Gallbladder 1

Gallbladder

Gallbladder

Diagram of Stomach

Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with gallbladder labeled at the transpyloric plane.

Latin vesica fellea; vesica biliaris

Gray's subject #250 1197 [1]

System Digestive system (GI Tract)

Artery Cystic artery

Vein Cystic vein

Nerve Celiac ganglia, vagus[2]

Precursor Foregut

In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder) is a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile producedby the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated.

Gallbladder 2

Human anatomyThe gallbladder is a hollow system that sits just beneath the liver.[3] In adults, the gallbladder measuresapproximately 8 cm in length and 4 cm in diameter when fully distended.[4] It is divided into three sections: fundus,body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tree via the cystic duct, which then joins the commonhepatic duct to become the common bile duct.

Microscopic anatomyThe different layers of the gallbladder are as follows:[5]

• The gallbladder has a simple columnar epithelial lining characterized by recesses

FunctionThe adult human gallbladder stores about 50 millilitres (1.8 imp fl oz; 1.7 US fl oz) of bile, which is released into theduodenum when food containing fat enters the digestive tract, stimulating the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK).The bile, produced in the liver, emulsifies fats in partly digested food.After being stored in the gallbladder, the bile becomes more concentrated than when it left the liver, increasing itspotency and intensifying its effect on fats.In 2009, it was demonstrated that the gallbladder removed from a patient expressed several pancreatic hormonesincluding insulin [6] . This was surprising because until then, it was thought that insulin was only produced inpancreatic β-cells. This study provides evidence that β-like cells do occur outside the human pancreas. The authorssuggest that since the gallbladder and pancreas are adjacent to each other during embryonic development, thereexists tremendous potential in derivation of endocrine pancreatic progenitor cells from human gallbladders that areavailable after cholecystectomy.

In other animalsMost vertebrates have gallbladders (exceptions include the horse, deer, and the rat), whereas invertebrates do not.However, its precise form and the arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, forexample, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than a single common bile duct, as inhumans. Several species of mammals and birds lack a gallbladder altogether, as do lampreys.[7]

See also• Gallbladder disease• Gallbladder polyp

References[1] http:/ / education. yahoo. com/ reference/ gray/ subjects/ subject?id=250#p1197[2] Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. (2005-08-22). "Control of Gastrointestinal Function" (http:/ / www. lib. mcg. edu/ edu/ eshuphysio/ program/ section6/

6ch2/ 6ch2line. htm). In Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D.. Gastrointestinal Physiology (http:/ / www. lib. mcg. edu/ edu/ eshuphysio/ program/section6/ 6ch2/ s6ch2_30. htm). Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United State: Medical College of Georgia. pp. . .Retrieved 2007-06-29.

[3] http:/ / www. buzzle. com/ articles/ where-is-the-gallbladder-located-in-the-body. html[4] Jon W. Meilstrup (1994). Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4. ISBN 0-8493-4788-2.[5] "Slide 5: Gall Bladder" (http:/ / www. kumc. edu/ instruction/ medicine/ anatomy/ histoweb/ epithel/ epith05. htm). JayDoc HistoWeb.

University of Kansas. . Retrieved 2007-06-29.[6] Sahu S, Joglekar MV, Dumbre R, Phadnis SM, Tosh D, Hardikar AA. (2009) Islet-like cell clusters occur naturally in human gall bladder and

are retained in diabetic conditions. J Cell Mol Med (http:/ / www3. interscience. wiley. com/ journal/ 121498525/ abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0). 2009 May;13(5):999-1000

Gallbladder 3

[7] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 355.ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

External links• Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder (http:/ / www. innerbody. com/ image/ dige02. html) – Human

Anatomy Online, MyHealthScore.com.• www.newchronicles.webs.com/f/gastrointestinalphysiology (http:/ / www. newchronicles. webs. com/ f/

gastrointestinalphysiology. html) – Gastrointestinal Physiology Review.

Article Sources and Contributors 4

Article Sources and ContributorsGallbladder  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=396235132  Contributors: 2D, A3RO, Adashiel, AdjustShift, Adrian.benko, Agateller, Akanemoto, Alex.tan, Ali, Altruism,AnakngAraw, Anaxial, Anirvan, Anomen, Antonio Lopez, Arcadian, Area51, ArglebargleIV, Art LaPella, Arthena, Auxiliary Watchlist, BPinard, Baby Jane, Beetstra, Bemoeial, BinaryTed,Bisqwit, BlaiseFEgan, Bobjuch, Bobo192, Bonadea, BorgQueen, Brent m gipson, Brian1979, CALR, CLW, CO, Cacycle, Caltas, CanadianLinuxUser, Casliber, Ccastill, Ceyockey, ChaosRyder,ChrisEich, ChrisRuvolo, Clpo13, Cmh, Connormah, Conscious, Courage Dog, Crackpottheorist, Cradel, Craig Pemberton, Crunch, D17171212, DAJF, Dadude3320, Danglingdiagnosis, Dapsv,Darekr, Darth Mike, DavidConrad, Dbfirs, Diberri, Dirkbb, Discospinster, Dreaded Walrus, Drenchofthebench, Drphilharmonic, Dvulture, Dysepsion, Ej159, Elassint, Enviroboy, Epibulbar,Eras-mus, Eurleif, Extantwarbringer, Figma, Finlay McWalter, Fluri, Freecat, Freekozak, Frosted14, GCW50, Gaff, Gandalf61, Gbleem, Glane23, Gongoozler123, GreenReaper, GregoryMerchan, Grozo, Hairy Dude, HalfShadow, Hawaiian717, Hbent, HenrikP, Histrion, Ilovebillyw, IsleofPlan, J Dezman, JForget, JaGa, Jackol, January, Javit, Jcajacob, JeLuF, Jeugeorge,Jfdwolff, Jitterro, Jkeene, Jkuo3, Jonpro, Jorgicio, Jovianeye, Jpgordon, Juliancolton, K98ao01, Kalathalan, Karada, Karn, Kazail1548, King Pickle, Klael, Kozuch, Kukini, Kuru, Lacrimosa,Ladytwylyt, Lambiam, LearnAnatomy, Lenomatic1, Leuko, Limideen, LindsayH, Linmhall, Lisa6699, Little Mountain 5, LittleHow, Lubos, Luna Santin, M.nelson, MECU, Mac, Maralia,MarcoTolo, Marek69, Martin451, McNoddy, Menchi, Meredyth, Midtoad, Mikael Häggström, Mikes1807, Mistercow, Mistergerm, Modest Genius, MortimerCat, Motorcycle, Muchado, Nagy,NaiPiak, Nakon, Nephron, Noneforall, Nunquam Dormio, Oberst, Ombudsman, Osm agha, Pathoschild, Paul August, Pedantic of Purley, Pevernagie, Piano non troppo, Pinethicket, Pitcher357,Proofreader77, Pschemp, Quadell, Quincy, RJASE1, Raiph, Ramirez62, Renato Caniatti, Rhcastilhos, Rich Farmbrough, Richardcavell, Rickjpelleg, Rjwilmsi, Robert FitzRoy, Robth, RockMFR,Ronhjones, Rsabbatini, Ryanmcneily, Ryulong, Sahib-qiron, SarekOfVulcan, Sbakka, Sci fi rocks, Seddon, Serephine, Shanes, Shoaler, Shuki, Sir Pimpernel, Sk'py Skwrrrl, Smashing2012,Snowmanradio, Snowolf, SpeedyGonsales, Spelchat, Ssbohio, Sshock, Starmushrooms, StephP, Steven Zhang, Stevenfruitsmaak, Sunburst76, SuperHamster, Sven Manguard, Swift as an Eagle,Syp, TBHecht, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tangent747, Tatterfly, Teles, Template namespace initialisation script, Tempodivalse, Terra Xin, The Evil Spartan, The Thing That Should Not Be,Theresa knott, ThomasPusch, ThreeBlindMice, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Timothylord, Tnygiants, Tom harrison, Tombomp, Trödel, Ulric1313, Umbertoumm, Uncle Dick, Van helsing, Vexer,Vicarious, Vogon77, Walworth, WatsonMD, Wbd, White Trillium, Why Not A Duck, Wiki Roxor, Wikimandia, Wimt, Wknight94, Wouterstomp, WriterHound, Wser, Wysprgr2005, Xanzzibar,Yaco, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, आलोक, 629 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Illu pancrease.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Illu_pancrease.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:CradelImage:Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: User:Mikael Häggström

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