Games and Crowds: Now, Near, Next
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About Me
What I’m Playing
John Hopkins Hospital patient enjoying active videogame play
June 18-20, 2014 - Boston, MA
Value?
Productivity
Value Maximized?
Productivity
Education
Sympathy
Value Maximized?
Productivity
Education
Sympathy
Community
Skill
Language & Models
Games with a Purpose Citizen Science Wisdom of
CrowdsCollective
Intelligence
Human Computation Crowdsourcing Crowdfunding Game-based
Crowdsourcing
Distributed Thinking
Participatory Sensing
Multiplayer Games Social Games
Citizen Science
NIH NSFGame
DevelopersEveryday
people
Crowdsourced Clinical Trials
Gathering data for science
!Analyzing data
for science
Multiplayer science games Birdcount
Gamification Gamut
GameApp
Wisdom or Intelligence?
Wisdom of Crowds
Collective Intelligence
Collective Wisdom of Crowd Intellgience
“Crowdsourcing”
Human Computation
HC with games
Citizen Science
“Good” HC Games
Drilling down…
Internet Masses
Language?• Games with a purpose
• game-based [crowdsourcing | human computation]
• Citizen science needs one definition across agencies and fields
• gamification != games
• wisdom of crowds != collective intelligence
• crowdsourcing != crowdfunding
• Game-based crowdsourcing FOR citizen science
Are games at the heart of crowdsourcing?
Engagement Behavior
Learning Performance
Motivation & Interface
SolutionRules & Systems
Interface
Player(s)
Game
ProblemRules & Processes
Interface
Player(s)
Crowdsourcing
YES!
Gamification?• “Game Layer” vs. Game
• Additive to game vs. additive to exercise
• Silo’d gamification
• Process of play vs. task rewarding
• Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
Work to Date…
50+ projects, health heavy, university majority, many CS experiments
AI CollectionPuzzle/Challenge/Work!
Wisdom of Crowds!(shared work)!
Puzzle/Challenge/Work!Collective Intelligence!
(individual efforts)
Ideation, and Data Collection
Summary
Players performance is used to source new
forms of AI
Users share work and build upon the
collective effort of others
Individuals solve puzzles on their own and little is shared between players
Players produce new data from-scratch often
ideas, new forms of rhetoric or
geographically located data
Example Restaurant Game Tag Challenge Fraxinus World Without Oil
Uniqueness
Player is focused on game objective and computer observes
their performance vs. other humans or
computer opponents and learns from it.
Players work together and share work
toward optimized results they develop by observing each
other
Players work independently of each other but the system
combines their collective work into higher-end results
Players produce original work and often judge each
others (or are subject to independent human judges) work in order to play and arbitrate
the game
Core Uses
Core User Performance Summary Example
Creating DataGame incentivizes players to collect or generate new
data from sratchPhotocity
Transforming Data
Game presents data for player to sort, match, identify or otherwise
transformPhylo
Augmenting DataPlayer analyzes and
annotates it with additional data and meta-data
Metadata Games
User Performance
CROWD MODEL VARIANT I VARIANT II VARIANT III Notes
Processing Human-in-Loop Human+Computer Participatory for Engagement
In human-in-loop processing, the human is necessary to computation for specialized capabilities, for
machine donated resources crowdsourcing is used to gain access to CPUs, power, and storage necessary to crunch the large amount of data. Participatory for engagement means that humans are helping process data but not because the computer isn’t capable but
because there is a need to engage people in the process for alternative outcomes.
Observable Gameplay Semantics & Natural Language Processing Social Graph
Observable crowdsourcing means that the players actions are observed and sourced as data toward a higher-end outcome (e.g. AI opponents, language
parsers). Gameplay is useful especially for AI, Semantics and Natural Language Processing gains
from human interactions (e.g. see Restaurant Game). Finally observing social graphs can help gain
additional crowdsourced data.
PhysicalEnvironmental/
Geolocation Data Capture
Capture Physiological Data
Capture Transactional Data
Physical crowd models distinguish themselves by capturing data that requires humans to produce or capture. Environmental and geolocation data can
involve photos, flora/fauna samples, 1st person observations, periodic mobile sensor readings, etc. Physiological data is self-report, or sensor captured
biometrics and emotional health reports. Transactional data while possibly captured through computer networks still requires a real-world human
decision to initiate the underlying transaction.
Crowd Models
Type User Performance Crowd Model
Puzzle/Challenge/Work Processing Data Processing
Ideation / Data Collection Creating Data Physical
AI Collection Augmenting Data Observable
Crowd Models
Type Player Performance Crowd Model
Puzzle/Challenge/Work Transforming Data Processing
Ideation / Data Collection Creating Data Physical
AI Collection Augmenting Data Observable
Examples!Puzzle/Challenge/Work→Augmenting Data→Processing
AI Collection→Creating Data→Physical Ideation/Data Collection→Transforming Data→Observable
Roleplaying Player takes on a specific role within a game world which contributes to data capture & generation Restaurant Game
Ideation Ideas are generated and posted by players and captured for later analysis World Without Oil
Strategy & Puzzles
Player performs in the game as designed which enables capture of gameplay for generating better
AI for future playersProject Augur
Arcade & Physical Play Hand-eye coordination ???
Sensory Acuity Often visual or audio based, player essentially is using their sensory capabilities to perform a task MalariaSpot
Assembly Player is “building” some structure ???
Game Genres & Activities
Out & About
Photos/Video
Biometrics
Physical tasks
Mapping/Check-ins
Out & About
Coordinated Event Markup Language Groundcrew / Joe Edelmen (http://nxhx.org)
Talent Development
Attract people to a problem space
Cross-train their unique skills to other vertical
Motivate them to participate, and excel
Recruit
People Sourcing
Interesting…• Humans as mobile sensors & cheaper robots
• Rhetorical systems, games that organize human communication toward ideas, policies, and social change (McGonigal)
• Lowering costs for production, and common problem sets
• Identifying means to share communities
• Cross training as crowdsourcing need…
Human JoysticksT U R N I N G R E A L - W O R L D H U M A N A C T I V I T Y & D E C I S I O N S I N T O I N P U T S T H A T D R I V E G A M E S Y O U P L A Y A S Y O U G O A B O U T Y O U R D A Y Y O U R A C T I O N S A R E T H E J O Y S T I C K
Readying for Wearables
Value Maximized?
Productivity
Education
Sympathy
Community
Skill
Education & Skill• How do we situate the player - what is their epistemic
frame? (Schaefer)
• Do we connect the actions in the game not just to the story of science but the process as well?
• Do we purposely build games that can be done without humans but use HC patterns to create new forms of participatory science?
• Can we identify skills that might transfer to other elements of life & economic activity?
Needs
• improving audience interaction & adherence
• discovery : beyond science geeks & especially students
• better games and interfaces
Better games?• Better games come from better projects with
experienced talent not from better templates!
• How can we bring together games industry with science? This includes indies, top uni programs, jams, etc.
• Are there engines and services we can define and optimize?
• Process of play, interface, learning & immersion not just productivity
Recommendations• Improve standard language
• Goal must be better game experiences!
• Identify common tools (especially game ones)
• Better include learning specialists
• Improve game-industry collaboration
• Identify means for problem holders to more easily engage