Garden Variety Sundials. - Garden - Sculpture - History - Location A More Interesting Dial?
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Transcript of Garden Variety Sundials. - Garden - Sculpture - History - Location A More Interesting Dial?
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Garden Variety Sundials
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- Garden- Sculpture- History- Location
A More Interesting Dial?
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Zarbula’s
Sundials
Roger Bailey & Alain Ferreira
NASS 2005 Chicago
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Sundials in France
Distribution by Département
Hautes-Alpes 772
Highest sundial density in the world!
Ref: http://www.saf-lastronomie.com/cadrans/carte_2002.gif
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Why Hautes-Alpes?
• Alpine folk art traditions• Insolation: 330 days of sunshine • Isolation from politics and progress
– Travel over the passes not down the valleys– Transhumance- summer alps, winter
Piedmont• Independent Republics
– Five “Escartons de Briançonnais” – from 1343 until 1713 and 1789
• Itinerants: shepherds and tradesmen
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ZARBULA
ZONE
Austria
Bavaria
France
Italy
Alpine Sundials
EngadineTyrol
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Sundials of Giovanni Francesco ZARBULA
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Who was Giovanni Francesco Zarbula?
• We only know his name and his works
• Itinerant Italian painter• Piedmont to Hautes Alpes• Only tools, materials and
techniques that could be carried by a donkey
• Speciality: bold flamboyant vertical declining sundials
• Distinctive folk art style• Accurate gnomonic method• Long lasting fresco paintings
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Zarbula’s StyleBaroque Italian Folk Art• Equinoctial Line • Birds and Flowers• Frame, curtains, tassels• Sun and crescent moon• Symbols: Masonic and
Religious• Mottos: Latin, French,
Italian, Provencal• Signed: GFZ or ZGF• Dated: 1830 – 1876• Maljasset, Ubaye, 1860
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ZARBULA
ZONE
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95
Zarbula
sundials
26 ORIGINALS11 WITH ZARBULA’s DRAWINGS
36 RESTORED23 PHOTOS FROM ORIGINALS
33 LOST5 PHOTOS OR DRAWINGS OF THOSE LOST
5 DUBIOUS8 DUPLICATES OR COMPLEMENTARY
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Italy, Piedmont
Zone Val Chisone
20 sundials
VALLOIRE2
ZONE BRIANCON
29
VALLOUISE
4
VALLEE DE LA CLAREE
4
NORTH ZARBULA ZONE
Latitude 45º
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ZARBULA’ s Method
Discovered by Paul Gagnaire, From the Valloire sundial, at Les Verneys en Savoie.
Ref : Cadrans solaires en Savoie, 1999 by P.Gagnaire. Page 130-137: A Valloire, Solved mystery.L’Equere et L’Oiseau ou L’Art et La Maniere de ZARBULA by P.Gagnaire. 2000 Cadran Info SaF http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RELIE/Cadrans/Promenades/Zarbula/Equerre.htm
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ZARBULA’ s Method
Les Verneys en Savoie.
Drawing by P.Gagnaire
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Equatorial
6 o’clock
Equatorial Circle
Zarbula’s Construction Lines
Noon
Horizontal
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Zarbula’s Method: The Sun Rules!
•Zarbula did not need to know the latitude or wall declination to define the dial.•The shadow determined the sub-style line•Zarbula used no calculations or tables.•Simple geometry determined the hour lines.•Zarbula worked at the latitude of 45°• None of the sundials are oriented North.• The wall is vertical and declining from south.• Zarbula already knew the sundial’s size and location on the wall.
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Principle 1: Horizontal Equivalence
• Any Vertical Declining sundial has a equivalent horizontal sundial at in the southern hemisphere at a different latitude
• Determine the sub-style distance and sub-style height for the polar axis
• Lay out the hourlines for the horizontal equivalent
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XII
He draws the vertical noon line XII and marks the centre C
C
He drives in a horizontal style at C perpendicular to the wall
Zarbula’s Method
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XII
C
Zarbula draws point by point a
hyperbolic declination line,
representing of the path of the
tip of the shadow.
Principle 2: Indian or Hindu Circle for Sub-style
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P 1
P 2
Zarbula draws the sub-style, the axis of symmetry of the dial
S
XII
C
Zarbula’s Method
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XII
Center of sundial C
NOON LINE XII
S
SUB-STYLE
Zarbula’s Method
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C
S
M
45°
45°
M ’
The perpendicular gnomon gives the shadow path to set the sub-style line. For the actual dial, polar style is from the intersection of the noon meridian and the same sub-style line.
Zarbula’s Method
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Principle 3: Rotation of the Meridian Plane
• Meridian plane shows the Latitude , Co-Latitude, Polar style and Equatorial true size
• Rotation of the Meridian plane about the Meridian axis to the Sub-style, perpendicular to the wall, shows the Substyle Height
• Rotation defines the Equatorial Horizon plane
C
Noon
Lat
Co-LatPol
ar S
tyle
Equatorial
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M
C
Noon to equinox
45°
45°
45°
Define the Equatorial Horizon by rotating the meridian plane and the latitude angle around the vertical Meridian axis
Zarbula’s Method
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S
He draws a horizontal line
M
C
45°
45°
45°Horizon
Zarbula’s Method
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S
He draws an equatorial line perpendicular to the sub-style line
M
C
Horizon
45°
45°
Equatorial
Zarbula’s Method
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S
He draws the 6 o’clock (18h) line to the equatorial horizon
M
C
Horizon 18h
Equatorial
Zarbula’s Method
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S
If it’s morning declining,
he draws the 6 am line
M
C
Horizon
Equatorial
6h
Zarbula’s Method
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S
M
C
Horizontal line
48°
18h
Equatorial
Generalised method for different latitudes
Example Chicago = 42°
42°
Zarbula’s Method
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S
Zarbula draws the center W of an auxiliary equatorial
M
C
Horizon
Equatorial
O
18h
12h
W
?
?
?
Zarbula’s Method
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Vertical méridional sundial Villevieille church, Queyras
Principle 4: Always 90º between noon and 6 o’clock
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S
Starting from auxiliary equatorial centre W, he draws the 15° angles to the equatorial line
M
C
Horizontal line
Equatorial
18h
12h
W
R
Sub-Style Height is RW, radius of the auxiliary equatorial circle
Zarbula’s Method
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S
The intersections are numbered in sequence from noon to 18 o clock
M
C
Horizon line
Equatorial
18h
12h
W
11h
14h
16h15h
13h
10h
19h
17h
9h
Zarbula’s Method
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S
The only thing left is to draw the hours lines from C point...
M
C
Horizon line
Equatorial
18h
11h
14h
16h15h
13h
10h
19h
17h
9h
Zarbula’s Method
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S
M
C
Horizontal Line
Equatorial
18h
11h
14h
16h15h
13h
10h
19h
17h
9h
Installation of the Polar Style (Gnomon) above the Sub-Style Line
Sub-Style Height is theRadius of the auxillary equatorial circle
Zarbula’s Method
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Principles of Zarbula’s Method
• Horizontal Equivalence of Vertical Decliner• Indian (Hindu) Circle for sub-style line• Meridian plane contains Latitude true size• Rotate Meridian plane to establish Horizon
plane Equatorial line and 6 o’clock line• 90º between Noon and 6 o’clock • Equatorial Tangent line for hour lines and
Sub-style Height• The geometry is correct; the method is
accurate, within some limitations
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Test of Zarbula’s Method
1. Sub-style line
Latitude: 48.6º NDeclination: 58º E
Shadow Path for 14 June
Noon
36.8°
Distance
Sub-Style
Sub-Style
Declination Line
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Noon
Substyle
Horizon
Equinox
56
7
9
12
11
10
81.40
36.8°
SH
SD
311.4°
Lat
12:30
13
Zabula Test: Latitude N 48.6º Substyle 36.8ºTest of Zarbula’s Method
2. Equatorial Tangent Line
DeltaCAD design drawingusing Zarbula’s Method gives identical results to trig calculations
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Zarbula’s ToolsSticks and String
• Sticks– ruler, straight edge– set square 45º & 90º– compass, dividers– gnomon
• String– plumb bob– chalk line – compass
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Zarbula’s Painting
• Fresco technique on parged masonry walls
• Mineral oxide pigments on fresh lime mortar
• No organic materials
• Weather and sun resistant
• Quick bold strokes
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Ochre de Provence
Pigments :
Ochre (iron oxides) for yellow orange &, red.
black soot, zinc oxide white, cobalt blue, copper greens Sienne earths.
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ZONE ZARBULA South
LES TANCS1
LES ORRES1
UBAYE2
QUEYRAS
38 sundials
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Château Queyras
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QUEYRAS
EYGLIERS2
CERVIERES3
CHÂTEAU QUEYRAS
12
ABRIES
4
MOLINES2
SAINT VERAN7
AIGUILLES
1
ARVIEUX
7
LES ESCOYERES
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First Known Zarbula DialQueyras, Arvieux, le Coin
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1832 QUEYRAS
Arvieux, Les Escoyères
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VIHORIZON
EQUATORIAL
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1839 Cervières,
Customs Office
Original Restored
by Evelyne and
Norbert Peyrot 2000
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18?? QUEYRAS
Château Villevieille
Clot du Riou
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1840 - Zarbula’s Miracle Year
• Twelve Zarbula dials dated 1840• Eight Queyras (6-St. Veran, 2-Chateau)• Two Vallouise, • Two Briançonnais (Clarée, Salle les
Alpes)• 1830 to 1839 only six Zarbula dials• Apprenticeship done, artistic style set• Breakthrough commission? Vallouise, Bardonnèche
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Vallouise 1840
• Zarbula’s breakthrough commission
• Home of Françoise Ponce,Viscountess de Bardonnèche
• Zarbula’s techniques and style established
• Restored in 1991 by Pique & Bachet of Atelier Tournesol, Grenoble
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St Véran at 2040 mThe Highest village in Europe31 Sundials, 7 by Zarbula
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1840
Saint Véran
Haut Forannes
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1840 Saint VéranMathieu Romain farm
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1840
Saint Véran
Le Raux
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1840: Saint Véran Forannes
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Pierre Belle
1840: Saint Véran
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1858 St Véran Pierre Belle
Restored in 1995 by Rémi PoteyGite Gabelous
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Queyras, Arvieux
Les Escoyères,
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1857 Original
Les Escoyères chapel dial
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Restored by Rémi Potey
Suzon ConWith Susan
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1861 Eygliers, Le Cros Guillestre
Complementary corner dial lost
Rose Marble
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Briançon Hautes Alpes
• The highest city in Europe
• Crossroads for Alpine pass
• Vauban fortress near Italian border
• 1719 dial on Collégiale Notre-Dame
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1876: BriançonPlace d’Armes
Most Zarbula sundials are in the surrounding alpine villages
1876: Briançon, Place d’Armes
Zarbula?
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1842: Briancon, Puy St Pierre, Le Pinet
Restored by E & N Peyrot
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1843: Clarée, Val des Prés
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1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sébastien
1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sébastien
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1869 : Vallouise, Le Villard, St Sébastien
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Zarbula dials and paintings restored in 1997 by Atelier Tournesol, Pique & Bachet
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1869: Le Villard Vallouise
PM dial is almost south facing
“Don’t rely on the firstas all depends on the last”
6 o’clock line is off the dial
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Morning dial is close to east facing.Zarbula’s normal method does not work
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Black Madonna
“I am black, but comely,O ye daughters of Jerusalem” Song of Solomon, 1:5
Zarbula’s Painting of the
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ZONE ZARBULA EAST
Italy, Piedmont
Val Chisone
USSEAUX
1PRAGELATO
5TRAVERSES
2SESTRIERE
6
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Turin Olympics 2006
Val Chisone
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1870 : Sestriere, Champlas du Col, via Nationale
1870 : Sestriere, Champlas du Col, via Nationale
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Close the shutter...
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“I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem”
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1872 Sestriere Borgata,
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1872 : Sestriere, Borgata,
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1872 Sestriere, Borgata
14 viaColle de Sestriere
1872 : Zarbula Original
Sestriere, Borgata
Restoration?
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1872 Sestriere, Borgata12A via Colle de Sestriere
1872 Sestriere, Borgata 12A
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Sundial EntropyLost Zarbula’s
• Paints wash away• Grime obscures• Parging spalls • Gnomons bend and
break• Walls crack and fall• Renovation and
development destroy • Fires, floods,
avalanches
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1853 : Saint Martin de Queyrières, Prelles
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This sundial disappeared in 2003
TIME IS RUNNING OUT JUST LIKE WATER.
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Aiguilles 1889102 Buildings destroyed
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In Château Queyras : flood level in 1957
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In Abries, Zarbula’s sundial
destroyed in 1944 bombardment
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Restorations:Club du Vieux Manoir
• Patrimony: history, cultural, architecture
• 13 sundials restored in Brianconnais 1984-2000
1870: St Martin de Queyrières Church
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Restorations: Solaria s.n.c
• Lucio Maria Morro & Fabio Garnero
• FOSSANO (Cuneo) It • Sundial creation &
restoration • Many Italian dials• Zarbula Restoration
http://www.solariameridiane.com/313/L109.html
1872 Sestriere, Champlas du Col
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1843 Château Queyras Villevieille
•Fresco painter•Creative artist•Many modern dials•Hautes Alpes, Haute Provence, Buëch•Restorations:
–St Véran–Château Queyras
Restorations: Rémi Potey
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Jean-François Gavoty
• Creative artist, painter, cadranier
• Professor fine arts– Ecole des Beaux Arts,
Strasburg, Grenoble, Lyon
• Haute Provence, Ubaye– Maljasset– Serenne
1860 Serrenes, Ubaye, Alpes de Haute Provence
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RestorationsAtelier Tournesol
• Pique & Bachet• Inventories,
protection• Grenoble, Savoie,
Hautes Alpes• Vallouise:
– Bardoneche– Le Villard, St
Sebastien
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Evelyne & Norbert Peyrot
1847 : SAINT-CHAFFREY, Villard-Late,
Restoration of sundials and fresco paintings in Briançonnais, Val de Clarée, Val des Prés
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18?? : Savoie, Valloire, Les Verneys
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1998 : Renovated by Peyrot
THE END
Alain Ferreira & Roger Bailey2005 : Destroyed -Valloire Town Hall
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Acknowledgements & References
• Alain Ferreira: co-author ideas, slides, pictures, files
• Internet: Google, SML • A. Gunella: L’ Orologio Francese e il
detto DI ZARBULA per trovare la declinazione del muro
• A. Bouchard: Zarbula Dossier, Le Gnomoniste, mars 2005
• P. Gagnaire: L’ Equerre et le Oiseau
• P.Putelat & G. Ducrot: Cadrans Solaires Traditionnels en Queyras – Briançonnais
• Cadrans Solaires Français Catalogués; SAF CCS
Emmanuel Defever*** Sommelier