Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games...
Transcript of Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games...
![Page 1: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Game On! Optimizing Training for Today’s
Workforce
Kimberly Himmer Commander, U.S. Navy (Ret.)
Articulated Python Inc.
@RticulatdPython
![Page 2: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
• Background research on the limitations of some current training mediums
• Principles of Andragogy
• Games as a medium; games as a system
• Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner
![Page 3: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• 90% of online learners fail to complete a class in which they’ve enrolled
• U.S. Navy no longer requires sailors to use CBT for General Military Training
• U.S. Navy study found that participants in professional Surface Warfare Officer said CBT training was ineffective and likened it to, ”Death by PowerPoint.”
Ineffectiveness of CBT (Computer-Based Training)
![Page 4: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ineffectiveness of CBT
• According to a Norwegian Military study:
– Students come to CBT ready to learn
– Poor Instruction/Instructional Design quickly demotivates the learner
– Learners are turned-off by bad learning platforms
![Page 5: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• According to a Norwegian Military study:
– “How you present content affects learner motivation”
– “Motivation influences engagement and cognitive efforts, and thereby affects the ability to process information and construct knowledge”
– Learning “should be designed and developed to maintain the learner’s attention by stimulating their curiosity and desire to actively take part in the learning process”
Ineffectiveness of CBT
![Page 6: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pedagogy Vs. Andragogy
• Pedagogy: – Dissemination of basic skills and
declarative knowledge
– Teacher is in control of the evolution and evaluation
• Andragogy: – Theory of life-long learning
– Vocational learning of particular importance
![Page 7: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How Adults Learn
• According to Malcolm Knowles, the adult learner:
– Is self-directed
– Has a reservoir of prior knowledge and experience with which to relate new learning
– Is motivated to learn out of responsibility for social roles, as opposed to academic pressure
– Wants to learn new things that are immediately applicable to his current situation
• Adults feel utterly patronized when taught using pedagogical principles
![Page 8: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CBT
There are two types of ransomware: •Locker •Crypto
Main Menu Take the Test Print your certificate Save/Quit
Introduction Types of ransomware Delivery methods Protecting against attack Case Study Conclusion
![Page 9: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CBT
Introduction Types of ransomware Delivery methods Protecting against attack Case Study Conclusion
Main Menu Take the Test Print your certificate Save/Quit
What are the two types of Ransomware?
A. Spike and Blitz B. Steve and Swift C. Locker and Crypto
![Page 10: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CBT: Pedagogy or Andragogy?
PEDAGOGY
ANDRAGOGY
LEARNER: Dependent on Instructor
Self-directed
METHOD: Didactic Experiential learning
PROCESS: Subject-material- based
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
ASSESSMENT: Instructor evaluates learning
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
MOTIVATION: External Internal
Dependent on Instructor
Didactic
Subject-material- based
Instructor evaluates learning
External
![Page 11: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What About Simulators?
![Page 12: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What About Simulators?
• A practice platform for knowledge acquired through other means (typically a classroom)
• Representation of reality
• Judged by its correspondence to the system
• Not necessarily a conflict or competition; not looking for a WIN
• Purpose is to show mastery of a skill set; teleological completion of tasks
![Page 13: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Results of 2014 Research by U.S. NAWC & U.S. ARI
• Simulator practice group unable to self-diagnose errors
• Average of:
– 14 errors for practice group
– 2 errors for GBL group
• GBL group performed significantly better on more complex scenarios that were not practiced/ taught
(Source: Walker, H. & Wray, R. 2014)
![Page 14: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Simulators: Pedagogy or Andragogy?
PEDAGOGY
ANDRAGOGY
LEARNER: Dependent on Instructor
Self-directed
METHOD: Didactic Experiential learning
PROCESS: Subject-material- based
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
ASSESSMENT: Instructor evaluates learning
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
MOTIVATION: External Internal
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
Dependent on Instructor
Instructor evaluates learning
Experiential PRACTICE
External
Didactic ACQUISITION of knowledge
Subject-material- based
![Page 15: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Harnessing Andragogy for Training
PEDAGOGY
ANDRAGOGY
LEARNER: Dependent on Instructor
Self-directed
METHOD: Didactic Experiential learning
PROCESS: Subject-material- based
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
ASSESSMENT: Instructor evaluates learning
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
MOTIVATION: External Internal
Self-directed
Experiential learning
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
Internal
![Page 16: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Harnessing Andragogy for Training…
Self-directed
Experiential learning
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
Internal
![Page 17: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
… Through Games
![Page 18: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Characteristics of Games
Goals
Rules
Feedback System
Implements
Voluntary Participation
Provide a safe space for: -- Creativity -- Experimentation
Fictional
![Page 19: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Games are Systems
“A system is a set of things that affect one another within an environment to form a larger pattern that is different from any of
the individual parts.” • Systems have 4 main elements:
– Objects – Attributes – Internal relationships – Environment
![Page 20: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Games are Complex, Emergent Systems
• Product of coupled, context-dependent interactions
• Can describe all of the rules, but cannot describe all of the products of those rules
• Behavior of the system cannot be summed up by the behaviors of its constituent parts
• The resulting system is nonlinear
![Page 21: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Soccer as a system
• Objects:
– Ball, goals, players, field
• Attributes:
– Positions, teams, rules
• Internal relationships:
– Between teams, players
• Environment:
– The game itself, the conditions that allow the game to exist
![Page 22: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Soccer as a system
Complexity and Emergence:
• No two soccer games are the same, even between the same teams
• The system evolves according to the context-dependent interactions
• Results in meaningful play
![Page 23: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Games as Andragogy
Self-directed
Experiential learning
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
Internal
![Page 24: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Self-directed
• Games
– Fictionality imparts ambiguity into the system
– Allows for a productive learning environment: no assumptions
– Exploratory spaces
– Player has: • Volition
• Agency
• Andragogy
– Adult learner does not want to be spoon-fed
– As Knowles put it, ”he can explore a topic in a way that makes sense to him.”
– Learner has control over his learning experience
![Page 25: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Experiential learning
• Through gameplay, you learn how the system works
• Therefore, the learning objectives MUST be intrinsic to the system of the game
• Do not “TELL” the player; let them “DO”
![Page 26: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
Climb
Build /Pause Talk
Open
Play
Eat Drink
Sit
![Page 27: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Feedback is critical to the adult learner, like a “guided missile”
• Learner wants a mechanism to self-evaluate progress and growth
• Good games provide constant feedback to the player
Learner Self-Evaluates Progress and Growth
![Page 28: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Play serves as an organizing function on both a cultural and individual level
• “Humans are the biggest players of all. We are built to play, and built through play”
Internal
![Page 29: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Internal
• Motivation comes from the well-functioning system of the game – Volition and agency
– Learning experientially, through “DOING”
– Solving problems and overcoming challenges
• Motivation is intrinsic, if the system is designed for the player-learner
• Motivation is also autotelic to the game
![Page 30: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Internal
Rhetorics of Play
• Progress
• Fate
• Power
• Identity
• Imaginary
• Self
• Frivolous
Layman’s Terms
• LEARN
• CHANCE
• WIN!
• COMMUNITY
• CREATIVITY
• FUN!
• PROTEST
![Page 31: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Harnessing Andragogy through Game-Based Training
Self-directed
Experiential learning
Problem-solving and performance of tasks
Learner self-evaluates progress and growth
Internal
Player-learners have volition and agency
Game mechanic: “Do not “TELL;” let the player-learner “DO”
Tasks are directly aligned to learning objectives: GAME VERBS!
Constant feedback is critical to the player-learner
How does the player-learner make meaning through play?
![Page 32: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
“Leadership: the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it.” -- Dwight D. Eisenhower
![Page 33: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Game On! Optimizing Training for Today’s
Workforce
Kimberly Himmer Commander, U.S. Navy (Ret.)
Articulated Python Inc.
@RticulatdPython
![Page 34: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Sources
• Bowman, W., Crawford, A., & Mehay, S. (2008). An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Computer-based Training for Newly Commissioned Surface Warfare Division Officers. (Report No. NPS-HR-08-140). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil.
• Brown, S. (2009). Play: How it Shapes the Brain, Opens the imagination, and Invigorates
the Soul. New York, NY: Penguin. • Faram, M. (2017, March 27). Navy eliminates online GMT—mandatory training shakeup
puts commands in charge. Navy Times Online. Retrieved from http://www.navytimes.com.
• Huizinga, J. (1944). Homo Ludens. London, UK: Routledge, & Kegan Paul Ltd.
![Page 35: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sources
• Isaksen, G. (2014). Hey, Your e-learning courses are giving me a cognitive overload. Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference; Orlando, FL; December 2014. Retrieved from http://www.iitsecdocs.com.
• Isaksen, G. & Hole, S. (2016). How to evaluate student motivation and engagement in e-
learning. Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference; Orlando, FL; December 2016. Retrieved from http://www.iitsecdocs.com.
• Knowles, M. (1973) The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. Houston, TX: Gulf
Publishing Company • Knowles, M., Holton, E., & Swanson, R. (2005). The Adult Learner: The Definitive Classic
in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
![Page 36: Game Based Training for the Adult Learner...•Principles of Andragogy •Games as a medium; games as a system •Why games are an effective training medium for the adult learner •90%](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043012/5fab3d3d647cdd491452f733/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Sources
• McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is Broken. New York, NY: Penguin.
• Salen, K. & Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP.
• Tauber, T. (2013, March 21). The dirty little secret of online learning: Students are bored and dropping out. Quartz. Retrieved from http://www.qz.com.
• Walker, H. & Wray, R. (2014). Effectiveness of Embedded Game-Based Instruction: A Guided Experiential Approach to Technology Based Training. Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference; Orlando, FL; 2014. Retrieved from http://www.iitsecdocs.com.