Galaxy Clustering Topology : Constraints on Galaxy Formation Models and Cosmological Parameters The...

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Galaxy Clustering Topology : Constraints on Galaxy Formation Models and Cosmological Parameters The CosPA 2009 Meeting, Nov. 18-20, 2009 Changbom Park (Korea Institute for Advanced Study) Melbourne 2009. 11. 18

Transcript of Galaxy Clustering Topology : Constraints on Galaxy Formation Models and Cosmological Parameters The...

Galaxy Clustering Topology Constraints on Galaxy Formation Models and Cosmological Parameters

The CosPA 2009 Meeting Nov 18-20 2009

Changbom Park (Korea Institute for Advanced Study)

Melbourne 2009 11 18

1 Direct intuitive meanings

2 At large linear scales

Gaussianity of the primordial density field

A cosmic ruler

3 At small non-linear scales

Galaxy distribution at non-linear scales sensitive to cosmological parameters amp galaxy formation mechanism

Why is the topology of LSS useful

(Gott et al 1986)

(Park amp Kim 2009)

(Park Kim amp Gott 2005)

Constraining galaxy formation models 1 The small-scale topology of galaxy distribution depends on cosmological parameters

and galaxy formation process

2 Difference of topology among different types of galaxies reflects their different history of formation

Analysis 1 SDSS DR7 data - Luminosity morphology and color subsets

2 Comparison with the predictions of galaxy formation models

SDSS DR7 KIAS-VAGC Northern Galactic CapA SDSS galaxy catalog with 5971K(10ltrlt176) + 1143K(176ltrlt1777) redshifts

7698 sq deg

The Sloan Great Wall (Gott et al 2005)

The CfA Great Wall amp the man (de Lapparent et al 1986)

The Cosmic Runner (Park et al 2005)

Voids (blue - 7 low) filamentsclusters (red - 7 high) =gt Sponge

SDSS DR4plus (Gott et al 2008)

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

1 Direct intuitive meanings

2 At large linear scales

Gaussianity of the primordial density field

A cosmic ruler

3 At small non-linear scales

Galaxy distribution at non-linear scales sensitive to cosmological parameters amp galaxy formation mechanism

Why is the topology of LSS useful

(Gott et al 1986)

(Park amp Kim 2009)

(Park Kim amp Gott 2005)

Constraining galaxy formation models 1 The small-scale topology of galaxy distribution depends on cosmological parameters

and galaxy formation process

2 Difference of topology among different types of galaxies reflects their different history of formation

Analysis 1 SDSS DR7 data - Luminosity morphology and color subsets

2 Comparison with the predictions of galaxy formation models

SDSS DR7 KIAS-VAGC Northern Galactic CapA SDSS galaxy catalog with 5971K(10ltrlt176) + 1143K(176ltrlt1777) redshifts

7698 sq deg

The Sloan Great Wall (Gott et al 2005)

The CfA Great Wall amp the man (de Lapparent et al 1986)

The Cosmic Runner (Park et al 2005)

Voids (blue - 7 low) filamentsclusters (red - 7 high) =gt Sponge

SDSS DR4plus (Gott et al 2008)

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Constraining galaxy formation models 1 The small-scale topology of galaxy distribution depends on cosmological parameters

and galaxy formation process

2 Difference of topology among different types of galaxies reflects their different history of formation

Analysis 1 SDSS DR7 data - Luminosity morphology and color subsets

2 Comparison with the predictions of galaxy formation models

SDSS DR7 KIAS-VAGC Northern Galactic CapA SDSS galaxy catalog with 5971K(10ltrlt176) + 1143K(176ltrlt1777) redshifts

7698 sq deg

The Sloan Great Wall (Gott et al 2005)

The CfA Great Wall amp the man (de Lapparent et al 1986)

The Cosmic Runner (Park et al 2005)

Voids (blue - 7 low) filamentsclusters (red - 7 high) =gt Sponge

SDSS DR4plus (Gott et al 2008)

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

SDSS DR7 KIAS-VAGC Northern Galactic CapA SDSS galaxy catalog with 5971K(10ltrlt176) + 1143K(176ltrlt1777) redshifts

7698 sq deg

The Sloan Great Wall (Gott et al 2005)

The CfA Great Wall amp the man (de Lapparent et al 1986)

The Cosmic Runner (Park et al 2005)

Voids (blue - 7 low) filamentsclusters (red - 7 high) =gt Sponge

SDSS DR4plus (Gott et al 2008)

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

The Sloan Great Wall (Gott et al 2005)

The CfA Great Wall amp the man (de Lapparent et al 1986)

The Cosmic Runner (Park et al 2005)

Voids (blue - 7 low) filamentsclusters (red - 7 high) =gt Sponge

SDSS DR4plus (Gott et al 2008)

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Voids (blue - 7 low) filamentsclusters (red - 7 high) =gt Sponge

SDSS DR4plus (Gott et al 2008)

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Genus G = of holes - of isolated regions in iso-density contour surfaces

= 14ฯ€ intS ฮบ dA (Gauss-Bonnet Theorem)

[ex G(sphere)=-1 G(torus)=0 G(two tori)=+1 ] 2 holes ndash 1 body = +1

Gaussian Field Genusunit volume g(ฮฝ) = A (1-ฮฝ2) exp(- ฮฝ22) where ฮฝ=(ฯ- ฯb) ฯbฯƒ amp A=1(2ฯ€)2 ltk23gt32

ltk2gt= int k2P(k)W(kR)d3k= intP(k)W(kR)d3k

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

A volume-limited sample galaxies with Mrlt-2019+5log h

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

g

AV AC

ฮฝ

G=373

plusmn18 (47)

[Choi et al 2009]

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Scale Dependence of Topology

Data SDSS DR7 BEST (M

r lt -2019)

Analysis LSS fixed pure scale dependence Systematic effects corrected using mock surveys in CDM

Results slow scale dependence of amp Av

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Non-linear evolution of the topology of matter distribution CDM

z=0

Ac at z=0

Av at z=0

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Bias in LSS Topology

Data

SDSS DR7 BEST (Mr lt -2019)

WMAP 3yr CDM matter at z=0

Results

Scale-dependent bias in LSS topology

(all g c amp Av)

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Morphology and color dependence of LSS Topology

Data sample volume of galaxies amp Mr-range in each subset fixed

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

g

AVAC

ฮฝ

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Comparison with the LSS Topology predicted by galaxy formation models

0 Background cosmology = LCDM model with WMAP 3 yr parameters

1 HGC a Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model [Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Each gravitationally self-bound tidally stable dark halo (central or subhalo) above certain mass contains one galaxy above certain luminosity

2 HOD Halo Occupation Distribution [Yang et al 2007]

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

3 SAM Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation

Merger-tree + physical processes put in

Croton et al (2006) amp Bower et al (2006)s of SAM (which differ mainly by AGN feedback and cooling) Bertone et al (2007)s SAM (galactic wind)

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

FoF halos

Halo-Galaxy Correspondence model

gravitationally self-bound tidally stable halos

Mh-Lg relation from

N(Mh) amp (Lg)

Galaxy sample with a given mean galaxy separation

[Kim Park amp Choi 2008]

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Halo Occupation Distribution model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

N-body simulations SAM Millennium Run

21603 particles in a 512h-1Mpc box

CDM with WMAP 1yr parameters

Implemented by Croton et al (06) Bower et al (06) Bertone et al (07)

which differ mainly by AGN feedback cooling and galactic wind feedback treatment

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Croton et al 2006

Kim et al 2008

Bertone et al 2007

SDSS DR7 Main

Yang et al 2007

Bower et al 2006

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Color subsets red vs blue

Color subsets completely fail to explain the observed topology

Croton et al 06

Bower et al 06

Bertone et al 07 91 h-1Mpc scale

70 h-1Mpc scale

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Summary

[ Observations ]

1 Topology of LSS measured from SDSS DR7

2 Dependence of LSS topology on scale luminosity morphology amp color is measured

Early-typered galaxies has smaller genus is more meat-ball shifted has more clusters

3 Topology bias of galaxy distribution with respect to matter is measured

Topology bias is significantly large and scale-dependent

Gravitational perturbation theory is not enough to fit the observations

[ Comparison with galaxy formation models ]

4 Topology at quasi- and non-linear scales can be used to constrain galaxy formation mechanism

All models fail to explain the observed meat-ball shift of large-scale galaxy distribution

SAM and HOD models fail to explain cluster and void abundances

Color subsets of SAM models completely fail to explain the observed topology

Galaxy formation models should be tuned to explain not only the amplitude but also the topology of galaxy clustering

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Large-scale structure

as a cosmic ruler

Use the sponge topology of LSS or the overall shape of P(k) at large scales as a standard ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe

cosmological parameters like ฮฉmh w etc

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

LSS are in the (quasi-)linear regime

amp maintain the primordial sponge topology at all redshifts(= the original idea of using topology for the test of the primordial density field for Gaussianity b

y Gott et al in 1986)

there4 LSS can be used as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and to estimate the related cosmological parameters

(courtesy A Kravtsov)

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

The genus measures the slope of PS near the smoothing scale (Gaussian case)

The PS of each universe model has a specific scale dependence

Use the whole shape of PS not just the BAO wiggle on top of the smooth PS as a cosmic ruler

subhalo PS

at z=0

matter PS

at z=0 amp 05

Scale dependence of PS encoded in the LSS

Kim et al (2009)

The Horizon Run

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Strategy

choose a reference cosmology with a certain w= Pฯ convert z of galaxies into r(z) assuming the reference cosmology calculate the genus compare the measured genus with the predicted genus in the reference cosmology

(the w-dependence originated from the different expansion history of space)

Strategy

Using the LSS topology to measure the expansion history

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

x

a

Suppose the true cosmology is x(expansion history varied by w of DE)

RG

b

genus per unit volume

in a wrong cosmology= genus of true cosmology at

scaled smoothing length

โ…ฉvolume factor of true cosmology

volume factor of wrong cosmology

looking at a larger smoothing scale

+ taking a larger unit volume

(w= -05)

(w= -15)

(w= -1)

[Low z sample]

[High z sample]

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Summary

1 Topology of LSS has been proposed to examine the Gaussianity of galaxy distribution on large scales

This was used to test the primordial density field for Gaussianity

which is one of the major predictions of the simple inflationary scenarios

2 Topology of galaxy distribution at small non-linear scales is used to constrain the galaxy formation mechanisms and cosmological parameters

3 We propose to use the topology of LSS as a cosmic ruler to measure the expansion history of the universe and constrain the cosmological parameters governing the expansion

4 2D and 1D LSS topology studies too Redshift slices from the deep imaging surveys - 2d topology

Line-of-sight level crossings of Ly-a forest clouds HI gas distribution - 1d topology

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Observational samples

Gott et al

(2006) SDSS DR4plus

Gott et al

(1986) CfA1

Vogeley et al

(1994) CfA2

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Filament-dominated Cosmic Web

Bond et al (1996) Final-state web is present in embryonic form in the overdensity pattern of the initial fluctuations with NL dynamics just sharpening the image

LSS as a cosmic ruler

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Cosmic sponge theory Not just overdensity patterns but all large-scale structures including voids maintain their initial topology (sponge) till the present

[Initial density field] [Matter density field at z=0]

flat LCDM

RG=25h-1Mpc

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Measured genus density when a wrong cosmology a is adopted

= genus of true cosmology at scaled RG

โ…ฉ(volume factor of true cosmology volume factor of wrong cosmology)

= g(RG) Dโ…ฉ V(cosmology x) DV(cosmology a)

where DV = dA2H(z) RG = RG [Dโ…ฉ V(x)DV (a)]13

dA(z) = (1+z)1 r(z) and

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

LSS Genus amp Constraining Dark Energy

Suppose we live in a universe

with (ฮฉm w) = (026 -10)

Lets choose a wrong w when z is converted to r(z)

Difference between the predictedand measured genus as z changes(the w-dependence originates from different expansion history of space)

(RG=

15h

-1M

pc)

(Park amp YR Kim 2009)

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Luminous Red Galaxies SDSS DR4plus

shallow

deep

[Gott et al 2008]

dark subhalos

from LCDM

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Observational constraints on the PS shape

WMAP5 ฮฉmh2=0133

ฮ”g = 75 (DEEP) ฮ”g = 4

(SHALLOW)

WMAP3 ฮฉmh2=0128

SDSSLRG

SDSSMain

shallow

deep

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc)

ฮฉm = 0241 plusmn 0014 (if flat LCDM amp h=072)

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Future surveysConstraint on PS shape using only the genus statistic

1 DR7 of SDSS I+II of LRGs ~ 100K

g = ~3 amp ฮฉm = ~ 0010

2 LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~08 amp ฮฉm ~ 0004[Kim et al 2008]

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Constraint on w using the genus statistic only

[Kim et al 2008]

Preliminary

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2009)

LRGs in SDSS DR4plus

g = 4 (R G=21h-1Mpc) amp 75 (RG=34h-1Mpc) rarr ฮ”w ~ 04

LRGs in SDSS-III of LRGs ~ 15M

g = ~10 in each of 3 z-bins rarr w ~ 008

[Percival et al 2007]

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Needs to deal with non-linear effects

from NL gravitational evolution galaxy biasing redshift-space distortion [Kim et al 2009]

The Horizon Run (Kim et al 2008) 41203 particles in 6592h-1Mpc box

All sky past light cone SDSS-III mock surveys - subhalos available on the web

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

WMAP3

0271

0240

0203

Matter in

real amp redshift spaces

Dark subhalos in

real amp redshift spaces

Effects of NL gravitational evolution biasing

redshift-space distortion discreteness amp finite pixel size

space RG difference wrt linear g

real 25h-1Mpc -002

redshift 25 -17

real 35 +05

redshift 35 -08

real

redshift

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

T H E H O R I Z O N R U N

Kim Park Gott amp Dubinski (2009)

httpastrokiasrekrHorizon_Run

Here

Now

History of the Universe

Deco

uplin

g

Ep

och

Dark

A

ges

The First

Obje

cts

HI +

+

He

p +

e- + +

He

Reionization Epoch

Structure Formation amp Evolution

Acceleration (Dark Energy

Dominated)

Deceleration (Matter

Dominated)

Inflatio

n

LAMOST Main Deep

SDSS Main

Expansion of human view of our

Universe

SDSS III

CfA2

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค

ใ„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์™œ์†Œ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง

ใ„ด zgt1 ์—์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

ใ„ท ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ใ„น ์†๋„๋ถ„์‚ฐ gt 300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

ใ… ERO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

ใ…‚ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์€ํ•˜์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์„ค๋ช…

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

1 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜N- ์ฒด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜

์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด - ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ

์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Eulerian (ENZO FLASH) ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์ž…์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Lagrangian (SPH codes GADGET GASOLINE) ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

์žฅ์  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋‹จ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„“์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ (BH ์„ฑ์žฅ AGN ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Œ( ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ +SAM ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์  ๊ทน๋ณต )

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

2 Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) models

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ชจํ˜• (์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ด‘๋„ ๋ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ค์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ด‘๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ƒ๊ด€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •

ํŠน์ • ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

์žฅ์  ์€ํ•˜๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ฐ€์ƒํƒ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์›” )

๋‹จ์  ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Halo-model of galaxy clustering

Bias between galaxy and dark halo P(Ng|Mh) Mean occupation for central galaxy ltNcengt=1 for MhgtMmin

Satellite mean occupation ltNsatgt = (MM1)ฮฑ

2 types of pairs ฮพ(r) = ฮพ1h(r) + ฮพ2h(r)

(Sheth 2004)

r

ฮพ2-halo

1-halo

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Halo model calculation of ฮพ(r)

Red galaxies

Dark matter

Blue galaxies

Inflection at transition from 1-halo term to 2-halo term

~constant bias at large r

1hrsaquo2h

1hlsaquo2h rarr

Sheth et al 2001

steeper

shallower

(R Sheth 2004)

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

Min host halo mass

Fainter gt M~ -205

Mmin Llimit

Brighter lt M~ -205

require higher mass baryon for satellite IGMICM

HOD Modeling of Luminosity Dependence

absolute r-Magnitude absolute r-Magnitude

(Zehavi et al 2004)

Ave halo mass hosting a satellite M1 ~ 20Mmin

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

3 Semi-analytic models (SAMs)

๊ฐ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ชจ์Œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ N ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ( ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ด๋ก  ) ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ (merger tree) ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒ„

ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™” ๋ณ„ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง„ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€์†Œ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค

์žฅ์  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œํšจ์œจ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ์Œ

๋‹จ์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์ ์ž„ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

์€ํ•˜์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์ง„ํ™”์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ( ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ )ํ™œ๋™์€ํ•˜ํ•ต์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋ณ„์ข…์กฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋จผ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ด‘

๊ธฐ์ฒด

(Shaun Cole)

(Rachel Somerville)

์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

(Benson)

์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ง„ํ–‰๋กœ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„์œค๊ณฝ ( ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ amp ๊ธฐ์ฒด )๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œจ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ํ•˜ ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œจ

์€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์€ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๋„ ์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ ๋‚˜์ด ์ค‘์›์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰

SAM

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

SAM ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰

Tully-Fisher relation Multi-waves Luminosity functionsgalaxy size distribution galaxy correlation function์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€์ธก

star formation history cold gas content luminosityfunction of Lyman-Break galaxy ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ด€์ธก

( ์‹ค์€ SAM ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง )

SAM ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

1 ํ˜„์žฌ (z=0) ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์›๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ 2 ๊ด‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—†์Œ (1 amp 2๋ฒˆ์€ Vvir=200~300kms ์ธ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ )3 ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

SAM ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์‹ค

์€ํ•˜ - ์€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์„ญ๋™์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์›๋ฐ˜์—์„œ SFR๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋†’์Œ ) ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ์ ์ƒ‰์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์•˜์Œ ๋ณ„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒฝ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ BH ์กด์žฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์— ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

์š”์•ฝ

1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ z~10 ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”

2 ์€ํ•˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” z~1 ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ ( ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์€ํ•˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” )

3 ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ- ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ- ์ง์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ~ 005rvirnei

- ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ์€ํ•˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ

4 ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด‘๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ - ๋ฐ€๋„ amp ๊ด‘๋„ - ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š z ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

์š”์•ฝ

5 ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ- ํ˜•ํƒœ - ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์€ํ•˜์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ

6 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ (N- ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ) ๊ณผ SAM ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro

SDSS DR4plus sample (Gott et al 2008)

Am

pli

tud

e

Shift ฮ”ฮฝ

SDSS Main

DR4plushalo-galaxy

correspondence

Croton et al SAM

Millennium Run

Hydro

smoothing scale RG=6h-1Mpc

Test for galaxy formation models

of

Clu

ster

s

of voids

SDSS HGC

SAM

Hydro