GAP Writing/GrammarShinsuke Tsuchiya

Perfect tenseShinsuke Tsuchiya

Verb/conjugation reviewTo listen Past Present Future

Simple listened listen Will listen

Continuous Was listening Am listening Will be listening

Perfect Had listened Have listened Will have listened

Perfect Continuous

Had been listening

Have been listening

Will have been

listening

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Past Perfect: an action that happened before another event in the past.I had listened to that song three times before I understood it. Present Perfect:

◦ Experience: an action that has happened one or more times in the past at an indefinite time/indefinite times.

I have listened to music.◦ Habit: an action or situation that began at a point in time in the past and has

continued or repeated until the present.I have listened to music since age three.

Future Perfect: action will occur before another action in the future or action will happen before a specific time or something will continue until another action

I will have listened to music for one hour by 10 p.m.

Perfect tense overview

Present Perfect: Form: [has/have + past participle]

◦ Experience: an action that has happened one or more times in the past at an indefiiate time/indefinite times.

I have listened to Japanese music.Have you listened to Japanese music?

◦ Habit: an action or situation that began at a point in time in the past and has continued or repeated until the present.

I have listened to music since 10 o’clock.

Present Perfect

Complete the following sentences:People ____ ______ ________ to Mars. ____ you _____ the book yet? Nobody ___ ever _________ that mountain. A: ___ there ever _______ a war in the United States?B: Yes, there ____ _______ a war in the United States.

Present Perfect Practice 1.

Examples:I have seen that movie twenty times.I think I have met him once before.There have been many earthquakes in California.People have traveled to the Moon.

Present Perfect (Cont.)CANNOT use Present Perfect with specific time expressions

CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecifict expressions

yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.

ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

1. I (saw/have seen) him when I was a child.2. I (didn’t see/haven’t seen) him yet. 3. I (see/have seen) him before.4. I (saw/have seen) him before I came to Provo.5. I (saw/have seen) my friend since I was three.

Present Perfect Practice 2.

Past Perfect: Form: [had + past participle]Def: an action that happened before another event in the past.Example:

I had listened to that song three times before I understood it.

Past Perfect

Def: an action that happened before another event in the past.

Examples: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before

I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost

my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had

visited the city several times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved

to Thailand?

Past Perfect (Cont.)

Finish the sentences (use past perfect)1. She only understood the movie because

she ___ _____ the book.2. Kristine ____ never ______ to an opera

before last night.3. We were not able to get a hotel room

because we ___ ___ _______ in advance. 4. A: ___ you ever ______the U.S. before

your trip in 2006?B: Yes, I ___ ____to the U.S. once before.

Past Perfect Practice

Future Perfect: Form: [will have + past participle]Def: action will occur before another action in the future or action will happen before a specific time or something will continue until another action

I will have listened to music for one hour by 10 p.m.

Future Perfect

Notice in the examples below that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

No Future in Time ClausesLike all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples: By next November, I will have received my promotion. By the time he gets home, she will have cleaned the entire house. I will not have finished this test by 3 o'clock.

Future Perfect (Cont.)

Complete the following sentences: By the time I finish this course, I ____ _______

_______ ten tests. How many countries ____ you _____ ________

by the time you turn 50?

Future Perfect Practice

Verb/conjugation reviewTo listen Past Present Future

Simple listened listen Will listen

Continuous Was listening Am listening Will be listening

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

Had been listening

Have been listening

Will have been

listening

TS. The accomplishment I am happiest about is overcoming my shyness at school.2. I decided to join a club on campus.3. At the first club meeting, I talked to several people.4. I made two friends in the club.5. Those two friends introduced me to their friends.6. Now I know lots of people, and I don’t feel shy any more.

Exercise 3 Answer keys1.

TS. In order to stay within my budget, I followed a series of steps.2. I set aside money for housing, food, and

transportation.3. The remainder was “fun money” that I

could spend on gifts.4. I kept a record of my “fun expenses.”5. I reached my limit for “fun expenses.”6. I stopped spending.

Exercise 3 Answer keys2.

TS. Last week I learned how to find a book in my college library.2. I found the library website.3. I located the catalog on the website.4. I selected “Title.”5. I typed in the name of the book I was looking for. 6. The computer told me that the book was on the shelf.7. I wrote down the call number.8. I went into the stacks to get the books.

Exercise 3 Answer keys3.