Gandhi Ganga Electronic Version Vol 1-2 No 1

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Gandhi Ganga(A Research and Activities Journal)

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

G ANDHIANCENTRE FORPEACE ANDCONFLICTSTUDIES (GCPCS)University of Jammu, Jammu

ISO 9001 : 2000 Certified

L aunching of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at University of Jammu and Gandhi Ganga witheffect from April 2004 is a unique and singular exercise of its kind. The Jammu and Kashmir has never had anyinstitution to study and grasp Mahatma Gandhi's ideas,

philosophy, work and learn about Mahatma's message.


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Chairman:Amitabh Mattoo,

Vice Chancellor,University of Jammu,Jammu-180006.

Members:Kiran Bedi, IPSDavid Cortright, President, Fourth Freedom ForumAnurag Gangal, Member-SecretaryTushar Gandhi, Gandhian Activist

Meenakshi Kilam, Professor, JUDeepshikha Kotwal, Professor, JUJigar Mohammad, Professor, JUYunus Samad, Professor, Bradford UniversityAnjoo Sharan, Professor, BHUSavita Singh, Gandhian Activist, GSDSPriyankar Upadhyaya, Professor, BHUUmesh Uppadhyaya, Journalist/Media-person

Editorial Team:Executive Editor:Anurag Gangal

Editors:Sahlinder Singh JamwalRenu NandaYog Raj Sharma

Assistant Editors:

Bharat Bhushan AnandRanjeet Kalra

Sub Editors:Kuldeep Raj SharmaKaran Bir SinghHarveen Singh

Copyright Gandhi Ganga , Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006.

The view expressed and the facts stated in this Journal, published in Marchevery year, are those of the writers and they do not necessarily reflect theviews of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Jammu, Jammu. The decision of the editors / referees about the selection of manuscripts for publication shall be final.

EDITORIAL BOARD


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EDITORIAL

This is the inaugural double issue of annual research and activities journal Gandhi Ganga for 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 coming out asan official publication of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and ConflictStudies at University of Jammu. Indeed, here is Gandhi Ganga's special issue to commemorate 100 years of the birth of MahatmaGandhi's Satyagraha in South Africa on 11 September 1906. GandhiGanga will now be published in the month of April every year. It will

be our constant attempt to go for bi-annual publication of GandhiGanga . As such, it will then be published in April and September every year.

Its objectives are dissemination of peace and conflict relatedinformation, research activities, academic interactions andmeaningful expansion of the frontiers of knowledge and actiontowards Mahatma Gandhi's "practical-idealism".

In our efforts of realising objectives of Gandhian Centre for Peaceand Conflict Studies at Jammu University, our Vice Chancellor,Professor Amitabh Mattoo and University Grants Commission have

always proved to be the real guiding spirit and effective support.Without their meaningful and creative encouragement, even a singleleaf of this research and activity journal could not have been written.We owe Gandhi Ganga entirely to Professor Amitabh Mattoo, UGCand Professor Deepshikha Kotwal, Head, Department of English,University of Jammu. Professor Kotwal has stood by our side, as itwere, even in the difficult times of the Gandhian Centre of Universityof Jammu, Jammu.

Gandhi Ganga is also intended to be a unique research and activities journal in a number of ways. Gandhian Centre aims at launching along term global peace movement through Gandhi Ganga to helpevolve and ensure ever more permanent peaceful comity of nationsthrough nonviolence, truth non-possession, non-stealing and a wider and larger perspective of brahmcharya. In this attempt, GandhiGanga will also go for an unceasing quest for highlighting andsharpening the Gandhian tools of conflict management, conflict

resolution and conflict transformation.Gandhian Centre is currently functioning like an open institutionwithout walls where truth is realised through self-sustaining and self-disciplining free wills of all individuals, academics and activitiesaspiring for a better world to live in. We, indeed, welcome all authors,

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activists and individuals to contribute to the cause of world peace inany relevant area of their interest through the channels of GandhiGanga.

There is, however, one very clear seven-fold editorial policy of Gandhi Ganga aiming for excellence towards near-perfection if not

perfection: (1) Every contribution to Gandhi Ganga must havenecessary references, proof and depth for the quest of peace. (2) Asregards references, Gandhi Ganga will follow JNU ResearchMannual 2006. (3) For the purposes of readability and presentation,references will be printed in the journal anent academic and other contributions. (4) Without references, no contribution will beconsidered for publication. (5) All academic contributions toGandhi Ganga will be referred to concerned experts in the area for final decision before publication. (6) The identities of the expertsand the authors will remain confidential.

In the present issue of Gandhi Ganga , apart from periodic, report of Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies' activities, a fewtopical and academic columns and articles are also there. There are

permanent columns such as "Quotes" with relevant quotations;

"Gandhi today" with original quotations of Mahatma Gandhiconcerning globalization; and "What needs to be Done" with highlydiverse fields such as Education in India; Peace and ConflictOutlook; Academic Writing; Psychological viewpoint on MahatmaGandhi; Gandhi and Conflict Resolution; Gandhi and IndianForeign Policy; and Birth of Gandhi's Satyagraha etceteraalongwith a column on "Book Reviews".

The most interesting part of Gandhi Ganga apparently is its perennial focus on continued effectiveness found in Gandhianideas vis--vis the present-day world anAd its different challenges

before the humanity at large.

We at Gandhi Ganga hope to receive full cooperation and genuinefeedback from all our readers and volunteers. The Gandhi Ganga family wishes all the best to entire comity of peace loving peoplefor the coming New Year in 2007.

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CONTENT

Editorial 3

Birth of Satyagraha 7

Report 9

Quotes 31

Gandhi today Gandhi and Globalization 33 Academic Writings 35 Mahatma Gandhi: A Man of Action 37

Peace andConflict outlook Nothing less than Peace 39 Gandhi's Conflict Resolution 41

What needs to be done? Education in India 44 Gandhian Foreign Policy Pointers 45 Security Dilemma Today 47

Book review Gandhian and Beyond 50

Prospects 52


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...all Indian men, women andchildren eight years of ageand above were required to(i) register with the autho-rities, (ii) submit their fingerprints and (iii) acquire a cer-tificate which they were tocarry with them at all times.Defaulters were to lose theirright of residence and wereliable to be imprisoned, finedor deported from Transvaal.This ordinance got into effectas the Asiatic RegistrationAct on 31 July 1907. Gandhicalled it a Black Act. It

occasioned the first campaignof nonviolence as corporateaction. On 11 September1906, a large number of Indians in South Africa hadpublicly pledged themselves

to boycott the bill.

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South Africa witnessed in August 1906 a hundred years ago printing of a draft of an ordinance in the Transvaal Government Gazette to be submitted to the state legislature. According to thisdraft, all Indian men, women and children eight years of age andabove were required to (i) register with the authorities, (ii) submit their finger prints and (iii) acquire a certificate which they were tocarry with them at all times. Defaulters were to lose their right of residence and were liable to be imprisoned, fined or deported fromTransvaal.

This ordinance got into effect as the Asiatic Registration Act on 31July 1907. Gandhi called it a Black Act. It occasioned the first campaign of nonviolence as corporate action. On 11 September1906, a large number of Indians in South Africa had publicly

pledged themselves to boycott the bill.When this bill became a law, majority of Indians refused to obtain

permits as contemplated under its rules. Some Indians courted

imprisonment and Gandhi was among them. Gandhi had actuallydemanded heaviest sentence for himself. But the Judge gave himonly two months' simple imprisonment. Others were alsosentenced to varying terms of imprisonment.Thus was born Gandhi's technique of nonviolent corporate action.In the beginning, Gandhi called it passive resistance. But as themovement advanced, Gandhi searched for a more suitableexpression because the term 'passive resistance' did not quiteappeal to him.To find a proper term, Gandhi announced a prize to that end.Maganlal Gandhi, a nephew and a co-worker, suggested theexpression Sadagraha. Gandhi, however, changed it toSatyagraha, which literally means clinging to truth or the

pursuit of truth. He defined it as 'soul force'. Gandhi was alwaysat pains to differentiate Satyagraha with passive resistence.

Satyagraha, for Gandhi, is a dynamic nonviolent soul forcewithout any 'passive' element in it. It stands on its own strength. Asatyagrahi is nonviolent out of his courage of conviction and not due to any circumstantial compulsions. Satyagraha is not static. It is always growing with experience. It is an ever growing and

BIRTH OF SATYAGRAHA

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expanding act and concept. Passive resistance, on the other hand,has only the physical nonviolence of Satyagraha in it and that tooborn out of varied compulsions. Satyagraha goes beyond, as it were, time and space with an inherent quality of timelessness in it.Satyagraha does not harm anyone in essence. It is truth, love andnonviolence and thus it is full of life, energy and craving forhumanity. We know that adopting nonviolence is an essential part of our routine life. After all, for how many hours in a day a person can remain violent in any form. There is a limit to it. However,there is no limit to remaining nonviolent throughout life all thewhile.

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Satyagraha, for Gandhi, is a

dynamic nonviolent soulforce without any 'passive'element in it. It stands on itsown strength. A satyagrahi isnonviolent out of his courage

of conviction and not due toany circumstantial compul-sions. Satyagraha is notstatic. It is always growingwith experience.


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Introduction

Despite difficulties of the initial years, The Gandhian Centre isrunning quite successfully only with highly encouraging and

positive approach of the Vice Chancellor Professor AmitabhMattoo. The incumbent Director of the Gandhian Centre couldnot have run it without the comprehensive support of the ViceChancellor. Professor Mattoo has a visionary outlook andextensive academic reach. This has helped Gandhian Centre a

lot. That is why Gandhian Centre has been able to organisealmost one to two meaningful activities every month during the period of University Grants Commission (UGC) grants of 2004-2005. These were utilised only during the financial year2005-2006 as stipulated in the concerned letter from UGC. TheGandhian Centre, in terms of space, geographical area, infra-structural facilities and their expanse is working without wallsquite like Ivan Illich's idea of a Deschooling Society. It is

physically not allocated any space and location. It is goingahead with the strength of the youth and students of Jammuregion. Its Visiting Faculty and workers and youthfulvolunteers move forward under open skies. As regards, fax,telephones and internet facilities, Jammu University'sGandhian Centre's volunteers, workers, and staff are sodedicated that they often use their own personal resources alsowithout ever bringing this matter to light.Director, Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (GSDS), NewDelhi, Dr Savita Sing; the Trustee of Gandhi Seva Sadan (GSS), Jammu, Miss Sushma Chowdhry, IAS; and President of GSS, Dr Ved Gahi have agreed for permanent collaboration with the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies(GCPCS) at University of Jammu. Professor PriyankarUpadhyaya, Director, Malviya Centre for Peace Research(MCPR), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi has extended an invitation to enter into a Memorandum of Understanding withGCPCS at Jammu University. Professor David Cortwright from Notre Dame University, United States and ProfessorYunus Samad from Bradford University, United Kingdom

REPORT

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have also visited GCPCS for special lectures on Gandhi and WorldPeace.As such, the GCPCS is moving into diversified fields for wideningthe Gandhian expanse of human fabric and understanding. Theintensity of purpose and quality of work are also having theirlevels of quite satisfactory energy and right implementation levels.

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The Gandhian Centre, interms of space, geographical

a r e a , i n f r a - s t r u c t u r a lfacilities and their expanse isworking without walls quitelike Ivan Illich's idea of aDeschooling Society. It isphysically not allocated any

space and location. It is goingahead with the strength of theyouth and students of Jammuregion. Its Visiting Facultyand workers and youthfulvolunteers move forward

under open skies.


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Activities 2004 - 2006

1.Advisory Committee meetings; 2.Surveys in villages andschools; 3. Quizzes in schools; 4. Debates in Colleges;5.Exploration Visits to Villages for knowing EnvironmentalConditions and Prospective Gandhian Employment Generation

planning; 6.Survey for Studying Possibilities of Gandhian Conflict Resolution among Inhabitants of Border Areas Villages;7.Publication of Research Articles on Gandhi and KashmirTangle and also on Gandhi and Globalisation in Anasakti,

Kashmir Times, Daily Excelsior and Dainik Jagran ; 8.NationalSeminar and Dance Drama on Mahatma Gandhi's Life andRelevance involving participants and activists from Tamilnadu,Bihar, Orisa, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir; 9.Special Lectures byDr Savita Singh, Dr Kiran Bedi and Shri Tushar Gandhi;10. Procurement of Equipments for the Gandhian Centre;11. Purchasing books for reading Room; 12. Donating books on Gandhi in Jammu Schools and among 250 South Asian Delegates;13. Delivering Lectures on Gandhi in schools; 14. Involvingschool, college and youth from Jammu University in VoluntaryActivities of the Gandhian Centre; 15. Bhajan Sandhya with 'A'Grade Radio and TV artists, singers and children singing bhajansdear to Mahatma Gandhi; 16. Celebrating 100 years of Satyagrahafrom 05 September to 12 September 2005 with Shri Satpal Mittal'sLecture at Gandhian Centre, JU and visits to Prasthan Ashram at Pathankot 17. Visiting GSDS, New Delhi along with attendingvarious Programmes on the occasion of 100 years of Satyagraha;18. Constructive Programme oriented visits to District Jail forinteracting with Convicts and Terrorist Detainees and criminals;19. Continuing Harmony and Peace Signature Campaign as an ongoing exercise until 10,000 signatures/pledges are obtained;20. Preparation of a Post-Graduate Diploma Syllabus forlaunching a one year Distance Learning National Course on

Gandhi and Conflict Resolution; 21. Delivering Special Lecture on Mahatma Gandhi at Gandhian Studies Centre, MAM College, JU;22. Attending UGC Conference of Directors of Gandhian Centreat Calcutta; 23. Visiting Professor Assignment at CalcuttaUniversity's Gandhian Centre for about a week.

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Cooperation from Colleagues,Students and Civil Society

Voluntary and sincere efforts of Professor Deepshikha Kotwalfrom Department of English, Dr Renu Nanda from Education, MrRanjit Kalra from Academic Staff College and Members of theAdvisory Committee of the Gandhian Centre. Professor JigarMohammad from History; Dr V. N. Labh from Buddhist Studies;Professor Ramnika Jalali from Sanskrit; Professor Deep Sahifrom Zoology; Mr Vikram Sahi from Library's ComputerSystems Analysis; Ms Indira Rathore, Principal, Government Degree College for Women, Parade; Professor Bharat Bhushan Anand from Maulana Azad Memorial College, Jammu; ProfessorNaresh Padha from Physics; Dr Sangeeta Thapliyal, Mr HappyMohan Jacob, Dr Muneer Alam, Dr V.V. Nagendra Rao and DrMathews Joseph C. from Centre for Strategic and RegionalStudies; Professor Naubat Ram Sharma from Education; Dr

Dipanker Sengupta; Dr Mohammad Tajuddin from PoliticalScience; Professor Ashok Aima and Professor Meenakshi Keelamfrom Management Studies have helped the Gandhian Centre in standing upright.Gandhian Centre at University of Jammu (JU) is also working in

permanent collaboration with Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samitiat New Delhi. GCPCS at JU is also functioning with Gandhi SewaSadan at Jammu in quite a few activities anent villages and use of Khadi. Ms Sushma Chowdhary as trustee and Dr Ved Ghai asChairman of Gandhi Sewa Sadan have extended their cooperation to the Gandhian Centre on their own. The Gandhian Centre andJammu University is very thankful to them in this act of realisingcommon goal of expanding the frontiers of Gandhian orientation and thinking among masses and youth alike. A local non-governmental unregistered organisation Disha with Mr Sumeet as

Chairman has also come forward to work with the Gandhian Centre at JU.

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Realisation of Objectives

Help from UGC and esteemed colleagues, friends, civil society,students, research scholars and volunteers has led to realisation of objectives of establishing the GCPCS at Jammu University to theextent of about 75 per cent in the first year. Objectives quite fullyrealised are :

1. Setting up of reading and library with about 600 books in addition to periodicals, journals and Newspapers.

2. National Seminar, culturalactivities, information dissemination, interactive

programmes with civilsociety, going to ther u r a l / u r b a n p o o r e rsections of society and

involving youth in diverseaction oriented field work etc.

3. Providing teaching support and interactive sessions to youthand professional teachers in universities, colleges andschools.

4. Inviting experts on Visiting Faculty Assignments to theGCPCS.

5. Organised Special Lectures Series on Mahatma Gandhi withexperts from India, US and UK as well.

Dr. Savita Singh, Director, GSDS, New Delhi, Keynote Address at the National Seminar

Dance Drama on Gandhi's Life at GCPCS JU during National Seminar

Interactive Sessions with Youth at JU on Gandhi

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6. Conducting surveys, debates and theatre activities on Mahatma Gandhi.

7. Distributing relevant Gandhian literature on MahatmaGandhi not only among J&K youth but also amidst SouthAsian community and also to prisoners in Jails.

8. Publishing (under process) select special lectures on Mahatma Gandhi and relevant subjects.

9. Preparing to launch a one year Post-Graduate Diploma by

next year.

Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Vice Chancellor, JU,Presides at Special Lecture of Dr. Kiran Bedi

Final Round of Inter-College Quiz Competition

Dr. Renu Nanda giving away Inter-College DebateCompetition First Prize to Ravinder Rana of

Maulana Azad Memorial College

Jenaab Ghulam Hassan Mir, Minister of Tourism, J&K State and Dr. Savita SinghPresenting the Final Round Quiz Trophy toGDC for Women, Parade, Jammu.

Faculty, Student, Researchers and Members of Civil Society Present at the Lecture

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Media Coverage and Photos

Media Coverage to GCPCS Activities has also been phenomenalthrough print and electronic both. It will be well to put here a few photographs and print media coverage. In the electronic area, Siticable, J&K Channel, Take One Channel and Star TV have coveredvarious GCPCS programmes. In print media, Hindustan Times,Indian Express, Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Daily Excelsior,Kashmir Times, Punjab Kesari, Early Times, Greater Kashmir,Kashmir Images and others have covered Gandhian Centre'sactivities. Apart from this, GCPCS has been able to produce CDsand DVDs of almost all its major programmes. Almost all officework of GCPCS also stands duly computerised.There are quite a few special photographs and print mediacoverage that can be scanned here for providing a birds eye view,as it were, of GCPCS's action in villages, urban areas, schools andcolleges etc. Obviously the entire media coverage and all photos

and Compact Discs cannot be included in this brief report of GCPCS activities.The Gandhiana Multi-Media Exhibition as a fortnight long Gandhi

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festival was first of its kind in Jammu and Kashmir. After this,National Seminar cum Dance Drama was organised from 25 Aprilto 27 April 2005. Apart from Keynote Address of Dr Savita Singhand Presidential speech of Professor Amitabh Mattoo, there werequite a few other academic presentations. All this activity brought

people from Kanyakumari to Jammu and Kashmir.Then Shri Tushar Gandhi came to GCPCS for a week long

programme of Special Lecture and other activities of going to poor people and villages in border areas and displaced people's Camps.

All these activities of GCPCS have not only been exciting but alsohighly educative for youth and civil society in Jammu.

Visits to villages in collaboration with Gandhi Seva Sadan, Jammu proved to be specially fruitful as they provided an opportunity of exposure of city dwelling youth vis--vis rural youth and realities.

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Ms Sushma Chowdhary, IAS (third from right), and Trustee, GSS Dr Ved Ghai,President, GSS (fourth from right), and Shri Sumeet (at the far back), Chairman, Disha with GCPCS staff and Volunteersat Jakh Village Gandhi Seva Sadan Vocational Centre

At Jakh Village

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Shri Tushar Gandhi's Lecture was followed by several other programmes such as GCPCS's visit to Amphalla District Jail in collaboration with Gandhian Studies Centre at MAM College of Jammu University. In this venture, convicts, prisoners, andterrorists were the major concerns with whom all volunteershappened to meet and even shared their meals prepared by inmatesof the jail in their properly maintained kitchen. This jail was a

prison inasmuch as its inmates were not usually allowed to go out of its boundaries and to their families and friends. Otherwise, they

were having all every opportunity and facility needed for a normallife.

Tushar Gandhi's Special Lecture with Professor Amitabh MattooPresiding as Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu, Jammu

GCPCS Director Speaking at Jail

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At Amphalla Jail, Jammu

Kitchen at the Jail

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Cultural events, Dances, Skits, Bhajans dear to Mahatma Gandhivisits to several villages and schools along with organising of varied activities has brought, for the first time, a new Gandhian versatility into the youth of Jammu in particular. Theirmisconceptions about Mahatma Gandhi are being streamlined tosome extent. Of course a lot more needs to be done.

Participants in National Seminar on Gandhi at GCPCS, JU

GCPCS Volunteers at Bishnah Village interacting with Villagers At Kool Village

Moving from Kool to border village Arnea

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Participants at 15 Days Gandhi Festival at JU with Dr Savita Singh (C), Dr Renu Gangal(LC), Dr Indira Rathore (RC)

Professor Amitabh Mattoo, VC, JU and Dr. Savita Singh with JanaabGulam Hassan Mir the then Minister of Tourism at JU Exhibitionon Mahatma Gandhi

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Gandhian Centre at University of Jammu is aiming at spreadingMahatma Gandhi's message of peace and self-reliance. As such,almost every section of society is being involved in various peace,cultural and other related activities.

Vandita, Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Mrs Ajita Mattoo, Ishita and Dr Savita Singhat Gandhi Theatre Performance at JU

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The then Minister of Education, J&K, as Chief Guest in GCPCS function at JU

Former Vice Chancellor Shri M.R. Puri presenting a Memento to veteranGandhian Journalist Shri S.P. Sahni

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Bhajan Sandhya being inaugurated by Pundit Ashutosh Magotra

Bhajan Sandhya

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M edia Coverage

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M edia Coverage

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M edia Coverage

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M edia Coverage

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M edia Coverage

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M edia Coverage

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Innumerable are the names of God; but if a choice wereto be made of one, it would be Sat or Satya , that is,Truth. Hence verily Truth is God.

20.11.1944

Realization of Truth is not at all possible without Ahimsa (Non-violence). That is why it has been said that Ahimsa is thesupreme Dharma (Law).

21.11.1944The quest of Truth and the observance of Non-violence areimpossible without Brahmacharya (celibacy), Non-stealing,Non-possession, Fearlessness, Equal Respect for all Religions,Removal of Untouchability, and the like.

22.11.1944

Brahamacharya here means control over the sense-organs in thought, word and deed. He shall not be deemed a true

Brahmachari who, although he may be living a chaste life,otherwise harbours impurity of mind.23.11.1944

Non-stealing does not mean merely not to steal. To keep or takeanything which one does not need is also stealing. And, of course, stealing is fraught with violence.

24.11.1944

Non-possession means that we should not

hoard anything that we do not need today.25.11.1944

Fearlessness should connote absence of all kinds of fear-fear of death, fear of bodily injury, fear of hunger, fear of insults, fearof public disapprobation, fear of ghosts and evil spirits, fear of anyone's anger. Freedom from all these and other such fearsconstitutes fearlessness.

26.11.1944

We must respect other religions even as we respect our own.Mere tolerance there of is not enough.

27.11.1944

QUOTES

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Removal of untouchability means not merely touchingthe Harijans (untouchables), but also looking upon them

as our own kith and kin, in other words, treating them in the same way as we would our own brothers and sisters.None is high, none low.

28.11.1944

"Yogash Chitta Vritti Nirodhah" - This is the first aphorism of Patanjali's Yoga Darshan (Philosophy of Yoga). Yoga meanscontolling the activities of the mind, that is, to restrain andsubdue the surging passions of the mind.

29.11.1944

How can one in whose mind passions keep surging ever realiseTruth? The upsurge of passions in the mind is like a tempest in the ocean. Only that helmsman remains safe in the storm whoholds fast to the helm. Likewise, he along triumphs who seeksrefuge in Ramanama (the name of God) when his mind isrestless.

30.11.1944

The hymn - "Take Thou a Lesson from the Tree" is worth toone's heart. The tree bears the heat of the Sun and yet providescool shade to us. What do we do?

1.12.1944

Let us always beware of false knowledge. That knowledge isfalse which keeps or turns us away from Truth.

2.12.1944

For the realization of Truth, it is necessary to read the lives of the saints and ponder over them.

3.12.1944

Against whom shall we harbour enmity when God himself saysthat He dwells in all living beings? (Translation of today'shymn).

4.12.1944

The great lesson that we learn from the life of Mirabai* is that she renounced her all - even her husband - for the sake of God.* A great devotee of Lord Krishna.

5.12.1944

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What is Gandhi's concept of holistic process of globalization? It is practical-idealist concept Gandhi called himself a practical-idealist. He has never written or said much about globalization in

particular as a term with specific meaning that is being attached toit currently. Yet he had foreseen almost all major trends andstrands of globalization today in a positive and creative mould. Forhim :

It is impossible for one to be an internationalist without being a nationalist... Our nationalism can be no peril toother nations inanmuch as well will exploit none just as wewill allow none to exploit us.

The satyagrahi must maintain personal contact with

people of his locality. This living association of human beings is essential to a genuine democracy.

I have no doubt that unless big nations shed their desire forexploitation and the spirit of violence of which war is thenatural expression and the atom bomb the inevitableconsequence, there is no hope for peace in the world.

Mechanisation is good when hands are too few for thework intended to be accomplished. It is evil where thereare more hands than required...

I entertain no fads in this regard (i.e., his avowedopposition to mechanisation and capital-intensivetechnology). All that I desire is that every able-bodiedcitizen should be provided with gainful employment. If electricity and even automatic energy could be usedwithout...creating unemployment, I will not raise my litlefinger against it... If the government could provide fullemployment to our people without the help of Khadi hand-spinning and hand-weaving industries, I shall be preparedto wind up my constructive programme in this regard.

Gandhi on Globalization

GCPCS Team

GANDHI TODAY

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Under Swaraj (self-rule) of my dream, there is nonecessity of arms at all.

To reject foreign manufactures merely because they areforeign and to go on wasting national time and money on the promotion in one's own country of manufactures forwhich it is not suited would be criminal folly and anegation of the Swadeshi spirit.

Decentralisation of political and economic power,

reduction in the functions and importance of State, growthof voluntary associations, removal of dehumanising poverty and resistance to injustice... will bring life within the understanding of man and make society and the statedemocratic... The nonviolent State will cooperate with an international organisation based on nonviolence. Peacewill come not merely by changing the institutional formsbut by regenerating those attitudes and ideals of whichwar, imperialism, capitalism and other forms of exploitation are the inevitable expressions.

I am not against all international trade, though importsshould be limited to things that are necessary for ourgrowth but which India and for that matter any poorercountry cannot herself produce and export of things of real benefit to foreigners.

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It is impossible for one to bean internationalist withoutbeing a nationalist... Ournationalism can be no peril to

other nations inanmuch aswell will exploit none just aswe will allow none to exploitus.


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Academic WritingDirector, GCPCS,

Anurag Gangal

Academic writing is a professional and skilled work. Researchaptitude and training, methodological tools, stylistic finesse, nearcomplete knowledge of subject matter, commitment anddedication to 'perfectibility' if not 'perfection', originality, andabsolute devotion to meet the 'deadlines' are a few characteristicfeatures of an academic piece of writing.Objective analyses, clarity of ideas and presentation are other tworequirements. Clich, plagiarism, spelling mistakes have zerotolerance limits.Length or word-limit must also be given due importance. In anycase, one must never go beyond writing more than 100 words fromthe prescribed word-limit in a given piece. This exception must not be treated as a general rule to follow.Proper perception and presentation of the topic of researchalongwith meaningful and exact though varied and easyvocabulary is also needed. Academic writing is, therefore, ahighly skilful job. It needs great care and involvement from within and without. Every word is important and significant.

Floccinaucinihilipilification will not do.As such, academic writing is the job of an established and welltrained academic. Amateur writing has little scope in the academicworld. Indeed, academic writing is a serious matter even when

there is the task of writing a light and comic piece!Whatever may be the area of specialisation for academic writing,wider reading habit in the field of high quality literature is a must.For instance, regular reading of fiction, poetry, prose, drama in the concerned language and in any other language is absolutelynecessary.Deep involvement in the theme and topic of writing alongwith

nearly incessant thinking about the subject matter leads tooutpouring of a logical and easily readable script on its own.Writer's thematic ambience in one's mind and heart is then spreadforth on the sheet of paper quite like the work of an accomplishedsculptor.

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Academic writing is a profes-sional and skilled work.Research aptitude and trai-ning, methodological tools,stylistic finesse, near com-plete knowledge of subject

matter, commitment and de-dication to 'perfectibility' if not 'perfection', originality,and absolute devotion to meetthe 'deadlines' are a few cha-racteristic features of anacademic piece of writing.

36 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Vocabulary emerges with exactitude of an original piece of work.Dictionaries, thesauruses and words of power from regularreading of newspapers are then not required so much. Theyactually spoil the pleasure of reading, writing and their naturaltenor. Newspapers and other such means are helpful only from theangle of obtaining information only.There is, indeed, no alternative to hard work with deepinvolvement while going for academic writing. Only then inner conflicts of an academic writer can be solved. Even the knowledge

of grammar is also not so much required here. It evolves on itsown.


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Mahatma Gandhi: A Man of ActionRenu Gangal

Gandhi's personality can be described as 'calmly active and

actively calm'. Every weakness of his that he realised and eachinstance of humiliation inflicted upon him became a moment of test of fire for his person. His experiences from one humiliation toanother strengthened his determination to fight for justice,equality and 'right against might'. In his fight against might, healways remained cool and calm. He is known also as a great loverof humour and lighter side of life.There is an incident quoted by Gandhi's noted biographer LouisFischer in his The Life of Mahatma Gandhi when in this book Gandhi says, The West has always commanded my admiration for its surgical inventions and all round progress in that direction.. Nevertheless, Gandhi quite cast off his prejudicesagainst physicians. Once Gandhi resisted a penicillin injection.If I give you penicillin, you will recover in three days,' the doctorsaid, 'otherwise it will take three weeks.'

'That's all right,' Gandhi replied. I am in no hurry.'The doctor said he might affect others.Gandhi replied, Then give them penicillin.In an unguarded moment, the same physician told Gandhi that if allsick people simply went to bed they would get well.Gandhi cautioned his physician in a lighter vein and said, Don't

say that loud. You will lose all your patients.Gandhi, as such, has been a man of humility with determination,an activist with a great sense of humour, and a scientist alwaysbusy in his experiments with truth.As a man of action and vision, Gandhi has had his way of doingthings in his own way. His major tools were Observation,Experience, Experiments, Self-analysis and Linkage in his goalsand methods. His philosophy of truth as a way of life flows fromhis own experiments. His experiments were drawn on the down toearth realities and facts of life. However, Gandhi's most significant tools were his power of intuition and his own innervoice and consciousness.

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Gandhi, in general, may therefore, be regarded as an expert in epistemology, philosophy and use of scientific methods also.Although he often preferred to go beyond established contours of scientific methods through the use of his intuition and innerconsciousness. He used these two meta-scientific tools in therealms of reason and human consciousness as well!

38 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

If I give you penicillin, youwill recover in three days,'the doctor said, 'otherwise itwill take three weeks.''That's all right,' Gandhireplied. I am in no hurry.'

The doctor said he mightaffect others.Gandhi replied, Then givethem penicillin.In an unguarded moment,the same physician toldGandhi that if all sick peoplesimply went to bed theywould get well.G a n d h i c a u t i o n e d h i sphysician in a lighter vein and

said, Don't say that loud.You will lose all yourpatients.


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Gandhi Ganga

Peace and Conflict Outlook

Nothing less than PeaceKuldeep Raj Sharma

Twenty-first century is an age of technology of computer-chips,nano-technology, globalisation, networking and instantaneouscommunication. All these together move on to evolve a globalvillage where activities, ideas, thinking and living style of everyindividual and precious human life affects, influences and interactswith all other persons on earth let alone nations, communities anddiverse ethnic groups mutually functioning concurrently.

Most of these efforts are made apparently towards continuous peaceand development of comity of nations, institutions and individualsalike. Various technological and other peace processes of this typebring in their fray an inherent though latent and manifest both

undercurrents of mutual conflicts also. Such conflicts arise not onlyfrom within but also from without. When conflicts become veryserious then citizens of the world and different concerned countriesand regions will have to be involved for their effective resolution.

This is a perennial rigmarole of peace and conflict. From peace toconflict and vice versa. What comes first Peace or Conflict? It isdifficult to find and decide. The method of deeper causal observation of daily routine amongst nations and individuals brings forth the

predominant role of peace in human lives in comparison to obviouslywidespread conflicts, wars, terrorism and weapons of massdestruction (WMDs).Indeed, what is the nature of peace and conflict in human nature? Thisquery needs to be examined further in depth in oncoming writings in next volumes.In this matter quite a few recent works, among several others, are of great help. For example new revised edition of Joan V. Bondurant,Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict ,Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1988; DavidCortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism ,Paradigm Publishers, Boulder (US), 2006. The first copy of DavidCortright's book was presented by its author to Professor AmitabhMattoo, Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu and Chairman,Advisory Committee, Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (GCPCS), University of Jammu at a Special Lecture on Gandhi and the West delivered on 16 April 2006 at Jammu


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40 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

University, J&K, India at the invitation of GCPCS.Peace and Conflict must not be treated as two parallel line that shallnever have a meeting point. Among these two, each is the progenitorof the other one. As such, every conflict is an opportunity for evermore cooperation and conflict resolution. Going a step further, it isconflict transformation which is necessary alongside application of different methods of conflict resolution.Peace and nonviolence do not take away precious human lives.Violence certainly culminates in eventual harmful effects upon

human lives including very painful deaths. Long live peace andnonviolence.

This is a perennial rigmaroleof peace and conflict. Frompeace to conflict and viceversa. What comes firstPeace or Conflict? It is diffi-cult to find and decide. Themethod of deeper causal ob-servation of daily routinea m o n g s t n a t i o n s a n dindividuals brings forth thepredominant role of peace inhuman lives in comparison toobviously widespread con-flicts, wars, terrorism andweapons of mass destruction(WMDs).


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Gandhi Ganga

Gandhian Conflict ResolutionKishor Sharma

Long established methods of conflict management, conflict resolution and conflict transformation are mostly arising from a

present day context of a sheer helplessness in view of numerousnational, regional, international and global conflicts and challenges to

peace and prosperity. The Gandhian nonviolence, on the otherhand, is such an area of managing, resolving and transformingdiverse types of conflicts that it starts not from helplessness but fromcourage of conviction and essential belief in the caressing power of nonviolence.

Nonviolence cannot be discussed on and on. It needs i) courageousnegotiators, ii) soldiers without weapons iii) unflinching faith in ahimsa iv) self-confidence with patience and perseverance and v)certainly not the bullish audaciousness.Such nonviolence is replete with great potential to deal with a numberof modern day dangerous conflictual human concerns. Nonviolenceempowered with the tools of satyagraha has succeeded, amongothers, in gaining political independence both for India and Pakistan

form our dear British counterparts upon whom Sun never set!Indeed, the initial hitch is that of taking a meaningful initiative andlead. The essence of the matter here is what Gandhi said immediatelyafter his Dandi March on 05 April 1930:

The usual conflict resolution is a well established process of resolvinga dispute or a conflict by providing each side's needs, and adequatelyaddressing their interests so that they are satisfied with the outcome.Conflict resolution aims to end conflicts before they start or lead to

physical fighting. Resolution methods can include conciliation,mediation, arbitration or litigation.Sometimes disputes and conflicts may simply be avoided without actually resolving them. At times, it may even be desirable that theconcerned parties may disagree. However, one thing is clear. It is that a conflict is a state of opposition between two parties.

Courtesy : Publications Division, Government of India


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There are different types of conflicts. This list can never be fullyexhaustive. Broadly speaking, about eleven types of conflicts arerecognized: i) intra-personal conflict, ii) interpersonal conflict, iii)group conflict, iv) organizational conflict, v) community conflict, vi)intra-state conflict, vii) inter-state conflict, viii) internationalconflict, ix) global conflicts, x) regional conflicts, xi) communal orconflicts between different religions, xii) racial conflicts.For resolving these conflicts, several diplomatic tracks are alsoalready there. As regards quite a few apparent and friendly conflictsbetween United States (US) and India, Track 6 diplomacy is also

proving to be highly fruitful for evolving short-term and long-termrelationship of mutuality and growing commitment and faith. Thereare currently nine tracks of diplomacy recognised more widely: i)government to government, ii) unofficial policy oriented non-governmental exchanges, iii) businessman to businessman, iv) citizen to citizen exchange programmes of all kinds, v) media to media basedefforts and exchanges, vi) religion, vii) activism, viii) research, ix)training, and education.All these methods of conflict resolution are also highly dynamic.These are being applied widely for several years now. The present day conflict resolution methods are, however, not really sononviolent for they arise from an intense interest based orientation of cooperation and ever more cooperation out of a mutual assured fearamong nations and individuals alike.Nonviolence of the Gandhian order, on the other hand, does not suffer from such a, as it were, clich. Therefore, what is the harm if this approach is also developed alongside other prevalent ways of conflict resolution? Nonviolence is also highly free from anyreligious bias in nature inasmuch as it is presently coming from asecular mind of Gandhi who is regarded as an undisputed leader not only the downtrodden but also of the saner minds in the world.The need is to make experiments with an open mind and objectivescientific outlook. Gandhi had this faith in social and politicalexperimentation. Indeed, a positively practical attitude to evolution of ever new avenues and vistas of knowledge must never be put aside.The world can live and prosper by nonviolence alone. Love triumphsnot hatred. Human intuition, inner consciousness, inner strength,discipline and courage provide the real mentle to every activity and


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idea in which present day man is engaged. Without these even the best equipped army cannot succeed. A nonviolent Satyagraha activist alsoneeds only these things to succeed. Hence, initially what everyindividual has to realise is that it is not by violence alone wars can bewon. May be it is for this reason that Gandhi is known not only as thegreatest Commander of the largest nonviolent army of the world but also as the most successful expert in conflict resolution.

43Gandhi Ganga

There are currently ninetracks of diplomacy recog-

nised more widely: i) govern-ment to government, ii) un-official policy oriented non-governmental exchanges, iii)businessman to businessman,iv) citizen to citizen exchange

programmes of all kinds, v)media to media based effortsand exchanges, vi) religion,vii) activism, viii) research,ix) training, and education.


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Education in IndiaKaran Bir Singh

There is need to think over following basic questions once again separately on a national level:What is education? What is information? What is indoctrination?What is knowledge? What is self-awareness? What is an examination? What is self-assessment? What is vocationaleducation (sic) / training?

What is merit? What is performance? What is professionalism?What is excellence? What is perfection?What are various purposes and aims behind these thirteen activities, processes and systems?What is the relationship between democracy and all abovementioned fundamental pointers?Is utterly examination orientation of the education system really

fruitful?What is the relationship between professional training forobtaining jobs, on-job training and education?Until answers in proper perspective are found to these questions,India and Indians cannot have respite from their evils of poverty,

unemployment and exploitation through foreign aid etcetera. Self-reliance will remain a distant dream and security of the nation willslip away time and again.World Food ScarcityOne easy way of removing scarcity of food the world over isvegetarianism. There are over one billion hungry people in theworld today. If everyone every human person opts forvegetarianism, world will have enough food for every citizen of this spaceship earth!How will this be possible?It is elementary my dear Watson!A Sherlock Holmes is not needed to answer this.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

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Gandhi Ganga

Gandhian Foreign Policy PointersAcademic Team of GCPCS

Foreign Policy Diagram

Above mentioned spheres, in an international foreign policy perspective, represent:v A country's immediate neighbours as immediate sphere.v Other poor, less developed, underdeveloped, developing and

smaller countries like India are in the mid sphere.v Bigger, more developed, developed, militarily and otherwise

very powerful great powers or superpower countries constitutingthe outer sphere.

As Gandhi says, in this global conflict reduction security bufferdesign, there will be:ever widening, never ascending circles. Life will not be a pyramidwith the apex sustained by the bottom. But it will be an oceanic circlewhose centre will be the individual always ready to perish for thevillage, the later for the circle of villages, till the last becomes onelife composed of individuals, never aggressive in their arrogance but ever humble, sharing the majesty of the oceanic circle of which theyare integral parts. Therefore, the outermost circumference will not wield the power to crush the inner circle but will give strength to allwithin and derive its own strength from it No one [will] be thefirst and none the last.Utmost priority, apparently, is to be given to good understanding and

relations with immediate neighbours like Pakistan and others. Aholistic security climate has to be expanded from the inner most circleof neighbours and beyond. That is how three broad conflict reduction security buffer spheres may be created through very friendly relationsbased on utter mutual faith and nonviolence.


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In the absence of a general belief in the power of nonviolence andlove, i.e., truth, this pattern must still be strengthened despitecontinuing armaments race and overkill capacities of WMDs ornuclear, biological and chemical (NBCs) weapons. These weaponscannot provide us security inasmuch as they are there for mutualmassive destruction and spreading terror. These weapons do not defend us. They are meant to kill during wars and terrorise during

peacetime. About thirty countries already possess these WMDs.Anti-tank nuclear bullets are also in use. Nearly 100, 000 nuclearbombs are also there among these states. United States and Russiaalone share more than half of this arsenal.Only less than an iota of present-day stockpiles of armaments wasthere in Gandhi's time. Practical-idealism of Gandhi emerges even more clearly when he says in this context:It [nonviolence] is of universal applicability. Nevertheless, perfect nonviolence, like Absolute Truth, must forever remain beyond ourreachPerfect nonviolence is impossible so long as we exist

physically, for we would want some space at least to occupy. Perfect nonviolence whilst you are inhabiting the body is only a theory likeEuclid's point or straight line, but we have to endeavour everymoment of our lives.This impossibility of perfect nonviolence does not prevent an initiative in this direction. As long as there is absence of general,fundamental, practical and political belief in the efficacy of nonviolence as a way of life, till then at least a Nonviolent NationalDefence Army, Navy and Air Force can be evolved on Gandhian lines of nonviolent spirit and nonviolence of the brave. Thisnonviolent national defence system can work alongside existingdefence forces in every country.

Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase , Ahmedabad, Navajivan PublishingHouse, 1958, Volume II, pp. 580 581.E.J. Hogendoorn, A Chemical Weapons Atlas , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,

September/October 1997 Vol. 53, No. 5. Harijan, 21 July 1940, p. 211.


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Gandhi Ganga

Security Dilemma TodayGCPCS Team

There is also a related aspect of a 'security dilemma' or striker's

falling into the pit instead of scoring a few points throughexcessive rebound play in the carom board game among inter-state "patrons" of civil society today. One's security becomes athreat to another player in the globalising twenty-first century'sglobal civil culture. Politics by all means is an integral part of such activities. Security then becomes a menace to its preserveritself.

When 'security' is leading to 'insecurity' then why thishullaboloo and concern for security of individuals and nationsalike? Whom who is benefiting? Why this is happening? Nodoubt, security is a must for all as a fundamental need andhuman right to life. This need has to be fulfilled. Securitybeyond this need emerges into a utterly self-aggrandising globalnexus and Mafia causing loss of precious human lives of brave

soldiers and common citizens alike. Indeed, "How much landdoes a man require?" Individuals among peoples of the world understand this predicament. Nations and statesmen and nationsare bound to ignore it for they have to act otherwise. Security for

peace is relentlessly negating its purpose. Amassing of WMDs,terrorism of different types including nuclear terrorism further

proves this glaring logic and reality. No state has ever achievedthe security it desires without becoming a menace to itsneighbours.Apart from 'genuine' concerns about security needs of a state,there are other reasons also leading to ever widening arms race.They are all practical pointers to national leaders' strong belief in military might as their only real protection when they arefacing an irritating and hostile opponent.

All these are realities of modern deep-rooted political perversion, Politics -- as political thinkers, actors and Gandhi in particular say - is concerned primarily with establishing truthand order in society. Ongoing diverse manipulations in politicsrepresent something different than what is political.


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Manipulations and perversions of civil society in this age of globalisation are presenting intriguing trends: Bringing together of global trade and economy to a

notable extent. Smaller traders, investors, entrepreneurs, and industrial

units facing far greater challenges. Increasing burden of poverty, population, pollution,

proliferation of armaments and (precarious) peace, i.e.,

'five Ps' on Afro-Asian and Latin American (AALA)countries. Emergence of United States and Europe as relatively more

stable global econimic and political peace zones of theworld.

Widening framework of work and space for internationalactors, organisations and operators.

World peace through WMDs deterrence basd on dwindling foundations of mutual terror.

Terrorist groups having their own share from state-of-the-art weapons.

Preventing a situation of a third world war throughinstitutionalised terror.

Security threat from terrorism and 'War on Terrorism'.These trends further complicate quest for a comprehensive

security perspective when most of the states in the world areable to ensure at best 'a pretence of security' despite theirconstantly burgeoning military budgets. Even for their limitedmilitary security needs, these countries depend, expressly orimplicitly, either on other great powers or on so-called

'collective defence/ security'.Such wasteful security scenario point to a need for a morecomprehensive policy of defence and security especially for

poorer AALA countries in general and South Asia in particular.


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Gandhi Ganga 49

When 'security' is leading to'insecurity' then why thishullaboloo and concern for

security of individuals andnations alike? Whom who isbenefiting? Why this ishappening? No doubt ,security is a must for all as afundamenta l need and

human right to life. This needhas to be fulfilled. Securitybeyond this need emergesinto a utterly self-aggran-dising global nexus and Mafiacausing loss of precious

human lives of brave soldiersand common citizens alike.Indeed, "How much landdoes a man require?" Indivi-duals among peoples of theworld understand this pre-

dicament.


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Gandhi and BeyondBharat Bhushan Anand

David Cortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Ageof Terrorism , Paradigm Publishers, Boulder (US), 2006,Paperback Edition, Preliminary PP. i x, 1 264, Price - $ 25.Author of this timely book is having over thirty years experienceof being a peace, disarmament and peacemaking activist in variousimportant capacities. He is a Professor and Research Fellow at theJoan B. Korc Institute for International Peace Studies at Universityof Notre Dame, United States (US). He is also President and co-founder of the Fourth Freedom Forum in Indiana, US.This book is divided into three sections. First three Chapters

present basic Gandhian concepts and social action techniques,Gandhi's influence in US and evolution, development andapplication of Gandhian Methods by Martin Luther King Jr.

The second section contains further development and application of nonviolent action in the present day world with specialreference to Cesar Chavez, Dorothy Day and Barbara Deming.The third part of this book has Chapters 7, 8 and 9 with criticalanalysis of challenges for the future such as civil rights, global

justice, nuclear disarmament and anti-war movements, genderrelated issues and feminist critique of Gandhi and King.

According to the author, The last Chapter summarises some of the most important practical considerations for effectivenonviolent action.In author's words again, As a great philosopher once said, the

point is not merely to understand the world but to change it.Precisely, Dr Marx, except that our commitment is to change it non-violently.

Author further says, We can never be sure when or how ourefforts will succeed. We plan and work for success, but ourcommitment does not depend on immediate gratification. Wecontinue rolling that boulder up the hill, even when the chances of victory seem distant, believing that the cause of justice and peace

BOOK REVIEW

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006


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ultimately will prevail. Movements for social justice need long-distance runners. To sprint and burn out after a few years is of littlebenefit. Better to be a long-distance runner walker, like Gandhi totake the long march with him to the sea.This book has used references and research works on a vast scale.Despite this it has its own originality intact. Primary sources of research are also consulted judiciously. Eye-opening criticalanalysis is also there.However, it will be difficult for Indian readers to obtain this usefulbook on its current price tag. Despite the price, the title of thisbook Gandhi and Beyond -- is also highly visionary. ProfessorDavid Cortright, congratulations for your masterly effort!

The last Chapter summa-rises some of the most impor-tant practical considerationsfor effective nonviolentaction.In author's words again, Asa great philosopher once said,the point is not merely tounderstand the world but tochange it. Precisely, DrMarx, except that our com-mitment is to change it non-violently.

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Major Programmes of GCPCS

1. Proposing to launch Gandhian Studies Department.

2. Launching Post-graduate Diploma in Gandhian Conflict Resolution through Distance Learning at national level.

3. Organising Gandhi World Congress in collaboration with otherGandhian institutions.

4. Major programmes in the next session initially are planned to bespecial lectures by a few international activists and academics in the Gandhian field.

5. Experts in Peace Studies will be invited for coming to theGandhian Centre at JU on longer duration Visiting Assignments.

6. A National Seminar on Gandhi, World Peace and Youth.

7. Organising Summer Camps for exposing J&K youth to Gandhian orientation and creative work and vocation as well as Gandhian Constructive Programme.

8. Different activities in schools and colleges in J&K.

9. Launching a Gandhi Youth Club.

10. Publishing a book/research journal/Newsletter etc.

As such, a number of important activities are to be planned forinvolving ever wider spectrum of civil society and youth alongwiththe university community in Gandhian and other related areas. Quitea few Memorandum of Understanding with Peace and Conflict Studies Institutions.

l Kishor Sharma, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, Department of Education Governmentof Jammu &Kashmir J&K India

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