC,UNICEF,KENYA RED CROSS,APD,HESED
LEM 6 Joint Monitoring and supervision by Health Management team
-Sub County management health team support supervision to all health facility
Early Emergency
Strengthen health services offered in the health facilities
6 Months Health care services
Health facilities 3m MOH, supporting partners
LEM 7 Support weekly/bi-weekly and monthly coordination meeting as per need
Weekly/bi-weekly and monthly coordination meeting
Early emergency
Ensure coordinated response and avoid duplication of activities
1-3 months Increase case loads of malnutrition and disease to the emergency level
General population emphasis being the under fives, pregnant and lactating mothers and the elderly
2M MOH, WFP IRC,UNICEF,KENYA RED CROSS, APD,HESSED, NDMA
LEM 8 Provide logistical Ensure all the sites have Early Provide supplies 3-4 months Caseloads of All the under-fives, 5M MOH, WFP
62
support for transportation and storage of supplies
the requisite supplies emergency
to the point of use
malnutrition and disease within emergency threshold
pregnant and lactating mothers
IRC,UNICEF,KENYA RED CROSS, APD,HESSED,
LEM 9 Support weekly nutrition surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of the health and nutrition services to inform scaling up or scaling down response.
Weekly nutrition surveillance
Early emergency
Ensure data use for decision making
1 month Caseloads depicting emergency
Under fives and pregnant and lactating mothers
1m
MOH, WFP IRC,UNICEF,KENYA RED CROSS, APD,HESSED, NDMA
LALT 11 Close monitoring and supervision to ensure that the code on marketing breast milk substitute is adhered to
Monitoring of the code of marketing of the breast milk substitutes
Early emergency
Protect , promote and maintain appropriate Infant feeding in emergency
4 months Occurrence of a pronounced emergency where donations are received
All the pregnant and lactating mothers
2M MOH, UNICEF, Implementing partners
EW PHASE: RECOVERY LALT 1 Disease surveillance - Establish and strengthen
ongoing nutrition assessment/surveillance mechanism -initial rapid assessment at the community
Early recovery phase
To ensurecontinuous monitoring of new cases reported
6 months To improve case finding reported
All population 3m GOK and supporting partners
LALT 2 Food diversification -Health Education -Food demenstration
Throughout recovery phase
To enhance locally available food in production and utilization
2 months Need to use locally available food
Access sufficient safe and nutritious food
1M GOK and partners
LALT 3 Agricultural extension services promoting better crop diversity and biodiversity for improved nutrition
Health education to the community.
Throughout recovery phase
To reduce human diseases outbreaks and mortality rates.
Ongoing through recovery period
Improve knowledge and skills
Improved household food production and livelihood
4m GOK and partners
LALT 4 Follow up in the community
-CHW’s to do follow up in the community -Defaulter tracing in Immunization, nutrition, HIV
Throughout recovery phase
Reduce mortality and morbidity
Ongoing through recovery period
To reduce readmissions
All population 3m MOH, supporting partners
63
and TB
ALERT PHASE BUDGET
CODE Proposed Intervention Activities Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost
Notes
LALT1 Strengthen community health systems for early diagnosis, referrals, and follow-up cases with acute malnutrition
Organize and conduct Integrated outreach services
14 outreaches for six months
300,000 4,200,000 Outreaches are conducted twice in a months for 70 health facilities
LALT 2 Disease hot spots mapping Mapping of Hot Spots\ in terms of vulnerability to diarrhea, polio, measles disease outbreak
mapping of hot spots per SUB-county
1.43 per sub county
5M
LALT 3 To monitor and control water quality/surveillance
Water quality testing and monitoring(using portable PAQUALAB
150 water samples per month for six months
571,500 per sub county
1M To be conducted by the public health department
LALT 4 To increase knowledge and skills for hygiene and sanitation in the community
Capacity building of Community Health Workers (CHWs) on hygiene promotion.
500 CHWS (10 two day long trainings to enhanced capacity of CHWs.
17 trainings of 30 CHW each 294,118 per training
2M
LALT 5 To increase knowledge and skills for hygiene and sanitation in schools
Conduct hygiene promotion campaigns in schools
Monthly campaigns targeting 10 school/sub county =70 schools
100,000 per school 3M
LALT 6 To ensure there is enough stocks in case of an emergency
Stockpiling of NFI:Chlorine tablets, water filters, soap. Procure 4500 water filters 700 cartons of bar soap, 140 cartons of aqua tabs
Procure 14500 water filters 2700 cartons of bar soap, 1 cartons of aqua tabs
Appr0ximately 680, 000 per sub-county
2M
LALT 7 Treatment of drinking water scale up behavior change communication to the vulnerable communities - Treatment of drinking water by boiling or use of chemicals Chlorination of shallow wells/institutional water tanks Distribution of chlorine tablets
-Training on Behavior change communication -Chlorination of shallow wells and institutional water tanks on a regular basis -Distribution of chlorine tablets regularly
2.5M per sub-county
2M Sub-counties to prioritize interventions based on the identified gaps
LALT 8 To increase latrine coverage in the county Triggering 70 villages towards attaining open defecation free
CLTS in the villages targeting 10 villages per sub-county.
3M per county 2M
64
status. Includes construction material and technical support needed for the same
LALT9 To promote proper sanitation in schools. Support construction of VIP latrines in schools 5 schools *7 sub-counties
Improve sanitation coverage in schools.
600,000 per a block of VIP latrines in a school for 5*7 schools
5M The five schools will be selected through WASH assessment using micro RAT
LALT 10 To promote proper sanitation in health centers
Support construction of double door sanitation facilities in 21 health facilities
Improve sanitation
in health facilities CHW and Health facility management committees will be trained on hygiene and sanitation
3 health facilities per sub-county.
5M Sub counties with higher number of HF to have more HF targeted
LALT 11 Increased coverage of micronutrients supplementation and de-worming for young children and their mothers
Purchase of assorted essential drugs
Purchase of assorted essential drugs
5m 10m
LALT12 Strengthen coordination mechanism Coordination mechanism 1.2m 3m The coordination meeting to be held monthly for 12 months
LALT4 Support the MOH to carry out monitoring of the situation through sub-county monthly data gathering and reporting collation and analysis
Monthly data analysis and use of the same for decision making
Improve the quality of the data gathered regularly. Use data for decision making
IM per sub-county 3M This is to continue throughout the year
SUB TOTAL 47,200,000 ALARM STAGE BUDGET LALM1 Capacity building for health
workers on DRR Training health workers on DRR through workshops and On job training
On the job training and classroom training of the health facility staffs on IMAM, MIYCN record keeping and reporting
3m 5m
LALM 2 CHEWs & CHWs to identify and refer malnourished
children under five years, pregnant and lactating
mothers
Retrain CHEWs and CHWs to identify and refer malnourished children
Ensure continued capacity enhancement in the community through class room training and OJT
Classroom training 900 per sub-county *7 OJT 600,000 per sub county*7
4M
LALM 3 Community sensitization and mobilization to identify changes in health and
sensitization through chiefs Barazas and other public meetings
To ensure community support to identifying cases of malnutrition and diseases
A continuous activity targeting the community to create
2M
65
nutrition status of the target population
demand 1.14M per sub-county
LALM 4 Link with ministry of education for outreach activities to ECD centers to enhance screening and referral
Ministry education staff trained on screening and referral
Sensitize and utilize the teachers for surveillance purposes. This will include the Duksi teachers
1.29M per sub-county. 3M
LALM 5 support sensitization of MtMSGs and CHCs to conduct community based surveillance for health and nutrition as well as support MYCF
Mother support groups and CHC trained on community based health and nutrition surveillance
Unsure effective community based health and nutrition surveillance and support for MIYCN
-Initiation of mother support groups where none exist 10 per sub county -800,000*7 Training of the mothers -1200,000*7 Continued follow up -230000*7
4m
LALM6 Periodic water Quality Surveillance.
Analyzing -Advising on the source if contaminated -Check on water Tanka ling
quarterly 1.7m 3m
LALM7 Prepositioning therapeutic
supplies.
Procurement and distribution of nutrition supplies and equipment’s
Essential therapeutic foods for management of severe Acute malnutrition
8.14M per sub county *7
20M
Redistribution of commodities 2m 4m All health facilities proving the services
LALT 8 Expand/Establish supplementary and therapeutic feeding centre
ensure all health facility act as supplementary and therapeutic feeding centres
Ensure the community can access services within the nearest HF
2M per sub-county 4M
LALM 9 Improved Infant and Young Child feeding practices
Conduct food demonstration All mother support groups in all facilities
1m 2m All health facilities proving the services
LALM 10 Improve school health program
Accelerate integrated school heath program
5 health programs per sub county
400,000 4m Health programs initiated in all the sub counties
Sub-Total 55,000,000 EMERGENCY BUDGET CODE Proposed Intervention Activities Quantity Unit Cost Total
Cost Notes
LEM1 Management of moderate and Acute malnutrition and continued access to
-Rapid screening on Hot spots area - Malnourished cases are
Two hot spots area with cases of malnutrition
120,000 x7 x 3 months 500,000 To be carried out for three months
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treatment screened, referred and treated according to standards at health facility and community level
LEM 2 Support referral mechanisms for severely malnourished and complicated disease cases from health facilities and outreaches sites(Children &PLW)
Referral mechanism in place to address any emergency
Ensure timely referral of complicated cases
-prevent deaths
-An ambulance on standby in all sub-counties-10M Referral health facilities well equipped -6M
5M
LEM3 • Enhancement of Disease surveillance
-Establish and strengthen ongoing nutrition assessment/surveillance mechanism -initial rapid assessment at the community
On job training to health workers and reporting system
1m 3M One month training
LEM 4 Nutrition Survey -Carry out Nutrition survey Twice in a year 3X2X7m 15m
LEM 5 Establish Blanket supplementary feeding
Supplementary feeding of all under-fives, pregnant and lactating mothers
To save lives Supplies -40M Logistics – 17M
15m
LEM 6 Joint Monitoring and supervision by Health Management team
-Sub County management health team support supervision to all health facility
Monthly supervision 1m 3M Minimum of 3 Sub-County health management team
LEM 7 Support weekly/bi-weekly and monthly coordination meeting as per need
Weekly/bi-weekly and monthly coordination meeting
Ensure coordinated response and avoid duplication of activities
710,000 per sub-county
2M
LEM 8 Provide logistical support for transportation and storage of supplies
Ensure all the sites have the requisite supplies
Provide supplies to the point of use
Construction of storage areas and equipping of the stores in place 1.71M*7 counties
5m
LEM 9 Support weekly nutrition surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of the health and nutrition services to inform scaling up or scaling down
Weekly nutrition surveillance Ensure data use for decision making
Data gathering, verification, quality assurance. 300,000 per sub-county Purchase of computers -200,000
1M
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response. LEM 11 Close monitoring and
supervision to ensure that the code on marketing breast milk substitute is adhered to
Monitoring of the code of marketing of the breast milk substitutes
Protect , promote and maintain appropriate Infant feeding in emergency
Code monitoring – 300,000*7 Breast feeding promotion-4100,000*7
5M
LEM 12 Management and waste disposals at watering points
Massive carcasses’ and offal’s disposals at all watering point
Twice in a year 500,000x 7subcounties
1m
LEM 13 Improve hygiene and sanitation
Construction of toilets at permanent water trucking and IDP sites
140 Toilets 140X150,000 3M Improved hygiene
LEM14 Provision of non food items Purchase of non food items and water filters
assorted 1m per subcountyx7 counties
2m Non-food items purchased and distributed
SUB-TOTAL 60,500,000
RECOVERY BUDGET CODE Proposed Intervention Activities Quantity Unit Cost Total
Cost Notes
LALT1 Disease surveillance - Establish and strengthen ongoing nutrition assessment/surveillance mechanism -initial rapid assessment at the community
On job training to health workers and reporting system
1m 3m
LALT2 Food diversification -Health Education -Food demonstration
One cooking demonstration in all 70 health facilities
50,000 1m
LALT3 Agricultural extension services promoting better crop diversity and biodiversity for improved nutrition
Health education to the community.
-use of posters, brochure’s, barazas, media
2m 4m
LALT4 Follow up in the community
-CHW’s to do follow up in the community -Defaulter tracing in Immunization, nutrition, HIV and
Resources for follow ups for three months
1m 3m
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TB SUB TOTAL 11,000,000
TOTAL FOR HEALTH SECTOR= 173,700,000
HEALTH SECTOR BUDGET SUMMARY
Phase Cost Alert 47,200,000 ALARM 55,000,000 EMERGENCY 60,500,000 RECOVERY 11,000,000 TOTAL 173,700,000
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4.3 Water Sector
INTRODUCTION Garissa County is one of the areas that fall under the Arid and Semi-Arid parts of the country. It is generally referred to as a water stressed county. The population are depended upon livestock rearing and practice a Nomadic life. But those who live along the river are slowly integrating livestock keeping and crop production. Garissa County is composed of seven Sub –Counties namely: Township, Lagdera, Dadaab, Fafi, Ijara, Hulugho and Balambala and borders Somalia to the east, Wajir county to the north, kilifi to the south-east and Tana River to the south. The main water sources that serve Garissa county are ( Tana River, Boreholes, water pans, shallow wells and the benane springs. During the dry spell all water pans generally dry up and the communities that depend on these water sources access water through water trucking
The area experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern with the long rains falling in the months of April and May and short rains during the months of October and December.
The area receives an average of 300mm of rainfall annually. The rainfall here has erratic patterns and sometimes frustrates pastoralists, who can move to other areas in search of water pasture along the banks of Tana River, Kora Park and sometimes to Somalia. The area is classified as an ASAL area. May to August months is the coldest season, while the other months of the year are hot with little variations in temperature of about 37o c on average.
The county rises gently from Tana River to the north- eastern direction. Most of the area is relatively flat. The area is characterized with short scattered shrubs and acacia trees, a characteristic of an arid area.
The soils are partly clay and mostly black cotton soils which are suitable for agriculture. There are no visible rocks within the county.
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WATER SECTOR ANALYSIS OF TRIGGERS &INDICATORS (Pastoral & Agro-Pastoral Livelihoods) GARISSA COUNTY
Indicator Issues To Address
Warning Stage
Interventions Qualitative indicators
Drought Early Warning Phase
Objective assignation of drought phase
ALERT - Carry out assessment to identify specific areas - Identify the most vulnerable members of the community
in terms of population - Hold public Barazas to sensitize the community - Announce through mass media and local radio stations - Bring together all stake holders and make plans
- Rains come late and ceases earlier - Erratic rainfall - Water pans don`t impound enough water - Rains accompanied by lightning and thunderstorms and sometimes when there is no rain - Trees and plants don’t flower
ALARM -Resource Mobilization -Provision For Water Storage Tanks -Provision for water treatment chemicals - Identify and Designate water trucking sites -Provision for standby gen-sets - Provision for fast moving spares -Mobile water treatment machines and reverse osmosis machines be provided for desalination -Increase number of water bowsers -Open up water corridors - Repair hand pumps -Provide donkey carts
Volume of Water at pans decreases Movement of pastoralists from one place to where permanent water sources are Conflict over the dwindling water source Over population of both human and livestock at permanent water sources Trekking distance to water source increases Waiting time at water source increases Frequent reports of lack of water at some areas Pumping sets operating for longer hours
EMERG Increase water trucking vehicles Provide fuel subsidy for all water schemes Provide water storage tanks Provide medicine for human population Provide water treatment chemicals and desalinating
machines Evacuate people to more accessible areas where they can
get water by water bowsers Provide mobile sanitary facilities
- Activate rapid response teams - Rehabilitation and repairs of boreholes - Training water users on basic maintenance - Provision of water storage tanks in strategic areas - Continued stockpiling of fast moving spares - Repairs and maintenance of water bowzer
All water pans dried up Reported cases of death for both human and livestock population Frequent break downs of pumping sets Increased cases of conflict over water sources Conflict of human-livestock and wildlife population over water sources Combined effort by Water ministry and other stakeholders in assisting the most vulnerable members of
the community Closer of schools due to lack of water Increased number of pupils dropping out of school Increased cases of water related diseases Deforestation due to charcoal burning Over population at permanent water sources
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RECOVERY
• Inventory, mapping and establishing status of different water sources • Capacity building for water user associations • Desilting and rehabilitation of strategic water sources. • Protection of open water sources. • Ensure strategic water storage tanks are protected by communities. • Opening up of Balambala canal • Drilling strategic boreholes
Enhanced supply of water Members of the community trained Continuous operation of pumping sets without disruption of water supply Strategic water sources protected and mapped The status of water sources in the entire county harnessed Enhanced rainfall
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WATER SECTOR PLAN: LIVELIHOOD ZONES: PASTORAL AND AGRO-PASTORRAL
EW PHASE: ALERT Code Proposed
Intervention Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target
Population Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
.assessment & sensitization
- Carry out assessment to identify specific areas
- - Identify the most vulnerable
members of the community in terms of population
- - Hold public Barazas to
sensitize the community - - Announce through mass
media and local radio stations
- - Bring together all stake
holders and develop mitigation measures
• Alert late stage with seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season
• To make people aware of the impeding drought. • Develop an action plan by
various stake holders
In the alert period
Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
40% of the total population
Community role • Strengthen CDRR at grass roots •
GOK role (MEW&NR) • Capacity building • Provde information\ • Offer technical advice/services Donors roles (KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA, USA,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). Source for funding and community mobilization • Funding for above .
EW PHASE: ALARM Code Proposed
Intervention Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target
Population Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
• • • Activation of
measures for supporting communities
-Resource Mobilization -Provision For Water Storage Tanks -Provision for water treatment chemicals - Identify and Designate water trucking sites -Provision for standby gen-sets - Provision for fast moving spares -Mobile water treatment machines and reverse osmosis machines be provided for desalination -Increase number of water
• Initiated at Early Alarm Stage
• Reduce pressure on the available/ existing water sources
• Generate cash for provision of water
• Cushion against loss of life
Throughout the alarm phase and on-set of emergency
Weather forecast rainfall not expected soon
40% of population with preferences to domestic and livestock use
Community role • Strengthen CDRR at grass roots •
GOK role (MEW&NR) • Capacity building • Provde information\ • Offer technical advice/services Donors roles (KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA, USA,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). Source for funding and community mobilization • Funding for above .
73
bowsers -Open up water corridors - Repair hand pumps -Provide donkey carts
Strategic water supply to human and livestockpopulations
• Activation of emergency /contingency boreholes
• unlimited Water tankering in important grazing areas and where there are settlements
• Activate and facilitate the Rapid Response teams to monitor and carry out repairs and maintenance of water sources.
• Continued stockpiling of fast moving spares.
• Alarm Late Stage
• Water provision for livestock at strategic grazing areas and along migratory routes
• To ensure strategic water supply sources are operational
through to the end of Emergency
Negative weather forecast. Increasing distance to water sources
40% of the most vulnerable members of the community
Community role. - Provision of unskilled labor - Daily management of water sources - Basic maintenance of boreholes - Conflict management
GoK/ Water providers - Activate rapid response teams - Rehabilitation and repairs of boreholes - Training water users on basic
maintenance - Provision of water storage tanks in
strategic areas - Continued stockpiling of fast moving
spares - Repairs and maintenance of water
bowzer - Facilitate rapid response teams. - Support water tankering and repairs
activities. - Capacity-build community water user
groups. Donors/ KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA, USA,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). Source for
• • • EW PHASE: EMERGENCY
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target Population
Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LEMR1 Accelerated emergency water activities
Increase water trucking vehicles
Provide fuel subsidy for all water schemes
Provide water storage tanks Provide water treatment
chemicals and desalinating machines
Evacuate people to more
• Beginning of the Emergency Phase
• Reduce both human and livestock mortalities as a result of dehydration
• Duration of the Emergency Phase
• Total failure of Rainfall and Negative weather forecasts • Declining/dimini
shing water sources in terms of availability
40%
Livestock Council and LMAs. - Community mobilization/publicity
Community role - Identification of beneficiary households
with view to targeting most vulnerable GOK role(/CG
- Consultation with the community on purchase prices of spare parts.
- Provision technical back up & emergency
74
accessible areas where they can get water by water bowsers
Provide mobile sanitary facilities
fund - Capacity building of water committees
Donors role/ KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA, USA,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). Source for
- Funding for the emergency response. - Funding and community mobilization and
capacity building. • Continued consultation with
community (publicity) and dissemination of information especially on location of supply centers • Continued and enhanced Dispatch /Transport/Distribute water and related services to strategic grazing areas and water points. • Enhancement of sustained monitoring and reporting
• Throughout the Emergency phase
• Reduce both human and livestock mortalities as a result of dehydration
• throught the Emergency Phase
• failed Rainfall and negative weather forecasts
• Declining/diminished water sources
25% of the core population
Community role - Identification of beneficiary households
with view to targeting most vulnerable - Engage drought response committee - Identify the supply sites for water trucking
GOK role(DVO/DLPO)
- Continued consultation with community (publicity) and dissemination of information especially on location of supply centers.
- Continued and enhanced dispatch /Transport/Distribute/, water and related services to strategic areas and water points.
Donors KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA,,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). )Funding and community mobilization and capacity building.
Strategic water supply to livestock and human population
• Operationalization of emergency /dry season boreholes • Limited Water tankering in important grazing areas and where there are settlements • Continued facilitation of the Rapid Response teams to monitor and carry out repairs and maintenance of water sources. • Continued stockpiling of fast moving spares.
• Early Emergency
• Sustained water supply to the most vulnerable members to minimize loss of life due to dehydration
• Throughout Emergency
Failed Rainfall and negative weather forecasts • Declining/diminished water sources • Increased Distance to water sources more than 40 KMs
40% of the total population
Community role. - Provision of unskilled labor - Daily management of water sources - Basic maintenance of boreholes - Conflict management
GoK/ Water providers - Activate rapid response teams - Rehabilitation and repairs of boreholes - Training water users on basic
maintenance - Provision of water storage tanks in
strategic areas - Continued stockpiling of fast moving
75
• Provision of fuel/lubricants subsidies for motorized boreholes and river fed water supplies.
spares - Repairs and maintenance of water bowzer
Donors role(KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA,,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). • acilitate rapid response teams.
- Support unlimited water tankering and repairs activities.
- Capacity-build community water user groups.
EW PHASE: RECOVERY
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Trigger Target Population
Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
Facilitate community initiatives on sustainable water supply
• Link households targeted by water trucking and other safety net programs.
• Support WUA • Identify most vulnerable
households in terms of accessibility to safe and portable water
• Support community led water sources initiatives
• Carry out capacity building activities
•
• Early recovery phase.
• To facilitate households asset build up and sustainable livelihood.
• Throughout recovery period
• Rainfall is normal and weather forecasts are positive.
40% Community roles - Identification of beneficiaries targeting
the most vulnerable. - Mobilize community contribution from
able community members. GoK/CG
- Sustain provision of water services - Train beneficiaries on waater magement
skills - Provide market information - Promote pasture/fodder production. - Livestock disease surveillance
Donors role(KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA, USA,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). Source for
- Capacity-build rangeland user associations Support conflict management initiatives
• Inventory, mapping and establishing status of different water sources • Capacity building for water user associations • Desilting and rehabilitation of strategic water sources. • Protection of open water sources. • Ensure strategic water storage
Community role. - Identify and agree on rehabilitation sites. - Initiate and support waterg management
initiative. - Open up the water corridors - Formation of/strengthening WUAs
GoK/CG - Awareness creation on suitable water
supply.
76
tanks are protected by communities.
- Support procurement, supply, and transportation of spare parts/ new gen-sets.
Donors role(KRCS,CARE ,VSF,MERCY USA, USA,NDMA), ( , , World Vision,, LWF,CRS UNICEF, CG). Source for
- user associations - Support conflict management initiatives.
ALERT PHASE BUDGET CODE
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost(kshs)
Notes
Activation of preparedness/supporting to WUAs
Organize workshop with WUAs and community representatives to plan activation of contingency boreholes
Workshop
7
300,000 2,100,000
workshops in Garissa
Carry out assessment to identify targeted people
assessment 7 200,000 1,400,000 Inclusive of all logistics(transport & /Diems
Alert community DRR structures to publicize the drought interventions
Barazas L/s 1,000,000 Baraza include community meeting plus advertisement
Radio L/s 500,000 Mass media Maintenance of existing water facilities and other infrastructure
Infrastructure 50 1,000,000 50,000,000 Servicing of gen-sets, repair of
infrastructure Sub Total 55,100,000
Procure surface pumps 10 250,000 2,500,000 Procure oils and lubricants L/s 3.000.000 Procure fast moving spares L/s 5,000,000 Procure submersible pumps Spares 10 450,000 4,500,000 Sub Total 15,000,000
Rapid assessments and mapping Assessment L/s 3,000,000 Inclusive of all logistics(transport & /Diems Activation of preparedness measure for strategic water supply to livestock
Field visits L/s 4,000,000 Inclusive of all logistics(transport & /Diems
Rapid assessment to monitor status of water points (transp., per diems, security, stationary)
Field visits L/s 2,000,000
Procurement and stockpiling of spare parts Spares 5,000,000 capacity building for water user association Training L/s 2,000,000 procurement of water storage tanks 10m3 Plastic tanks 500 88,000 44,000,000 Sub-Total 60, 000,000
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CODE Proposed Intervention
ALARM PHASE BUDGET Activities
I Tem
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Notes
Procure new gen-sets New sets 10 1,500,000 15,000,000 Continued provision for fast moving spare L/s 3,000,000 Drill contingency boreholes and equip 3 6,000,000 18,000,000 Activate and facilitate RRT 5,000,000 Inclusive of fully equipped vehicle Fuel for water trucking L/s 20,000,000
Repair of water bowsers Repair 10 1,000,000 10,000,000 Sub-Total 71,000,000 EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET CODE
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Notes
Provide chemicals for water treatment 2,000,000 Inclusive of chemicals and transportation Fuel subsidy all water schemes Fuel 200,000 100 20,000,000 For seven sub-counties Mobile sanitary facilities Latrines L/s 1,000,000 Cont`d and enhanced distribution of water Clean water L/s 20,000,000 Cont`d stockpiling of fast moving spares Spares L/s 1,000,000 Sub-Total 44,000,000 EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET CODE
Proposed Intervention
RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Notes
De-silting of water pans 10 4,000,000 40,000,000 Construction of new mega water dams 2 50,000,000 Drilling of new boreholes and equip 3 6,000,000 18,000,000 construct and equip shallow wells 5 2,000,000 Provide de-salinating machines 5 3,000,000 15,000,000 Construction of major pipeline masalan - Ijara 1 50,000,000 Construct VIP latrines 20 200,000 4,000,000 Construction of major pipeline nanighi- Fafi 1 60,000,000 To be verified by BQs Construction of major pipeline Sankuri - Nunow 1 30,000,000 To be verified by BQs Construction of major pipeline River Tana-
Balambala 1 40,000,000 To be verified by BQs
Monitoring & Evaluation L/s 5,000,000 Sub-Total 309,000,000 Grand =Total 554,100,000
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4.4 Agriculture Sector
Introduction:
Background information
Garissa County is located on the southern end of the North Eastern Region. The county borders
Somali to the East, Lamu County to the South, Tana River County to the West, Isiolo County to
the North West and Wajir County to the North. The county covers an area of 44,175 km2 with a
population of 623,060 persons (2009 census)
The county lies within Agro-Eco-Zones IV, V and VI and it has an average bimodal annual rainfall
ranging between 250 mm and 350 mm. Temperatures are relatively high, ranging between 28oC
and 38oC with mean annual Evapotranspiration of 2,600 mm and a poverty index of 64%.
The potential arable land in the county is 649,000 Ha with a total area exploited under rainfed
farming of 11,445 Ha.
Subsequently, the County has a potential irrigable land of 42,300 Ha with an exploited area
under irrigation being 3,466 Ha.
Small scale subsistence farming is practiced with livestock rearing being dominant.
Irrigated farming is practiced through irrigation along Tana River. Rain fed farming is done
further inland away from the riverine in riverbeds, flood plains and depressions where laghas
discharge run-off water.
Drought tolerant crops such as maize (Katumani, KCB, DH01, DHO2, PH04, PH01, DLCI, Duma
43, Duma 41, PAN 4-M19), Cowpeas, Green grams, Millet and Sorghum are mostly grown.
Most of the irrigated land is under high value horticultural crops such as mangoes, tomatoes,
bananas, pawpaw, onions, capsicums and melons while main food crops grown are sorghum,
maize, cowpeas, and green grams.
Department Mandate/scope of work
Our mandate as a department is to promote and facilitate production of food and agricultural
raw materials for food security, employment creation, income generation and poverty
reduction in Garissa County.
79
AGRICULTURE SECTOR CONTIGENCY PLAN (a) (IRRIGATED –FAFI & BALAMBALA AND GARISSA SUB COUNTIES) INDICATORS
Alert stage Alarm stage Emergency stage Recovery stage • Inadequate and poorly distributed
rainfall • Low water levels of Tana river • Post harvest crop loss • Predetermined weather forecast • Emerging pests and diseases in farm
land • Emerging wildlife human conflict • Resource conflict between crop farmers
and livestock farmers
• High incidences of pest and diseases • Post harvest crop loss • Low production • Inadequate supply of irrigated water
to field crops • High wildlife human conflict • High cost of crop production • High farm labour demand • Environmental degradation along
the river bank • Reduced household income
• Lack of household food supply and reduced H/Hold income
• Pest and disease infestation(army worm, aphids, whiteflies etc)
• Drying up of water pans and canals affecting crop production
• Crop farmers dropouts • High dependency on relief aid • High malnutrition due to lack of
farm produce - High costs/price of essential food
commodities
• Adequate supply of food at the
household • Increased crop production and
sales • Adequate rainfall • Recharging of watering canals • Reduced resource conflicts • Low costs of agricultural
produce • Increased farming activities • Improved accessibility of farm
inputs • Reduced dependency on relief
food ACTIVITIES
• Community awareness and preparedness on disaster management
• Introduction of early maturing
horticultural crops • Diversification of livelihoods for income
generation
- Pest and disease management - Rehabilitation of existing irrigation
infrastructures - Capacity building of farmers on disaster
management - Provision of assorted farm inputs to
farmers - Desilting and excavation of water pans
for crop production
- Provision of relief food aid - Provision of farm implements - Provision of fuel subsidy to
irrigation farmers
- Provision of certified seeds - Rehabilitation and development of
irrigation infrastructure - Desilting of water pans - Provision of irrigation pumpsets - Train farmers on environmental
conservation and management - Expansion of group irrigation
schemes
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ALERT STAGE
proposed intervention
Activities When Objectives Time frame
Trigger Target population
Costs Responsibilities
• Capacity building of farmers on disaster preparedness and early warning system
- Community awareness raising on drought preparedness
- Demonstrations on
promotion of early maturing crops
- Training of farmers
diversification of livelihoods for income generation
Early stage Early stage of alert Late stage of alert
Building community Resilience on impacts of disasters
3months Inadequate Rainfall
30% 19 m • Farmers group • MOA • NDMA • CARE • FAO • COUNTY GOVT • ACTION AID
• Management of crop pest and diseases
Farmers awareness, sensitization on pest/disease on crops Training farmers on crop pest and disease management Procurement of crop pests and disease chemicals and application Safe use of chemicals and application
Early stage of alert Early stage of alert Mid stage of alert
Enhance food production
2-3months Weather forecast rainfall below long term mean
30% of the population
35million -county govt -care Kenya -Adeso -Kenya Red cross -NDMA -ASDSP -KAPAP -Woman Kind -IUCN -IOM -FAO
• Establishment and demarcation of designated watering corridors(Malkas)
Community awareness and sensitization Public barazas Identification and demarcation of water corridors Bush clearing
Early stages of alert
-Reduce conflict between livestock farmers, wildlife and crop farmers
1 year Occasional conflicts between river water users
80% of total population
4.5million County Gvt County Commissioner NDMA Peace committee IUCN KWS CoE
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Putting of border beacons
-Enhance environmental conservation
ALARM STAGE • Provision of
drought resistant seeds and planting materials
- Provision of assorted farm inputs
- Training of farmers
on the introduction of early maturing crops
Early stage of alarm
Enhance accessibility of farm inputs
12months Harsh weather 30% 25 m • FARMERS GROUP • PGI • MOA • CARE • ADESO • FAO • WOMONKIND • NDMA
• Establishment of water harvesting structures for crop production
- Community mobilization and sensitization
- Training farmers on water harvesting techniques
- Excavation of water pans for crop production
- Desilting of existing water pans
Early stage of alarm
Improve water harvesting techniques
6-9 months
Inadequate rainfall
50% 48 m • NDMA • COUNTY GOVORMENT • ADESO • WRMA • FARMERS GROUP
• Fencing of group farms for wildlife and livestock protection
Farmers mobilization Stakeholders meeting Provision of fencing materials Fencing of identified areas
Early stage of alarm
-Reduce conflict between livestock farmers, wildlife and crop farmers -Enhance environmental conservation
2 years Occasional conflicts between river water users
30% 30.75milliom • County Gvt • County Commissioner • NDMA • Peace committee • IUCN • KWS • CoE
EMERGENCY STAGE • Rehabilitation
and development of existing irrigation infrastructure
- Farmers mobilization and sensitization
- Identification of beneficiaries
- Rehabilitation and
Early stage of emergencies
Improve irrigation infrastructure Improve food production
1year Destruction of irrigation infrastructures
40% 80m • COUNTY GOVT • NDMA • ACTION AID • PGI • CARE
82
canal lining • ADESO • FAO • FARMERS GROUP
• Provision of relief food aid
- Identification of vulnerable groups
- Actual distribution of relief food
Early stage of emergency
Secure HH food 6month Prolonged drought
70% • WFP • KRCS • CSG • CHARITY ORGANIZATION • COMMUNITY
VULNERABLE • Provision of
subsidized agricultural inputs
- Identification of vulnerable schemes
- Provision of fuel subsidy to irrigation farmers
Mid to late stage of emergency
6-9 months Drought impact
20% 26 m • CDF • FARMERS GROUP • COUNTY GOVT • ADESO • PGI
Desilting of main water intake of Jarajara/Balambala irrigation schemes
Community and stakeholders mobilization Sensitization of community local institutions Farm Technical survey and designs Desilting of the 19km Jarajara main canal
Late stage of alarm
Adequate water supply for irrigation farming
1 year Blocking of water intake
60% 45.8 m NIB NDMA WRMA County Gvt Donors Irrigation Dept
RECOVERY STAGE • Provision of
irrigation pumpsets and accessories
- Farmers mobilization and sensitization
- Identification of vulnerable schemes
- Provision of pumpsets
- Training of farmers on pumpset operation and maintenance
Early stage Improve food production
1 year Severe drought
30% 80 m • FARMERS GROUP • ADESO • PGI • CARE • MOA • ACTION AID • FAO
Kenya Red cross -NDMA Woman Kind -IUCN -IOM
• Expansion and opening of
- Farmers mobilization and
Early stage to mid stage
Improve food production
1yr Severe drought
40% 60 m • FARMERS GROUP • ADESO
83
irrigable land sensitization - Opening of farms
access roads - Capacity building on
river bank protection and environmental conservation
• PGI • CARE • ACTION AID • FAO • MOA
Provision of seeds, fertilizers, farm tools and equipments
- Farmers mobilization and sensitization
-Provision and distribution of relief certified seeds and farm inputs -Capacity building of farmers on crop husbandry
Early stages of recovery
Improve food production
1 year Severe drought
30% 75 million -county govt -care Kenya -Adeso -Kenya Red cross -NDMA -ASDSP -KAPAP -Woman Kind -IUCN -IOM -FAO
• FARMERS • MOA
Provision of food for asset
Community mobilization Excavation of water pans Desilting of irrigation canals Bush clearing of farm access roads-100 farms Desilting of water pans Fencing of group farms-100 group farms
Early stage of recovery
Acquisition of assets
1year High dependency Inadequate rainfall
30% 42.5 million county govt -Kenya Red cross -NDMA -WFP -FAO -KFSSG Other NGOs
Establishment of farm produce stores and fresh produce market sheds- (10 no.units)
-farmers awareness -identification of site -construction of stores and market sheds -training farmers on marketing
Entire stage of recovery
Improve farm produce market
1year Poor marketing Perishability of farm produce
30% 47million -county govt -care Kenya -Adeso -Kenya Red cross -NDMA -ASDSP -MOA -Woman Kind -IUCN
84
-IOM -FAO
Catchment protection (100kms)
-river bank protection -tree planting -tree nursery establishment
Entire stage of recovery
Environmental conservation and management
1year Environmental degradation
100km along river tana
10million -county govt -care Kenya -Adeso -Kenya Red cross -NDMA -ASDSP -KAPAP -Woman Kind -IUCN -IOM -FAO
BUDGETS (Agriculture sector-Irrigated) ALERT PHASE BUDGET Proposed interventions
Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes
Capacity building of farmers on disaster preparedness and early warning system
Training of farmers on disaster preparedness
Training 20 farm groups 70,000 1.4m Training to be held at sub-county level
Establishment of farmers demonstrations
Farmers demonstrations
30 farm groups demonstration
50,000 1.5 m Training to be on farm in the selected sites
Training of farmers on diversification of livelihoods for income generation
Training 20 groups 70,000 1.4 m Training to be conducted in Sub county level
Management of crop pest and diseases
Farmers awareness sensitization on pest/diseases on crop
training 30 schemes 200,000 per training 6m Training to be conducted in schemes
85
Training farmes on crop pest and disease management Procurement of crop pest and disease chemicals
Provision farm chemical and inputs
20schemes with assorted chemicals
150,000 per scheme 3m Chemicals to be supplied to sub-county office for distribution
Establishment and demarcation of designated watering corridors (malkas)
Community awareness and sensitization public Baraza’s identification and demarcation of water corridors
Demarcation of water corridors
10malkas 50,000 0.5 m Designated malkas to be demarcated
Bush clearing and putting of border
Bush clearing 10malkas 100,000 1m Bush clearing to be done to each malka
SUB TOTAL 14.8 m ALARM PHASE BUDGET
Provision of drought resistant seeds and planting materials
Provision of relief seeds and planting materials
Relief seeds planting materials
10 tones 0.5million 5million Seeds to be supported in all the localities of sub-county
training farmers on introduction of early maturing crops
Training 40groups 50,000 2 m Training to be conducted in selected sites
Establishment of water harvesting structures and maintenance for crop production
Excavation of water pans for crop production
Water harvesting (excavation of water pans)
Excavation of pans to be constructed in the hinderland
Desilting of existing water pans
Desilting 5 water pans 1million 5million Done on selected dams
Training of farmers on water harvesting
Training 60 group farms 50,000 3million Training to be done at identified sites
Fencing of group farm for wildlife and livestock protection
Farmers mobilization Stakeholders meeting Meeting 5meeting in
Balambala 150,000 750,000 Meeting to be held at
Balambala sub-county Hqs
Provision of fencing materials
Fencing materials 10 group farms to be fenced
0.5m 5m Farms along the river tana to be fenced
Sub Total 20.75 m EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET
Provision of relief food aid to vulnerable
Identification of vulnerable group by
Relief food aid 180,000 Persons
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household Emop lead agency Distribution of relief food
Provision of farm inputs
Provision of relief certified seeds and inputs
Certified seeds and inputs
2tones 800,000 per farm 3million The inputs to be stored in sub-county Hqs
Capacity building of farmers on crop husbandry practices
Training of farmers 15 farms 200,000 3million Training to be conducted in Sub counties
Desilting of main water intake of Jarajara/Balambala irrigation schemes
community and stakeholders mobilization
Meeting
2 meeting at Balambala
50,000
100,000
Meeting to be held at Balambala sub-county Hq
sensitization of community local institutions
sensitization meeting 4 50,000 200,000 Jarajara schemes kone farmers mude farmers Balambala farmers
farm technical survey and designs
Survey and design 1 500,000 500,000 The intake of Jarajara/Balambala to surveyed and designed
Desilting of 19kms Jarajara main canal
Desilting 19km’s 1km 5million each 13million Desilting to be done in jarajara/balambala
M& E Quarterly in 3 Sub counties
300,000 900,000
Sub Total 20.7 m RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET Proposed interventions
Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes
Rehabilitation and development of existing irrigation infrastructures
Rehabilitation and canal lining
Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructures and canal lining
20farms 1million 20 million To be done on selected farms
Provision of irrigation pumpsets and accessories
Provision of pumsets Provision of pumsets 11 Pumpsets 1.5million 15million The pumpsets to supplied to selected group farms in sub counties
Training farmers on Training 10group farm 100.000 1 m Training to be conducted on
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operation and maintenance of pumpsets
(2500farmers) farm
Expansion and opening of irrigable land
Opening of farm access roads
Open farm access road
20 farms 100,000 2million Open access road to selected farms along the Tana River
Cultivation and opening up irrigable land
Farm cultivation 10 farms 400,000 4million Expansion of irrigable land for group production in sub counties
Training of farmers on river bank protection and environmental conservation
Training 20 farms 100,000 2 million Training to be held on farm
Provision of seeds, fertilizers, farm tools and equipments
- Farmers mobilization and sensitization
-Provision and distribution of relief certified seeds and farm inputs -Capacity building of farmers on crop husbandry
Relief seeds 20farms 500,000 10 million Seeds to be distributed to all divisions of the sub-counties. • Trainings to use FFS
approach
Provision of Food for Asset
Community mobilization
Excavation of water pans
Pan excavation 2 2million 4million
Desilting of irrigation canal
Desilting of existing canals
5 farms 0.5million 2.5million
Bush clearing of farm access road
Access road to be opened
20 farms 100,000 2million
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Desilting of water pans
Desilting of water pans
2 1million 2million
Establishment of farm produce stores and fresh produce market (10no. units)
Construction farm stores
7 construction of stores
3stores 2million 6million Stores to be constructed in Balambala, Saka ,Jarajara,Bura and Nanighi,Sankuri,central
Construction of market sheds
Construction of sheds 7sheds 0.5million 3.5million Stores to be constructed in Balambala, Saka and Jarajara,Bura andKamuthe, Sankuri,central
Training of farmers on marketing
Training 30 group farm 50,000 1.5million Training to be conducted in selected sites
Catchment protection 100kms
River Bank protection
River Bank protection
40km’s
1km=50,000
2million
Pegging of 100km on selected sites
Tree planting Nursery establishment
10 tree nurseries 200,000 2million Tree nursery to be established in ten sites: Saka, Daley, Gasha, Kuno, Balambala, Jarajara , Kone ,Bura,Kamuthe and Nanighi
Sub Total 79.5m TOTAL-IRRIGATED 1.12855 B
AGRICULTURE SECTOR CONTIGENCY PLAN
(b) (RAINFED –DADAAB,LAGDERA &IJARA SUB COUNTIES) INDICATORS
Alert stage Alarm stage Emergency stage Recovery stage • Inadequate rainfall • Migration of farmers • Low moisture • Poor seed germination
• Post harvest crop loss • Post and diseases infestation • Infestation of migratory birds.
• Migration of farmers • Reduced H/holds income • Lack of food at the H/hold • Relief Aid
• Adequate rainfall • Increased yield • Adequate moisture content • Reduced dependency syndrome
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• Post harvest crop loss • Human wildlife conflict.
• Farmers drop outs from farming activities
• Drying of water pans for crop production
ACTIVITIES • ALERT/ALARM STAGE
proposed intervention
Activities When Objectives Time frame
Trigger Target population
Costs Responsibilities
Excavation of water pans for crop production
• Community mobilization
• Identification of beneficiaries
• Deployment of earth work machine
• Excavation of the pan
• Training of farmers on water harvesting techniques
Early stage of alarm
Enhance food production
1 year Prolonged drought
10% 10 million NDMA WRMA MOA County Government
Food For Asset Programme
• Community mobilization
• Identification of target communities
• Establishment of water harvesting structures
Early stage of alert, alarm
Enhance food production
6month Dry spell 20% 3Million NDMA MOA ADESSO CARE WFP Red Cross GIZ County Government
ALARM STAGE • - •
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EMERGENCY STAGE Provision of certified drought tolerance seeds
• Distribution of seeds to locations
Early stage emergency
Improve food production
3month Prolonged drought
10% 2million MOA County Government
RECOVERY STAGE Drilling of boreholes for dry land farming for crop production
• Identification of potential farming sites
• Community awareness raising
Recovery stage
Increase food production for dry farming
2years Drought 30% 20 million KRCS NDMA GIZ UNHCR County Government
Establishment agro forestry tree nurseries
• Identification of target community
• Establishment of tree nurseries
Early stage of alarm
Enhance environmental conservation and management
1year Influx of refugees on environment drought
80% 5 million GIZ MOA UNHCR KRCS
BUDGETS FOR DROUGHT MANAGEMENT CYCLES (Agriculture sector-Rainfed) ALERT/ALARM PHASE BUDGET Proposed interventions Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes Excavation of water pans for crop production
• Community mobilization • Identification of beneficiaries • Excavation of the water pan
Excavation of water pan 5 pans 3 million 15 million The pans to be constructed in ASAL areas
Training of farmers on water harvesting techniques
Training 50 farm group 400,000 2million
Provision of food for asset • Community mobilization • Establishment of water harvesting
technique
Establishment of water harvesting micro catchment structures
60 structures 50,000 3million The structure to be placed in Kumahumato, Dagahley, Dertu and liboi- Banane, Eldere, Ellan and Maalin location
Sub Total 20 m EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET
Provision of drought tolerant certified seeds
• Identification of beneficiaries • Provision of certified seeds
Supply of relief seeds 5 tonnes 1 million 5 million Seeds to be distributed to all location of Lagdera & Dadaab sub-counties
Sub Total 5m
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RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET Drilling of boreholes for dry land farming
• Geological survey to be conducted
• Drilling of boreholes
Drilling of boreholes 2 5 million 10 million To be drilled at potential agricultural areas
Establishment of agro forestry tree nurseries
• Establishment of tree nurseries Agro forestry tree nurseries 10 500,000 5 million To be established in 4 location
Sub Total 15 m TOTAL-RAINFED 217,200,000
AGRICULTURE SECTOR BUDGET SUMMARY
Phase Cost ALERT 22,800,000 ALARM 45,750,000 EMERGENCY 27,700,000 RECOVERY 121,000,000 TOTAL 217,200,000
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4.5 Education Sector
INTRODUCTION
Garissa County comprises of seven sub counties namely: Garissa, Dadaab, Balambala, Lagdera, Ijara, Hulugho and Fafi with area total 44,174.1km2. The County is headed by the County Executive officer in charge of Education.
There are 159 public primary schools with a total enrollment of 48,933 pupils, 24 public secondary schools with an enrolment 8,268 students and 215 ECD Centres with an enrolment of 19,724 pupils.
According to the 2009 statistics, the County has a gross enrollment rates for ECD and Primary of 42% and 8.2% for Secondary sub sector. In the same year the transition rates was 72% and the completion rates were 30% and 70% for girls and boys respectively.
The County enrollment breakdown is as follows:-
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GARISSA COUNTY ENROLLMENTS
ECD PRIMARY SECONDARY
DISTRICT CENTRES BOYS GIRLS TOTAL SCHS BOYS GIRLS TOTAL SCHS BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
1 GARISSA 38 2269 1798 4067 36 11824 8448 20272 8 3245 1612 4857
2 FAFI 40 1719 1283 3002 22 2915 1952 4867 3 400 145 545
3 LAGDERA 27 2651 1453 4104 17 3104 1992 5096 3 396 102 498
4 DADAAB 24 1383 869 2252 17 3036 1455 4491 3 421 185 606
5 BALAMBALA 28 1306 755 2061 15 2652 1286 3938 2 297 89 386
6 HULUGHO 23 1297 907 2204 25 2830 1743 4573 2 201 95 296
7 IJARA 35 1157 877 2034 27 3219 2477 5696 3 771 309 1080
TOTAL 215 11782 7942 19724 159 29580 19353 48933 24 5731 2537 8268
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INDICATORS
ALERT ALARM EMERGENCY RECOVERY
• Inadequate or no rainfall • Enrolment of pupils
dwindling • Lack or inadequate school
feeding programme • Inadequate supply of water • Inadequate supply of
instructional materials • Discrimination in gender
education • Increased household
labour i.e girl child. • Early marriage for the girl
child
• Low • Enrolment • Poor storage of water • Inadequate supply of s.f.p • Trees drying up • Poor transition and high
dropout • A few or no instructional
materials • Lack of storage and proper
utilization of school feeding programme
• Possibility of schools being closed
• High rate of pupils dropout • Inadequate supply of
drinking, washing and cooking water.
• High rate of malnutrition cases among the school pupils
• Poor performance among pupils
• School management committees and governance of schools affected
-Extend feeding programme including proving food during school holidays -Equip boarding schools -Stop house hold labour among girls -Increase enrolment of pupils -Plant more trees to increase rainfall -Provision of water and balance diet -Build more permanent classrooms -Enhance health and nutrition surveillance and treatment -Increase and equip mobile schools -Harambe fundraising for affected schools. -Re-directing CDF,Latif funds to support the affected schools -Alumni support should be sorted
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Proposed intervention
Activities when objectives timeline triger Target population
Cost in ksh
Resposnsibility
ALERT STAGE
-Sustainability of enrolment
-Sensitizing of parents and all stakeholders -proper storage of food
Early stage of alert -To sustain and maintain enrolment
1-2 month Dwindling enrolment -lack of adequate water supplY
-50% 3M -NDMA -County government National government -Adeso S.MC
-Provision of adequate water
-using water buzas -provision of piped water
-Early stage of alert
-To Provide adequate water
-4 months
-Lack of adequate water
80%
5M
-W.F.P -Water Dept -Gawasco -NDMA -County Gov’t
-Inset courses for teachers to counter the effect of impending drought
-sensitizing teachers Middle stage of alert
-sensitizing teachers -inset courses for teachers
-2weeks -effects of impending drought
70% 500,000 -Education officials -NDMA -County government
Proposed Intervention
Activities 1 year objectives
timeline triger Target population
Cost in Ksh
Resposnsibilities
Rehabilitation of dilapidated classrooms
-Maintenance of existing classrooms. -Sourcing for Gov’t Grants,CDF &LATIF -Harambee fundraising -Lobbying for county Gov’t funds
-Late stage of alert
-To rehabilitate permanent classrooms --To ease congestion -To fundraise for the project.
Temporary classrooms -Dilapidated classrooms
50%
5M
-County gov’t -NDMA -NGOS Red cross -Ministry of works -Community
ALARM STAGE
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-Provision of instructional materials
-Procurement of more instructional materials
-Middle stage of alarm
-To boost performance of pupils
-Poor performance
70% 10 M -National Gov’t -Education Dept -County Gov’t -NGOS -NDMA
Proposed intervention
Activities when objectives Timeline triger Target population
Cost in Ksh
Responsibility
-Strengthening mobile schools
-Gov’t Grants -Harambee fundraising by parents & stakeholders -Purchasing more camels/vehicles to ease transport
Late stage of alarm
-To strengthen mobile schools -To Purchase more Camels/vehicles to ease transport
3 months -weak/dying mobile schools/ -Nomadic lifestyle
70% 5M -NDMA -County gov’t -Donors -NGO’s -Community
EMERGENCY STAGE
-Sourcing of materials for constructions of permanent classrooms
-community & stakeholders mobilization -Proposal writing to CDF,County Gov’t & other NGOS.
Early stage of Emergency
-To construct more permanent classrooms -To write more proposals to solicit funding
5 months
-Inadequate funds for permanent classrooms
60%
2M
-County Gov’t -NDMA -Ministry of works NGO’S
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-Fencing the school compounds
-Harambee -fundraising by parents &stakeholders -Sourcing for funds from other developmental partners.
-Early stage of Emergency
-TO solicit funds to fence the school compounds to keep away trespassers
6months
-Trespassers and looters
70%
10M
-NDMA -County Gov’t -NGOS -women concern -women kind -Unicef -Central Gov’t
- Provision of food and water
-Provision of food,Drinking,washing water -Increasing School.Feeding.Programme through lobbying and canvassing With relevant authorities. Giving seeds to parents to farm
Early stage of Recovery
-To provide adequate water and food -To increase S.F.P -To give seeds to parents to farm
1yr & 6mnths
-Inadequate food and water -Inadequate S.F.P -Lack of seeds during planting seasons.
60% 20M --NDMA -County Gov’t -Unicef
Proposed intervention
Activities when objectives Timeline triger Target population Cost in ksh
Responsibility
-Provision adequate water in schools
-proposal writing to county government -Supplying adequate water to schools -Mobilizing the community,NGOS,Area MP -Liasing with water dept to address water problem
Middle stage of emergency -
-To write a proposal to the county Gov’t -To mobilize the community & other eg NGO’S, Area MP -To liase with water dept to address water problem
2years
-Water shortage -lack of sentisization Lack of decimination of information
70% 30M -County Gov’t -NGOS -Water Dept -Adeso –women kind -P.G.I
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Maintain Enrolment -Educating parents on the importance of secular education -Supplying of adequate water and food
-Late stage of emergeny
-To educate parents on the importance of secular education -To provide adequate water and food
2 years -Inadequate education on the importance of secular education -Low enrolment
50% 10M -Unicef -Latif -NDMA -County Gov’t CARE INT -Parents -Unicef
Proposed intervention
Activities when Objectives Timeline triger Target population
Cost in ksh Responsibility
-Employment of more trained teachers
-lobbying for the employment of more teachers through county Gov’t P.T.AS
-Sensitization of the community on employment of more teachers to boost performance
Late stage of Emergency
-To employ more qualified teachers
-To sensitize the community on the employment of more teachers
6months -Under staffing of teachers
-Untrained teachers
-Desertion of teachers because of drought
50% 50M -NDMA
-County gov’t
-Donors
-NGO’s
-Education
Officials.
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RECOVERY STAGE
Afforestation programme RECOVERY STAGE
-Planting more trees to attract rain- -Individual parents to plant trees in their plots/farms -Creation of youth groups to create demarcated forest.
-Early stage alarm
-To plant more trees to attract rain
3month inadequate rainfall Trees dying -
60%
5M
-forest dept -Education dept -NDMA -County gov’t
Proposed intervention
Activities when objectives Timeline triger Target population
Cost in ksh
Responsibility
-Increment of enrolment
-Increasing enrolment -Sensitization of parents -Community Mobilization through mosque,barazas
-Early stage of recovery
-To increase enrolment through sensitization parents -Community mobilization through a number of media eg mosque,barazas,& parents days
3 month -Dwindling enrolment - Low enrolment
50% 500,000 -Education officers -county Gov’t -NDMA -Woman kind -Woman concern
-Construction of more permanent classrooms
-Building more permanent classrooms -Rehabilitation of dilapidated classrooms
Middle stage of recovery
-To build more permanent classrooms -To rehabilitate dilapidated classrooms
2yrs
-Inadequate permanent classrooms -Dilapidated classrooms
60%
50M
-County Gov’t -NDMA -NGO’S -central Gov’t
Construction of green houses
Kenya Redcross
100
-Establishment & equipping of more mobile schools -Provision of more instructional materials -creating awareness on gender parity
-Establishing & equipping of more mobile schools through resource mapping &resource mobilization -Procuring of more books -Acquiring teachings aids -educating parents / stakeholders on gender equity/equality
Late stage of recovery Late stage of recovery . Late stage of recovery
-To establish and mobilize resources -To procure more books -To make or purchase more teaching aids -To educate parents / stakeholders on gender parity
2 years 6mnths 3months
-Less mobile schools -Ill equipped mobile schools -outdated reference books -Less books -Gender in equality in schools
60% 70% 70%
5M 10M 5.6 M
County Gov’t -NDMA -NGO’S -central Gov’t -Education Officer Education.; officers -county Gov’t -NDMA -Woman kind -Woman concern
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11.3. Education Sector Budget
Alert Phase Budget
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Notes
Storage facilities Purchase of water tanks Water tanks
4 150,000 600,000 Unit cost include transport
Enrolment School fees School fees 200 10,000 2,000,000 Hygiene soap Detergent 3900litres 120 50,000 100 l per school
Hand washing kits Kits 39 10,000 390,000 Sanitary pads
Pads 21600 100 216,000
Water tracking Trips 1 x16 15,000 240,000 16 schools Fuel for water truck Litres 200x16 125 400,000 16 schools COLUMN TOTAL 3,896,000
ALARM PHASE BUDGET
Proposed Intervention
Activities
Item
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Notes
Storage facilities
Water tanks Tanks 8 150,000 1,200,000
Enrolment School fees School fees 2500 10,000 25,000,000 Hygiene Detergents Litres 2000 100 200,000 70 schools Sanitary pads Kits 3000 1200 3,600,000 Hand washing kits Kits 80 4,000 320,000 Clean water Water tracking Trips 4*20 15000 1,200,000 20 schools Fuel Litres 200x20x4 125 200,000 20 schools,4 trips each Enrolment Boarding facilities mattress 600 2500 1,500,000
33,220,000
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EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET Water shortage Purchase of water tank Water tank 38 80,000 3,040,000 Enrolment Purchase of mattress Mattress 1200 2500 3,000,000 Instructional
material Purchase of instructional material Exercise book, pens
text books 7800 275 2145000
Food Additional food by wfp /county govt Cereals,pulses,oilcsb& salt 64431 80 5154480
Sub-total
40,699,480
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EDUCATION SUMMARY BUDGET
Phase Cost Alert 3,896,000 ALARM 33,220,000 EMERGENCY 40,699,480 RECOVERY 123,900,000 TOTAL 201,715,480
RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET
ensitizing of parents community mobilization through barazas,
mosque, parents’ days
Social mobilization
70
50,000
500,000
70 workshops to be across all the districts
-Planting more trees Planting trees 70,000 trees 100 7 M 70,000 Trees to be planted in each of the 100 schools
Building more permanent classrooms Construction of classrooms 100 classrooms 800,000 20 M Building the classrooms in all the districts
Rehabilitation of dilapidated classrooms Rehabilitation of dilapidated classrooms
800 200,000 50 M Repairing all the mentioned classrooms
Establishing more mobile schools Purchasing more camels 100 camels 50,000 5 M Distributing all camels equally to mobile schools
Providing more instructional materials Purchasing more instructional materials
10,000 books 1000 3 M Distribute books to all schools in the districts
Educating parents/ stakeholders on gender parity
workshops
21
400,000
8.4 M
Conduct workshops all the sub counties
-Fencing school compounds -Fencing school compounds
-100 schools 1M 30 M -Fencing 100 schools in all the districts
TOTAL FOR EDUCATION SECTOR
123,900,000 201,715,480
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4.6 Social Protection
INTRODUCTION
Food aid and food assistance is assistance given to the most vulnerable community members’ .Historically, Food assistance is given by GOK and WFP through cooperating partner..The cp is identified through its capacity in terms resources, the knowledge of the area coverage and any other developmental activity that is undertaken in the county. Kenya Red Cross took over the lead agency through county steering group (CSG) previously DSG in the year 2006 to date. The activity is implemented through Kenya food security policy called community based targeting and distribution where each and every partner has a role to play in the policy and procedure of distribution. The county is mostly affected by droughts, floods, wild life menace and conflicts. However, the society is undertaking a number of interventions both for emergency response and developmental projects. The programme started with KRCS in October 2006 as Emergency operation (EMOP) but changed its name as Protracted Relief and recovery operation (PRRO) after realization that food security of the county is improving slowly as from 2009.PRRO programme is categorized under the following: GFD, FFA and SFP. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME
1. Saves life under general food distribution 2. Build community resilience through food for asset. 3. Improve nutritional status.
FOOD SECURITY ASSESMENT Food security assessment is done twice a year. In Garissa its done after every rainy season for instances its bimodal rainfall of 300-400 mm per annum. The assessment is spearheaded by National drought management authority (NDMA) with other governmental departments of food security team for instances agriculture, water, livestock, Health and other partners like NGOs. A random sampling of the divisions is done with different livelihood zones to ascertain food security situation of the county. After then a report is developed showing all indicators of food security situation and a classified cluster report indicating the most food insecure division of the county is ranked as number one. These clusters of ranking divisions can be verified based on food security indicators that are realized during the assessment. Garissa food security indicators. Accessibility and availability of water in the division for instances the number of water
pans and boreholes that are functioning during the assessment. Household food security level Markets and food availability in the division. The number of livestock present in the division The productivity of livestock Health status of each division for instances number of health facilities and how facilities
function.
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Areas affected
Drought All divisions in the county.
Floods
Wild life menace
Conflicts
All divisions that are located along the riverline
Shantaabak, Dadaab and Fafi divisions.
All divisions in the county
Dadaab, Sankuri, Balambala, Danyere, modogashe, jarajilla, Galmagala and hulugho.
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SOCIAL PROTECTION CONTINGENCY PLAN
EW
PHASE: ALARM
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Population
Tonnage require
Define roles and responsibility
• • •
1 Food aid distribution (GFD).
• Community mobilization
• Registration of vulnerable community members
• Verification of registers
• Distribution of food
.
• At emergency stage
To ensure that lives of the most affected communities members are saved.
To create awareness of whether there was increment or reduction in the targeted beneficiaries.
At the end of every phase.
Inadequate rainfall.
Loss of livestock
Low or no livestock production.
Currently,
31,300
beneficiaries.
Our target is
143, 000.
12,000 mts of food for 6 months.
Community role
• Election of relief committees
• Registration of beneficiaries.
2 Food For Asset(FFA)
• Expansion of agricultural land
• Desilting of water pans
• Management of land • Clearing of feeder roads • Distribution of food
• At alarm and recovery stage.
• Create asset for the community
• Increase in food production and
Before the end of 2015
Loss of livelihoods
Dependency syndrome by food aid beneficiaries.
Currently, under 50,300 fdps in Garissa county but need to increase the number of
6830 mts of food for FFA sites beneficiaries for 6 months.
Community role:
Create rehabilitation committees
Register daily working community members
Monitor their asset creation.
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improve livelihood.
fdps to 139 fdps
LALM3 • •
LALM4 SFP • Dispatching of food to the health facilities.
• Monitoring of food to the health facilities
• Preparation of monthly reports
• At emergency stage because its dealing with clients who are malnourished.
• Improve nutritional status of the affected community members.
June-November-This is during the long dry spell period.
Poor rainfall
Low productivity of livestock
No crops/harvest for the season.
Currently targeting Under 5s, pregnant and lactating mothers.
Also wish to include old aged malnourished cases.
2,999 mts of food for sfp clients in 6 months distribution for 58,000 beneficiaries.
• Sensitization of hospital committees
• Training of nurses and community health workers.
-
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4.7 Conflict and Security Sector
The common conflicts identified: Human-Human conflict, Human-Wildlife conflict, terrorism. The associated risks with these area: • Loss of lives, land and property; • Malnutrition of children, pregnant & lactating women; • Disruption of education: congestion in schools due to feeding program and closure due to lack of
water • Resource-based and human-wildlife conflict; • Poor livestock body condition, depreciation of value, diseases and deaths; • Environmental degradation e.g. charcoal burning; • Water scarcity, poor sanitation and hygiene; • Vector increase and outbreak of diseases/epidemics e.g. diarrhea and measles • Internal displacement and pressure on existing families due to influx of conflict- affected families; • Destruction/ damage to infrastructure and crops Ranking: the four most common Disasters in Garissa County
i. Drought ii. Conflicts
iii. Outbreaks of diseases (human and livestock) iv. Floods
Ranking Criteria
a. Frequency of occurrence, severity, likelihood of worsening and community vulnerability b. Scale of effect: number of people affected (loss of lives, livelihoods, destruction of infrastructure,
migration, poor health and nutrition status, disruption of education, loss of productivity etc.) c. Cost implications, scale of response (resources required) Conflict Mapping:
Areas affected
Conflict Benane, Balambala, Libahlo, Lago, Danyere, Garissa (central division), Modogashe, Eldere,Kotile,Masalani,Gababa,Bura, Mansabubu, Jarajilla, Shanta-abaq, Dadaab,Galmagala, Hulugho and Liboi
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Response Mechanisms Already in Place:
Conflict preparedness
• Coordination of efforts by the County Steering Group • Preparedness and response plans ( e.g Raid response interventions) • Early warning systems and Early response mechanisms through NSC • Community Capacity building e.g. trainings of communities in peace, mediation and conflict resolution • Sub-county Steering Group • Agencies with mandate to respond to emergencies, both in Governmental & NGOs • Communication channels e.g. radio and police signals • Peace talk shows through vernacular F.M. radios. • District security team
Conflict mitigation
• Distribution of relief food for conflict displaced families • Water trucking to hard hit centres to reduce water related conflict • Livestock off-take programme • District security team • Support to alternative livelihoods e.g funding groups on business related IGAs • Special police unit to curb terrorism • District/community peace committees • Special programmes e.g. Ugatuzi na Vijana • Remittance from friends and family members • Cross-border and inter-country movements by communities
Early Recovery • Support to alternative livelihoods-income generation • Peace dividend projects in areas that have sustained peace • Friendly intercommunity sports
Recommendation for additional measures
• Enhanced contingency planning, better coordination of efforts at county level and strengthened linkages
to national structures • Professional forums at district/county level for home-grown solutions • Strengthening of community based peace building and conflict resolution initiatives/ mechanisms • Establish county peace fora • Diversification of livelihoods • Water conservation • Improved communication and information sharing as most of all attacked areas had/have no
network coverage • Strengthen early warning, early response centres for effective and timely response • Proper land use practices e.g Land planning in urban areas • Use of technology in conflict management e.g the use of 108 for sending sms and establishment
of toll-free lines for reporting. • Peace building and conflict management should be a national priority. All should be trained
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despite trends, as conflict is becoming dynamic and difficult to predict • The Integration of the Community-based/traditional conflict solving mechanism and
strengthening these institutions. • Construction of dams/pans at strategic points for wildlife to minimize wildlife human conflict over
resource utilization
POST-PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES IN EACH STEP OF THE DISASTER CYCLE
Scenario: Conflict (human/human & human/wildlife)
Conflict over water points between wildlife and human beings will occur frequently. Clan rivalry of the inhabitants and inter/ intra county conflict may arise between pastoralists communities. Conflicts will cause mass population displacement and disruption of basic infrastructures. As a consequence there will be IDP concentration settings, potential diseases outbreaks, loss of livelihood and strong influx to urban centres. Potential separation of children from the families may also be witnessed
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Pre-disaster Impact phase Post-disaster
* Establishment of peace, conflict resolution and resource management committees * Capacity building of peace committees on peace building and conflict resolution * Establishment/ enhancement of conflict Early Warning systems * Trace and map out the possible areas of human/wildlife conflict e.g. migratory species corridors * Sensitize communities on causes of human/wildlife conflict and basic protection measures e.g. bonfires, noise *Provision of safe water to avoid use of animal watering holes by humans *Planned land use to avoid farming in wildlife zones *Census/culling/re-location of excess wild animals * Provide basic social services in conflict prone areas e.g. Water, Education and Health.
* Activation / operationalization of committees * Beef-up security * Provision of relief (food & non-food items) * Sensitization through public barazas * Provision of basic services (schools, health centers, watering points) * Disarmament * Deploy rangers and intensify patrols * Lay predator traps * Intensify information gathering * Facilitate inter community dialogue
* Counselling * Resettlement * Develop reconciliation committees * Restocking * Reconstruction of infrastructure * Amnesty * Victim compensation * Permanent intervention measures e.g. electric fencing * Restore de-graded land by planning trees * Strengthen conflict resolution committees * Provide basic social services in conflict prone areas eg Water, Education and Health.
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Garissa County Conflict SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Coordination of all activities by CSG
Presence of NGOs/CBOs, boards, Authorities & Associations(WUAs)in the county
Tana River flowing along the county
Arable land for farming
County government contingency budget allocation
Regional livestock market
Existing health facilities across the county
Merti Aquifer along the county
Existence of peace committees
Well- coordinated disease surveillance systems
On-going sewerage system (municipality)
Already established water pans
Presence of sub-county based stakeholders forums
Early warning systems in place (NDMA monthly bulletin)
Presence of Fair road network within the county
Weakness
• Lack of land policy in place.
• Poor infrastructure
• Inadequate provision of water resources
• No contingency plans in place
• Low funding level during disaster
• Lack of adequate rescue machinery and equipment
• Inadequate knowledge on peace building and conflict management.
• Poor communication network
• Take long to respond to conflicts.
• Insufficient relief supplies
• Biased targeting in reaching needy communities
• Duplication of activities by different agencies
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• Lack of long term planning.
• Poor Capacity building to disaster-prone communities
• Biasness in reconstruction priorities
• No mechanisms to restore lost livelihoods.
Opportunities
Government structures in place both national and county
Presence of Community and political goodwill
Donor support and commitment (UNDP, ADESO, UNICEF, CDF etc)
Availability of local resources
The new constitutional dispensation.
Threats
Prolonged and frequent drought increasing community vulnerabilities
Lack of sufficient basic facilities within the county e.g. No enough security personnel
Inter-agency competition
Lack of contingency plans
Political interference and rivalry
Social attachment to ancestral land
Clan-based rivalry
Community resistance (attitudes and culture)
High frequency of disaster recurrence e.g. drought, floods and disease epidemics
Poor infrastructure e.g. impassable roads especially during the rainy season
Escalating food prices
Poor physical planning
High unemployment rate
Environmental degradation
Poor community inter-relationships e.g pastoralists and the agriculturalists, refugees and host communities
High poverty levels
Low literacy levels
Terrorism
Presence/ high influx of refugees
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GARISSA COUNTY CONFLICT CONTINGENCY PLAN
EW PHASE: ALARM
Code Proposed Intervention
Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Population
Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
• • • LALM1
To ensure that affected communities in resource based conflicts are mobilized and involved in strategic planning of the conflict resolution mechanism.
• Establishment and activation of peace committees .
• Initiated at Early Alarm Stage to recovery stage
To ensure that affected communities in resource based conflicts are mobilized and involved in strategic planning of the conflict resolution mechanism.
Throughout the alarm phase to recovery stage
Inadequate rainfall leading to shortage of water and pasturel. Negative weather forecast.
25% of the county population
5M Community role • Strengthen CMDRR & grazing
management committees • Observe grazing patterns •
GOK role(DVO/DLPO) • Provision technical back up & emergency
fund • Capacity building Donors role(FAO ,ECHO,JICA, USADF, • Funding for the emergency response. • Funding and community mobilization and
capacity building.
LALM2
Restore peace and prevent loss of lives and property
• Beefing up of security and disarmaments
• Initiated at Alarm Early Stage
• Prevent attacks and counter attacks/ retaliation
Throughout the alarm phase and on-set of emergency
Banditry Clan conflicts Cattle rustling
10% of population
3M Community role • Give reports to the security
officers • Observe peace • Report on insecurity incidents
GOK role Provide security to the people and their properties Donors role(FAO ,ECHO,JICA, USADF, • Funding for the emergency response. -Source for funding and community mobilization.
LALM3
• Facilitate inter community dialogue.
• Alarm Early stage
• Ensure disease monitoring of conflict trends
Throughout the Alarm period .
Inter/intra clan conflicts Rainfall Anomaly
8% of the county population
5M Community role • Preach community coexistence • Mediate between communities GOK role(interior $ coordination ministry) • Capacity building Donors role(UNDP, IOM , ,JICA, , • Funding for the above
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• Community capacity building
LALM4
Maintain peace in the county
• Establishment of conflict Early Warning and Early Response Services
• Alarm Late Stage
• Water provision for humans and livestock at strategic grazing areas and along migratory routes
Alarm Late Stage through to end of Emergency
Rainfall AnomalyBetween 10 and 25% and Negative weather forecast. Clan conflict terrorism
25% of the county population
5M Community role. - Provision of early warning reports - Daily management of water sources - Basic maintenance of boreholes - Conflict management
GoK/ - Activate rapid response teams - Training water community on early
warning systems - Provision of water storage tanks in
strategic and secure places Donors role(UNDP County govt,JICA,
- Funding for above - Facilitate rapid response teams. -
EW PHASE: EMERGENCY Code Proposed
Intervention
Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target Population
Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LEMR1
Establishment and activation of peace committees in 16 divisions in the County
• Provide basic social services in conflict prone areas eg Water, Education and Health
• Beginning of the Emergency Phase
• Provide water, education and basic medicines to the affected families.
• Duration of the Emergency Phase
• Inter/ intra clan fighting
2000 H/Hs
40M UNDP - Community mobilization/publicity
Community role - Identification of beneficiary
households with view to targeting most vulnerable
GOK role Provision technical back up & emergency fund
- Capacity building of the community on coexistence
- Funding and community mobilization and capacity building.
LEMR2
• Amnesty
• Throughout the Emergency phase
• Reduce human death and destruction of properties
• Duration of the Emergency Phase
• Inter/ intra clan fighting
1400 H/Hs 2M Community role - Identification of beneficiary
households who are at high risk. -Engage conflict response committee
GOK role - Continued consultation with
community (publicity) and dissemination of information
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especially on the amnesty. - water and related services to
strategic grazing areas and water UNDP,NDMA
- Funding and community mobilization and capacity building.
LEMR3
• Provision of relief (food and non-food items
• Early Emergency • To minimize/reduce mortality of core breeding herd
• Throughout Emergency into early Recovery
• Clan conflicts • Displacement of people
2000 H/Hs 10M Community role - Identification of beneficiary
households with view to targeting most vulnerable
- Maintain the available holding grounds, and crushes
GOK role - Continued consultation with
community (publicity) and dissemination of information especially on peace building and conflict management.
- . Donors role(UNDP,FAO ,ECHO,JICA,
- Funding for the emergency response. - Funding and community mobilization.
EW PHASE: RECOVERY Code Proposed
Intervention
Activities When Objectives Trigger Target Population
Cost (Ksh)
Define roles and responsibility
LREC1 Facilitate community initiatives on restocking and redistribution of livestock herds to conflict affected families
• Restocking of livestock
• Early recovery phase.
• To facilitate drought affected households build up and sustainable livelihood.
• 2months • Positive coexistence
1000HH 10M Community roles - Identification of beneficiaries
targeting the most vulnerable. - Mobilize community contribution
from able community members. GoK/DLPO
- Sustain livestock extension services - Train beneficiaries on livestock
husbandry - Provide market information - Promote pasture/fodder production. - Livestock disease surveillance
Donors role UNDP,Countygovt.FAO,JICA,
- Funding community led initiatives - Capacity-build - Support conflict management
initiatives
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LREC2 • Counselling and resettlements. .
Throughout recovery phase
To enhance trauma healing and early recovery
3months • weather forecasts are positive - clan
cohesion
1500HH 4M Community role. - Identify and agree on counseling
sites. - Initiate and support traditional
conflict solving mechanisms - Formation of village peace
committees. GoK
- Awareness creation on conflict. Donors role
- Funding for above - Training community members on
trauma healing - Support conflict management
initiatives.
LREC3 • Reconstruction of infrastructure
• On set of recovery To reduce livestock diseases outbreaks and mortality rates.
• 3Months Improved security along the Kenyan boarder Improved community coexistence
10% of the county population
7M Community role - Identification of worst hit places - Engage community on volunteer
work. - Report incidents of violence. - Maintain peace
GOK role - Construction of roads for earl
response. - Train community on peace building
conflict management. Donors role Funding recovery intervention Funding and community mobilization onpeace building and conflict management mechanisms.
• • • TOTAL 93M TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL FOR GARISSA COUNTY DROUGHT CONTIGENCY PLAN =ksh 2,021,270,980
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CHAPTER FIVE: OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION
5.1 Standard Operating Procedures
This part of the contingency plan outlines the relationships various stakeholders and structures are supposed to sustain both vertically and horizontally throughout the drought cycle. The section takes cognizance of the need for strong relationship among various actors in drought management. The Government provides leadership through NDMA while other actors that include; County Governments, INGOs, NGOs, FBOs, and community DRR structures playing their respective roles in drought effects mitigation. Specific roosters and inventories can further be developed by the sector working groups at all phases of drought. Particular sector standard operating procedure articulating procedures are accessible in the NDMA drought response manual and other manuals such as LEGS for the livestock sector and SPHERE. Drought response manuals attempt to provide this guidance while at the same time other standards can be adopted for effective response as developed by other organizations to complement the NDMA drought response manual. The working groups enumerated below are critical in successful implementation of drought contingency plan.
5.2 Response Taskforces/ Working groups
1. NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)
Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Provide policy and legal
guidelines on integrating DRR into national developmental policies.
• Provide timely and relevant drought information
• Facilitate strengthening of drought preparedness and mitigation structures at all levels.
• Facilitates review and updates of drought contingency plans
• Strengthen community resilience through coordination of medium to long term resilience building programmes (ending drought emergency)
• Coordinate drought management at both national and county levels
• Strengthen drought information systems.
• Resource mobilization to build the capacities of National, county and communities disaster preparedness teams
• Facilitate inter communities and inter-counties agreements for better natural resources access and control.
• Activate preparedness measures at a very early alert stage
• Stock pile fast moving items and acquiring required human resources
• Repair and maintenance of the available emergency infrastructure.
• Constitute drought rapid assessment teams to collect, analyze and disseminate drought information with clear thresholds
• Ensure early drought response mechanisms by disbursing DCF to the affected counties.
• Coordinate drought response to ensure use of best practices and standards
• Coordinate and provide leadership to KFSM, KFSSG, and sector working groups on emergency response
• Advice the President who in turn declares the drought a national disaster if it reaches beyond set thresholds.
• Facilitate recovery and livelihoods reconstruction.
• Document lessons learnt and share with other stakeholders for better drought management
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2.Kenya Food Security Meeting(KFSM) • Strengthen drought management
structures • Strengthen drought information
management and sharing mechanisms
• Support community resilience initiatives
• Support DCF and strengthen disbursement mechanism
• Provide updated information on drought status throughout the drought period.
• Continuous vulnerability update • Monitor drought response
activities with a clear focus on mitigating drought effects.
• Support KFSSG on rapid assessments and continuous drought monitoring
• Facilitate and support recovery activities for livelihoods reconstruction.
3.Kenya Food Security Steering Group(KFSSG)
• Support drought management information
• Review and update livelihood zones maps
• Conduct bi-annual food security assessments
• Recommend resilience strategies to KFSM for support.
• Review and update on contingency plans across the counties
• Strengthen drought management structures both at national and local levels through necessary capacity building initiatives.
• Strengthen sector working groups and DISC
• Constitute rapid assessment teams and carry out drought effects assessments
• Provide drought status overview to stakeholders and KFSM
• Prioritize key intervention areas by sector working groups
• Review and recommend targeting levels for support by KFSM
• Provide monitoring and evaluation on drought response through sector working groups.
• Work closely with the county steering groups
• Carry out post drought assessments in collaboration with CSGs
• Facilitate recovery and livelihoods reconstruction.
4. County Planning Units • Building on the work of the
community, County NDMA and CPUs refine and consolidate the ‘drought management risks’ and map the likely drought progression and impact for each climate and livelihood zone
• In collaboration with NDMA drought response officers, sector working groups of CSG and community DRR structures, the CPUs support the development and updating of drought contingency and resilience plans
• CPUs in collaboration with county NDMA ensure that county contingency plans and budgets are updated regularly, to reflect significant changes in weather, food security and other pertinent data that are revealed by the Early warning System
• CPUs with support from NDMA
• During a drought the CPUs are part of the rapid teams that carry out rapid food security assessments to update contingency plans in to actions plans for request of DCF
• Continue to update contingency plans based on EW information
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ensure that DRR issues are mainstreamed in the county development planning and resource allocation
4.County Steering Group ( CSG )
Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Analysis of exact details of the
implications of the warning / ensuring that warnings especially for vulnerable groups are passed through the fastest means of communication and checked for accuracy
• Activation of all response / preparedness teams/ taskforces and clear directions for each ones responsibility spelt out as outlined in contingency plan.
• Carry out capacity assessment of relevant response teams and ensure they are fully trained and aware of their roles and responsibilities as per drought contingency plan
• Collaborate with county NDMA and CPUs to review and update county drought contingency plans before drought onset.
• Monthly (or as necessary) CSG review meetings attended by all government line departments in respect of all drought preparedness/ mitigation activities.
• Facilitate communities to develop and review their contingency plans for mainstreaming in county contingency planning.
• Support resilience initiatives (ending drought emergencies).
• Sustain capacity building to community institutions on drought risk reduction.
• Advocacy for mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in development plans
• Assess the capacity requirements and identify gaps
• Strengthen conflict management initiatives
• Coordinate/ continuously monitor all preparedness/ response activities.
• Policy recommendations to the central government, humanitarian/ development partners, county political leadership, lower local governments, and sectoral emergency response teams based on assessment findings, relief/ rehabilitation needs.
• Provide drought information communication channels
• Strengthen community readiness systems for effective response.
• Develop and adopt targeting framework based on the vulnerability levels.
• Ensure proper coordination of drought response activities for effective and efficient response.
• Ensure timely utilization of DCF for effective and timely response mechanism.
• Provide technical backstopping to community institutions through sector working groups.
• Monitor and evaluate response activities and identify associated impacts
• Identify and focus on drought hot spots.
• Develop comprehensive drought response plan in cooperating multi-hazard approach(Conflict management initiatives)
• Advocacy for mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in development plans
• Continuous coordination of activities to provide sustainable means of livelihood to most vulnerable communities.
• Strengthening of disaster management structures at all levels.
• Document lessons learnt during the drought period for improvements in future droughts.
• Facilitate interventions that enhance livelihoods recovery.
• Facilitate community institutions to review and draw lessons learnt for better drought response
5.Sub-County Steering Group ( CSG • Analysis of exact details of the
implications of the warning / ensuring that warnings especially for vulnerable groups are passed through the fastest means of
• Coordinate/ continuously monitor all preparedness/ response activities.
• Policy recommendations to the central government,
• Advocacy for
mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in
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communication and checked for accuracy
• Activation of all response / preparedness teams/ taskforces and clear directions for each ones responsibility spelt out as outlined in contingency plan.
• Carry out capacity assessment of relevant response teams and ensure they are fully trained and aware of their roles and responsibilities as per drought contingency plan
• Collaborate with county NDMA and CPUs to review and update county drought contingency plans before drought onset.
• Monthly (or as necessary) CSG review meetings attended by all government line departments in respect of all drought preparedness/ mitigation activities.
• Facilitate communities to develop and review their contingency plans for mainstreaming in county contingency planning.
• Support resilience initiatives (ending drought emergencies).
• Sustain capacity building to community institutions on drought risk reduction.
• Advocacy for mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in development plans
• Assess the capacity requirements and identify gaps
• Strengthen conflict management initiatives
humanitarian/ development partners, county political leadership, lower local governments, and sectoral emergency response teams based on assessment findings, relief/ rehabilitation needs.
• Provide drought information communication channels
• Strengthen community readiness systems for effective response.
• Develop and adopt targeting framework based on the vulnerability levels.
• Ensure proper coordination of drought response activities for effective and efficient response.
• Ensure timely utilization of DCF for effective and timely response mechanism.
• Provide technical backstopping to community institutions through sector working groups.
• Monitor and evaluate response activities and identify associated impacts
• Identify and focus on drought hot spots.
• Develop comprehensive drought response plan in cooperating multi-hazard approach(Conflict management initiatives)
development plans • Continuous
coordination of activities to provide sustainable means of livelihood to most vulnerable communities.
• Strengthening of disaster management structures at all levels.
• Document lessons learnt during the drought period for improvements in future droughts.
• Facilitate interventions that enhance livelihoods recovery.
• Facilitate community institutions to review and draw lessons learnt for better drought response
6. Community disaster risk reduction structures (federation at division/ward level) • Carry out community participatory
drought risk reduction assessment and identify the most vulnerable groups
• Establish and strengthen drought risk reduction committees at village level
• Facilitate community process for review and update of drought risk reduction and contingency plans.
• Play a lead role in drought risk reduction measures planning and implementation.
• Navigate communities to resilience through medium and long term strategies
• Facilitate recovery of livelihoods.
• Coordinate implementation of recovery initiatives at the community level
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• Conduct community awareness on drought risk reduction campaigns
• Sustain resource mobilization within the community and from their development supporters
• Strengthen conflict management initiatives
• Facilitate intra and inter community agreements development.
• Stockpile food, and equipments for drought period
• Provide necessary linkages for resilience especially with county governments.
7.Drought information management teams (KFSSG and CSG working groups) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Conduct bi-annual
drought assessments • Continue updates on
livelihoods zones review and mapping
• Prepare and update vulnerability mapping, if there be any change in classification of areas shown in the map prepared for disaster affected areas.
• Disseminate drought warning alerts to all relevant stakeholders and communities.
• In case of warning that the drought has abated/ conditions have changed course, information should be immediately shared with all relevant stakeholders and the communities.
• Strengthen drought early warning information collection, analysis, sharing and dissemination mechanisms
• Capacity builds drought information stakeholders for better drought information management.
• Strengthen traditional drought early warning system
• Closely monitor disaster progress.
• Continuous flow of information to the CSG/KFSSG relevant stakeholders and communities on latest details.
• Provide regular drought vulnerability updates to the stakeholders
• Strengthen community early warning institutions and information dissemination channels at community level.
• Continuous monitoring of weather situation / information dissemination.
• Compilation/ dissemination of drought trend for future reference/ planning.
• Identify and facilitate post drought information for purposes of livelihoods reconstruction
8.Public relations and communication team (NDMA drought information and CSG information sector group) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Work closely with drought
information management team and visit to drought affected areas.
• Assessment of publicity requirements of the affected areas depending on extent of drought vulnerability in the county.
• Alert all relevant stakeholders on the warning and maintain close contact with county governments.
• Check personnel and equipment and arrange publicity through available
• Restore equipments and tools.
• Arrange for publicity materials in consultation with concerned departments on
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• Develop communication policy and framework for drought information management with clear objectives.
• Mobilize all required logistics for publicity works.
• Keep close liaison with county governments and all concerned heads of departments, sector working groups and community disaster management committees for giving advance publicity.
• Train and capacity build other stakeholders on effective communication strategies at all levels.
• Develop and disseminate resilience building messages.
• Maintain close liaison with the local press and all media heads stationed in the national and local levels.
means regarding drought status.
• As part of the rapid assessment teams visit drought affected areas and ascertain publicity requirements.
• Deploy fully equipped publicity units in affected areas.
• Issue relevant press messages by all available means, timely and regularly.
• Frequently visit drought affected areas to ensure effectiveness of communication mechanisms.
necessary post drought and recovery publicity needs.
• Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support future planning.
• Collect and disseminate drought mitigation good practices adopted by communities and share across other stakeholders.
• The CSG/SUB-CSG will provide drought status information during different stages of the drought
9.Food items coordination teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
Post Disaster(Recovery)
• Coordination meeting of stockiest is held every quarter and levels of emergency supplies by each stockiest (relief food, water, medicines, vaccines etc) are updated in the data base.
• Plan awareness campaign strategy before the drought onset in terms of warning dissemination procedures, food stockpiling.
• Issue warning to the sectoral emergency focal points to check their response mechanisms, materials and equipments as per checklist and in accordance with drought contingency plan aligning with needs assessment.
• Meeting with emergency team focal points to review mitigation/ response requirements and minimum resources/ logistics required for each sectoral response.
• Support community resilience initiatives through promotion of livelihoods diversification options
• Build capacity of relief food value chain actors
• Strengthen community relief committees
• Strengthen FFA activities to bridge
• Inter sectoral coordination/ coordination as well as ensure that coordination with NGOs is complete and each NGO is aware of their areas of operations and level of participation.
• Regular review meetings with line departments and emergency response teams/ taskforces.
• Ensure continuous flow of information and national authorities/ CSG / drought response teams are kept informed of latest details.
• Increase targeting levels considering the vulnerability levels
• Coordinate both relief and safety net programs in drought affected areas.
• Establish and strengthen the necessary logistics arrangement for timely relief food operations.
• Basic trainings to relief committees on food commodities handling
• Monitor the quality of distributed food to avert
• Compilation of a multi sectoral post disaster report starting from disaster season , disaster and post disaster period bringing out all aspects of preparedness, response, restoration, rehabilitation , detailed causes of damages, casualties and deficiencies to support in future planning.
• Provision of relief seed for early planting in crop production areas
• Facilitate recovery and livelihoods reconstruction
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between general relief operations. • Update and review targeting levels
as per the food security assessments
• Mobilization of relevant stakeholders and stocking of resources for relief programs.
incidences of food toxicities e.g. aflotoxicies
• Train households on basic food utilization (preparation of supplementary feeds)
10. Conflict management teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
• Map all conflict hot spots and develop strategies to address long term conflict management initiatives
• Facilitate intra and inter communities land uses agreements to minimize friction among user groups during drought periods.
• Disseminate information on mapped conflicts hot spot to all stakeholders and county governments.
• Collect all intelligence information of all important matter pertaining to the drought warning and pass correct information to the county governments and relevant stakeholders.
• Strengthen the county peace committees to integrate conflict management into planning.
• Facilitate community resilience through livelihoods diversifications
• Keep watch over the drought situation particularly in livestock concentration areas that are conflicts hotspots.
• Keep in readiness available personnel for community policing.
• Provisions to be made to dispatch force rapid response personnel as and when required.
• Ensure security of drought affected communities and their livelihoods.
• Maintenance of law and order. • Detail security personnel for guarding relief materials and at
the time of distribution of relief items. • Work in liaison with county governments and the CSG. • Facilitate access to inaccessible areas and facilities for
effective drought response
11.Rapid assessment team Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
Post Disaster(Recovery)
• Training of team members on assessment modalities.
• In collaboration with line departments, develop an appropriate assessment tool that should be presented to the KFSSG and CSG for approval.
• Draft an assessment work plan. • Mobilize all necessary assessment
resources/ logistics. • Participate in drought contingency
plans updates
• Carry out initial rapid assessments/draft assessment report within 24 hours.
• Present assessment report to the KFSSG and CSG clearly highlighting extent of damage, required responses.
• Arrange / conduct multi sectoral detailed assessments of damages, casualties, resource shortfalls.
• Develop and maintain inventories of drought affected assets and individuals
• Provide essential data for targeting and timely response
• Arrange/ carry out multi sectoral post drought assessments.
• Provide necessary data for lessons learnt documentation.
12. Human health response teams
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Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
Post Disaster(Recovery)
HEALTH • Enhance human diseases
surveillance mechanisms at all levels.
• Visit the generally drought affected areas on the basis of vulnerability
• Prepare a list of health facilities located in the area
• Prepare a list and contacts of medical personnel/ paramedics already available in the area and the projected number of additional personnel of each category that may be required in each of the areas in case of acute drought conditions.
• Prepare a list of medical personnel and paramedical staff of different categories that can be withdrawn from their places of work and their services utilized for emergency relief work.
• Ensure that adequate stock of medicines, vaccines and disinfectants likely to be necessary are kept at the county and sub-county health facilities.
• Keep ready materials for establishing an isolation unit for each of the very vulnerable areas.
• Arrange for mobilizing at short notice medical relief teams.
• Prepare a detailed plan for utilizing the doctors and staff from other health organization in the district if so required.
• Sustain community awareness campaigns to reduce drought related diseases
• Take measures for prevention of epidemic and arrange vaccinations against drought prone epidemics.
• Alert all doctors and paramedical staff on receipt of warning.
• Check personnel, equipment and medical stores and upgrade where necessary.
• Arrange for necessary vehicles, ambulances in consultation with the district administration/ district health team.
• Immediately visit the affected areas.
• Start measures for health relief in the affected area through mobile clinics.
• Make immediate arrangements for temporary/ mobile clinics if necessary.
• Decide immediately on isolation of certain patients, if necessary and arrange for isolation wards.
• Frequently visit the drought affected areas and ensure effectiveness of health measures.
• Restore equipment and stores.
• Repair or replace damaged equipments.
• Arrange for disposal of utilized medicines and disinfectants.
• Strengthen community disease surveillance mechanisms
12.1 Nutrition Pre- disaster During/ Post Disaster • Activate/ operationalize nutrition
surveillance systems. • Make arrangements for mobile
units for maternal and child welfare centers in vulnerable areas if necessary.
• Draw up nutrition program for children under 5 years and
• Alert personnel on receipt of drought warning and keep constant touch with health teams and that of food sector.
• Ensure that vulnerable groups received at supplementary / TFC are properly taken care of.
• Ensure adequate supplies for nutrition programs.
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expectant/ nursing mothers in drought prone areas.
• Assess requirements and make arrangements for supplementary feeding /therapeutic feeding
• Community awareness on basic nutrition skills
• Enhancing communities’ resilience through household food diversification options.
13. Water hygiene, and sanitation team Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
Post Disaster(Recovery)
• Visit the generally drought affected areas.
• Assess measures likely to be required for safe water supply in those areas.
• Prepare list of WASH personnel already available and the number of additional personnel that may be required in each area.
• Prepare list of WASH personnel that may be withdrawn from other areas to be used for relief work.
• Put arrangements in place for deployment of public health education teams at county and sub county levels for hygiene and sanitation awareness campaign work.
• Ensure adequate stock of equipment and materials for emergency response/ preposition in appropriate places.
• Stockpile fast moving spare parts for boreholes and other water sources
• Stockpile water treatment agents for ease of access during drought period
• Train and equip the water resource user associations with basic skills and equipments
• Draw up tentative program of action
• Alert lower local government authorities on receipt of drought warning.
• Visit the affected areas immediately along with public health education team.
• Assess extent of water supply measures required and deploy necessary staff.
• Constantly visit the drought affected areas and ensure adequate safe water supply measures for both domestic and livestock requirements.
• Provide fuel subsidies for motorized water sources
• Identify areas with acute water shortages for targeting in water trucking with clear populations and needs.
• Other measures as per the Kenyan public health act.
• Restore tools and equipments
• Repair or replace damaged tools and equipments.
• Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support future planning.
• Re-train water user associations for effective water resource management.
14.Crop and Livestock drought response teams
Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
Post Disaster(Recovery)
14.I Crop • Based on meteorological reports,
and biophysical EWS indicators, advice the season with below normal rains and advice suitable crop varieties and cropping patterns.
• Alert all relevant stakeholders / community on receipt of warning.
• Draw a tentative program for emergency relief work.
• Implementation of agricultural livelihood restorative activities.
• Disposal of
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• Assessment of acreage under crops and number of farmers to be affected in each of the areas.
• Assessment of requirements of seeds and tools for drought recovery.
• Stockpile the right drought tolerant crop varieties for ease of access by farmers
• Render technical guidance to farmers for salvage and protection of surviving crops and rising of such varieties of crops as may be suitable during the season/ in the next planting season.
• Arrange for spraying of pesticides if necessary.
• Constantly visit the affected areas to ensure effectiveness if agricultural relief and rehabilitation measures.
undistributed agricultural relief supplies that cannot be used beyond that particular period.
• Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support future planning
I4.2 Livestock Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)
During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)
Post Disaster(Recovery)
• Assess requirements of veterinary measures to be under taken in the affected areas and arrange for required staff, equipments, vet drugs, vaccines etc and materials for opening first aid centers and dispensaries.
• Assessment of / make necessary arrangements for access to dry season grazing areas/ water for livestock.
• Mobilize veterinary teams at the county and sub county level for livestock sector response.
• Arrange for prevention of wide spread of epizootics.
• Establish and maintain the necessary infrastructure
• Capacity building activities for pastoral groups on livestock production.
• Sustain access to livestock extension services by pastoral groups.
• Prepare veterinary map showing veterinary service areas and livestock population covered by each of the institution.
• Arrange for short/ refresher trainings for veterinary medical care and prevention of epizootics for veterinary staff/ community animal health workers.
• Arrange for sufficient materials for public awareness.
• Alert all relevant stakeholders / pastoralists on receipt of warning.
• Draw up tentative program for mass vaccinations and treatment.
• Visit drought affected areas immediately with veterinary relief team and start relief measures.
• Arrange with help of district authorities relocation of livestock to refuge grazing areas.
• Constantly visit the livestock concentration areas and ensure effectiveness of vaccinations and treatments undertaken.
• Carry out livestock off-takes to cushion pastoralists against losses
• Support provision of livestock feeds and supplements
• Train and support hides and skins groups on leather and tannery
• Provide necessary veterinary services in key markets to sustain livestock trade.
• Restore tools and equipments/ repair/replace damaged equipment.
• Arrange for disposal of balance medicines or replenish stock of medicines and stores.
• Take steps for repair of damaged veterinary facilities.
• Establish and strengthen community institutions as a readiness mechanism.
• Review and update development plans on livestock sector with focus on breeds improvement
• Monitor livestock market trends and advice pastoralists the right time for destocking
• Enhance communities’ livelihoods diversification options.
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CHAPTER SIX: PROCEDURES FOR DISBURSEMENT OF DROUGHT CONTINGENCY FUND
6.1 Drought Contingency Fund (DCF) Business Process
• Based on the new devolution process, this business process refers to county level structures, i.e. county, sub-county and division/ward. The DSG is replaced with the County Steering Group (CSG), which is a sub-committee of the County Development Committee and is mandated to coordinate various stakeholders involved in food security. A County Planning Unit (CPU) is involved in the planning process including mainstreaming of DRR and preparation of contingency plans, under the support of the County NDMA Office (CNDMA), which is a branch office of the NDMA.
• The three drought response management systems of: contingency planning, early warning and drought contingency fund management shall be interlinked, so as to ensure the coherence of outputs from all of them.
• Drought response activities are specific initiatives triggered by the stages of the drought cycle signaled by the EWS. Interventions are identified for each stage, and activities are implemented depending on five drought-warning stages based on drought monitoring data i.e. Normal, alert, alarm, emergency, and recovery warning stages.
• Comprehensive, multi-sectoral Contingency (shelf) Plans are prepared and activated for rapid reaction to the early warning. They cover necessary interventions at each phase of drought (alert, alarm, emergency and recovery) together with detailed budget for each activity
• The early warning information is used to determine the drought status in a given area.
• Applications for NDCF funds are supported by detailed contingency plans and budgets that are mapped to each warning phase;
• The parameters for early warning phase classification (normal, alarm, alert and emergency) are embedded in the early warning database so as to ensure consistent determination of status across the ASAL region.
• Relevant baseline data on such aspects as population size, water resources, nutrition status, etc, will be captured into the livelihood zone database so that it may serve as a basis for activity planning.
• The outcomes of the early warning activities should inform and be used to update the contingency action plans.
• Comprehensive drought response intervention implementation plans and budgets that are linked to contingency plan and clearly demonstrate expected impact of interventions must be submitted together with the funds request.
• The costing of interventions must be subject to standards costing rates that are already embedded in the contingency planning model.
• The funds requisition must be a computer generated document that summarizes the implementation plan and budget.
• Information on disbursement process, implementation and reporting must be stored in web-based software (DCF business process)
• The proposed drought response and fund disbursement model is summarized in the following tables.
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Table 1: Contingency Planning and Funds Requisition Model
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6.2 Drought Contingency Process
A process initiated by the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) and coordinated by the Technical KFSSG and County Steering Group (CSG) at the county level map out each of the districts into climate and livelihood zones. (This is a one off process)
Division/ward development committees are facilitated by -County NDMA and County Planning Unit (CPU) to identify factors that render the community vulnerable to drought and the impact of such drought on the community health and livelihoods, prioritise them and propose both developmental and emergency responses. This
Division/ward drought vulnerability reports are consolidated into a sub-county report and enriched by the county team to fully reflect historical data and weather projections. Actions proposed by the community are categorised between developmental (long term) and
Long-term developmental priorities identified by the community are validated by the county officers representing key sectors at the county and referred to the relevant CPU for inclusion into the County
Building on the work of the community, County NDMA and CPU refine and consolidate the ‘drought management risks and map the likely drought progression and impact for each
The expected impact of the projected drought risks on the human and animal population at each drought phase is identified and the required response specified, in each instance. The size of the population (human and animal) that is likely to be impacted is also projected, based on the historical
A comprehensive and costed action plan that responds to each of these scenarios is then put together. Types and quantities of required materials are also specified. This information is then consolidated and used to draw up a county drought contingency plan that indicates required actions and projected costs (use of contingency planning software to standardise the plans). Contingency plans are prepared during normal times (no drought times)
The contingency plans are submitted to the County Steering Group (CSG) for review and
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The approved county contingency plans are sent to the NDMA. The NDMA reviews contingency plans and consolidate them into a national drought contingency plans which is submitted to the Board of
The NDCF consolidates the funding requirements into a projected drought management budget for inclusion in the national
Requirements for the drought contingency funds are set and communicated to the Board of Trustees of
County contingency plans and budgets are updated regularly, to reflect significant changes in weather, food security and other pertinent data that are revealed by the Early
National contingency plan and budget are also updated as needed to reflect information from the early warning status.
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6.3 Early Warning Process
If the early warning process reveals a drought situation, it triggers a rapid food assessment to confirm the status on the ground. This is done by the County team and in some cases by both
The sentinel sites that are established at the locational/sub-locational level serve as the centre points of drought surveillance.
The Field Monitor visits each sentinel site once a month to collect data from each household and selected groups of key informants while the drought information officer visits each site once a month to collect completed forms and validates the results by carrying out interviews of
The Data Analyst captures the data in the Early Warning System Database, analyses the information and generates reports. These reports are referred to the County Drought
A summary of findings and proposed actions (drought preparedness and response) is compiled and forwarded to community DRR structures and ward-level county offices for transmission to the
Discussions at TCSG level take note of and highlight any potential or existing food security issues for action. This information is then used to generate a County
The CDM presents the report to the CSG which validates it using its own information regarding the food security status within the County and finalises the Food
The bulletin is submitted to the NDMA. Concurrently, copies are made and distributed to the Line Ministries at the County and other
The authority sends copies of the bulletin to Ministry HQs to inform action planning by
The CDC consults with the Technical County Steering Group (TCSG) and obtains their input on the findings.
The NDMA then consolidates the reports from the various counties to a national drought early warning bulletin and distributes the same to all stakeholders.
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6.4 Funds Requisitioning and Disbursement Process
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6.5 Fund Reporting Process
On a monthly basis, or at the end of the intervention, if earlier, all ministries and/or departments that are recipients of drought contingency funds submit comprehensive implementation and expenditure reports to the CDC. Such reports include:
• The area of intervention. • The nature of the interventions, e.g provision of water, food, vaccination, etc. • The number of beneficiaries (both human and livestock) • The amount expended per activity • The stage of implementation – whether complete or partial • The impact of the implementation (the extent to which the impact of drought has been ameliorated). • Additional interventions required and planned, • Required funding for the next month.
The CDC compiles a consolidated report for the county on this basis and the County NDMA finance manager carries out a reconciliation exercise and ensures that all funds disbursed are accounted for. The report highlights key issues and indicates required actions going forward. Funding requirements for
The CDC carries out physical inspection of the implementation activities by way of validating the reports submitted by the County Sector heads.
The NDMA reviews the County implementation reports, carries out sample audit as required and consolidate them into a national report. The
Financial & Implementation reports are submitted to the funding agencies/bodies
The NDCF reviews the County Financial reports, carry out sample audit as required, and consolidate them into a national report. The report is then submitted to the
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6.6 Proposed Drought Contingency processes Linkages
Contingency Planning
• Contingency plans are standardized & developed via the CP software
• The contingency planning process assesses the expected Drought Status, risk of food insecurity and scale of impact on livelihoods.
• Objective criteria for determining drought status and risk are pre-defined.
• For each drought status and risk category: (Normal (low risk) / Alert (moderate risk) / Alarm (high risk) / Emergency a set of actions, expected impacts and their corresponding costs are put in place.
• The plan is approved, first by the CSG and secondly by the NDMA.
• The plans are developed at county/sub county level.
• County plans are consolidated into a national plan and budget.
1
2
4
3
6
5
Early Warning Process
• Early Warning monitoring are carried out monthly through the year.
• Early warning is guided by the prescribed drought status definition criteria (Normal/Alert/Alarm/Emergency/Recovery).
• Measurements are taken of indicators to establish if they have exceed the set thresholds to necessitate a drought status change
Rapid needs Assessment
• Rapid needs Assessment are conducted to ascertain the food security after an early warning bulletin reports a deteriorating situation.
• They are coordinated by the NDMA Headquarters with the participation of county officers.
• The results are published in a food security report by the NDMA
Contingency Fund
• When a deteriorating situation persists the CMC will request funding based on the plan defined at the contingency planning stage.
• The requisition of funds must be accompanied by The Contingency Plan, Early Warning Bulletin and the Rapid needs Assessment Report.
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3.0 ANNEXES
Technical Officer
S/No. Names Department 1. OKAL JOEL.S LIVESTOCK 2. DENNIS MAKII AGRICULTURE 3. IDRIS.Y.ABASS AGRICULTURE 4. SHUKRI .S.GURE NDMA 5. JAMES MWANGI LIVESTOCK 6. MOHAMED ABDI MAALIM PEACE & SECURITY 7. LAURA KIIGA UNICEF 8. FLORENCE NJAMBI HEALTH 9. JAMES.A.OMBASO WATER 10. RACHEAL NJIRU VSF BELGIUM 11. IBRAHIM.O.ELMI EDUCATION 12. AHMED.A.ABDOW EDUCATION 13. ABDI.A.AFFEY NDMA 14. SETH MAKULA NDMA 15. HASSAN.M.KHALIF VETERINARY 16. ABSHIR MOHAMED ADESO 17. ISSA.D.ALI NDMA- CDRO 18. MOHAMED ABDI ALI CHIEF OFFICER SPECIAL PROGRAM 19. DR.M.K.HASSAN NDMA- CDC 20. ABDI NOOR DUBOW NDMA- CRO 21. MOHAMED.A.KEDENYE VET SERVICES 22. DANIEL.N.MUSAU AGRICULTURE 23. MOHAMED.S.HILLOW WATER 24. MOHAMED.R.KASSIM EDUCATION
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COMMUNITY MEMBERS FROM SUB COUNTIES
1. IBRAHIM ALI MAHAMUD 2. KHALIF ABDI OMAR 3. ABASS SHIDOW SIYAT 4. ABDULLAHI YAROW OMAR 5. MOHAMED.A.BILLE 6. HALIMA MOHAMED BUNDID 7. MAHAT RASHID 8. SAHLAN MAHAT 9. HABIBO MOHAMED 10. IDIRIS YUNIS 11. ABDI FARAH 12. SIYAT ABDULLAHI 13. MUSLIMO BURO 14. HALIMA BARE 15. ABDI SUGOW 16. GOROD HUSSEIN 17. AHMED FARAH 18. MUBARAK HASSAN 19. MOHAMED YUSSUF 20. HARIT MAHUMUD 21. DAGANE KULMIYA 22. SOFIA HAMISI 23. AHMED YUSSUF 24. HALABU BUSI 25. MOHUMED MOHAMED ISSACK 26. ISMAIL ABDI 27. ADEN YERE SUGOW 28. EBLA BARE SHILL 29. ADEN MOHAMED ABDI 30. DUHO MOHAMED YUSSUF
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31 HASSAN ALI MOHAMED 32 MOHAMED HAMDI DUALE
33 SIYAT OMAR AHMED 33 34 ABDIRAHMAN ADEN ABDI 34 35 IBRAHIM ABDI KORANE 35 36 ADEN SALAT ADEN 36 37 BISHAR BILLOW 37 38 NOOR DAHIR 38 39 JAMALE IDRISS 39 40 MUNSHIT ABDI 40 ISMAIL ABDI 41 OMAR BILAL 42 ADEN ABDI OMAR 43 HASSAN NUR OMAR 44 IBRAHIM NOOR ABDI 45 OMAR AHMED 46 MOHAMED WARSAME 47 ADEN.M.IBRAHIM 48 JOHN.K.NGUGI 49 ABDI DEKOW OSMAN 50 ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI 51 ADEN ABDI IBRAHIM 52 ZEINAB YAROW ARESS 53 KHADIJA DIRIYE DIIS 54 AMBIA SALATHO MOHAMUD 55 MOHAMED OMAR AHMED 56 ADEN ABDI IBRAHIM 57 ISMAIL GARADU 58 ISNINO MULA 59 ZEINAB DEKOW 60 DANIEL MUSAU
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61 ABDI BUNDID MUHUMED 62 OMAR ABDI MATHEY
62 ABDIRAHMAN HUSSEIN GURE 63 MOHAMED MAHAT 64 RASHID SABAL 65 DEKOW HASSAN 66 HASSAN KHAR 67 MOHAMUD MAALIM 68 EBLA ABDI ADAN 69 KAMILA DUBOW BASHIR 70 SHINDEYA HUSSEIN 71 AMINA MAALIM MUHUMED 72 MALYUN MOHAMED SUFI 73 AMINA JELLE AHMED 74 DUALE NURIYE AHMED 75 DAYIB BASHIR ABDI 76 SIYAD NUR ISSACK 77 MOHAMED SHEIKH BASHIR 78 ABDISITAR IDRISS SIRAT 79 ADEN HUSSEIN IBRAHIM 80 NUR FARAH HUSSEIN 81 HASSAN SAGAL ABDI 82 ADEN KORANE SAHAL 83 RASHID ADAN AHMED 84 YUNIS OMAR MAALIM 85 AMINA SAMOW ISSACK 86 MOHAMED ABDI ALI 87 SULEIMAN MOHAMED 88 IBRAHIM DEKOW OMAR 89 ABDIKADIR NOOR 90 ABDIRIZACK HASSAN HILOW
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91 AHMED ABDI HASSAN 92 IDRIS ABDULLAHI 93 ADEN MOHAMED AHMED 94 MOHAMED FARAH KAHIYE 95 HAMDU KAMAL YARE 96 ABDIRASHID MOHAMED 97 MOHAMED ABDOW HANSH 98 ALI ABDULLAHI AHMED 99 ABDULLAHI SUGOW GURE 100 OSMAN ISMAIL HIREY 101 AMIN ABDI MOHAMED 102 FARAH KAHIYE 103 MOHAMED ABDULLAHI 104 MARYAN MAALIM 105 DASHOW MOULID 106 KHALIF ALI 107 ABDIKADIR ABDI FARAH 108 MUHUBO ABDI......... 109 DUBEY YAROW 110 ABDULLAHI ABDI 111 DEKOW ALI 112 FATUMA MOHAMED 113 ZEINAB MOHAMED 114 MAHATHO KHALIF 115 MUHUMED MOHAMED 116 IRSHAL HUSSEIN DUHAL 117 HAMDI.H.DAMEY 118 BURALE.A.ABUBAKAR 119 ABDI BARUT HAJI 120 MOHAMED ADEN ABDI 121 ABDI.M.YERE
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122 ABDI MOHAMED HASSAN 123 MOHAMED MOGE GURE 124 OSMAN HASSAN ABASS 125 HASSAN DIIS 126 SHEIKH ABDILLE HARUN 127 ABASS HASSAN JUMALLE 128 MOHAMUD ABDULLAHI AFAY 129 ABDI SHIRE KHALIF 130 ABDI NAFAA AHMED 131 FARDOSA HUSSEIN NOOR 132 FATUMA IBRAHIM 133 MOHAMUD ABDIRAHAMAN 134 MAHAMED.A.OMAR 135 OMAR AHMED OLOW 136 YUSSUF ADEN MOHAMUD 137 FARHIYA FARAH 138 HAWO MOHAMUD 139 ISMAIL.A.KOSAR 140 ABDI.M.HASSAN 141 DUNIA HUSSEIN NOOR 142 ALINUR MOHAMUD 143 ABDI KALIF 144 EBLA ALI ADEN 145 FATUMA IBRAHIM