Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes - … and Supermassive Black Holes Josh Webster 4/21/2014...
Transcript of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes - … and Supermassive Black Holes Josh Webster 4/21/2014...
Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
Josh Webster
4/21/2014
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http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/690958main_p1237a1.jpg
A Look Ahead
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A Look Ahead
• Galaxy Classification
– Hubble Sequence
– De Vaucoulers System
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A Look Ahead
• Galaxy Classification
– Hubble Sequence
– De Vaucoulers System
• Examples of Galaxy Types
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A Look Ahead
• Galaxy Classification – Hubble Sequence
– De Vaucoulers System
• Examples of Galaxy Types
• Active Galactic Nuclei – Supermassive Black Holes
– The center of the Milky Way • Gas cloud approaches SGR A*
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Galaxy Classification
The Hubble Sequence (1936)
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
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Galaxy Classification
• E – featureless ovals, ranging from circular
to flattened
The Hubble Sequence (1936)
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
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Galaxy Classification
• E – featureless ovals, ranging from circular
to flattened • S0 – lenticular galaxies
w/o spiral structure
The Hubble Sequence (1936)
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
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Galaxy Classification
• E – featureless ovals, ranging from circular
to flattened • S0 – lenticular galaxies
w/o spiral structure • S[a-c]- tight spiral
structure, bright central bulge
The Hubble Sequence (1936)
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
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Galaxy Classification
• E – featureless ovals, ranging from circular
to flattened • S0 – lenticular galaxies
w/o spiral structure • S[a-c]- tight spiral
structure, bright central bulge
• SB[a-c] – same as S[a-c], but has central bar
The Hubble Sequence (1936)
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
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Galaxy Classification Continued… The De Vaucoulers System (1959)
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Galaxy Classification Continued… The De Vaucoulers System (1959)
• 4 Main Types: • Ellipticals: E • Lenticulars: S0 • Spirals: S • Irregulars: I
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Galaxy Classification Continued… The De Vaucoulers System (1959)
• 4 Main Types: • Ellipticals: E • Lenticulars: S0 • Spirals: S • Irregulars: I
• 4 main stages:
• From early to late (a, b, c, d) • Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) • Lenticulars (S0-, S00, S0+) • E+ for late E transitioning to S0
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Galaxy Classification Continued… The De Vaucoulers System (1959)
• 4 Main Types: • Ellipticals: E • Lenticulars: S0 • Spirals: S • Irregulars: I
• 4 main stages:
• From early to late (a, b, c, d) • Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) • Lenticulars (S0-, S00, S0+) • E+ for late E transitioning to S0
• Irregulars
• Usually denoted “Im” • Magellanic (m) • Transition or spiral type (Sm) • Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0
(I0)
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Galaxy Classification Continued… The De Vaucoulers System (1959)
• 4 Main Types: • Ellipticals: E • Lenticulars: S0 • Spirals: S • Irregulars: I
• 4 main stages:
• From early to late (a, b, c, d) • Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) • Lenticulars (S0-, S00, S0+) • E+ for late E transitioning to S0
• Irregulars
• Usually denoted “Im” • Magellanic (m) • Transition or spiral type (Sm) • Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0
(I0)
• Spirals and lenticulars have 2 families: • True nonbarred (SA, SA0) • True barred (SB, SB0) • Intermediate barred (SAB, SAB0)
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Galaxy Classification Continued… The De Vaucoulers System (1959)
• 4 Main Types: • Ellipticals: E • Lenticulars: S0 • Spirals: S • Irregulars: I
• 4 main stages:
• From early to late (a, b, c, d) • Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) • Lenticulars (S0-, S00, S0+) • E+ for late E transitioning to S0
• Irregulars
• Usually denoted “Im” • Magellanic (m) • Transition or spiral type (Sm) • Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0
(I0)
• Spirals and lenticulars have 2 families: • True nonbarred (SA, SA0) • True barred (SB, SB0) • Intermediate barred (SAB, SAB0)
• Spirals and lenticulars have 2 varieties:
• Ringed (r) • Pure spiral (s) • Transition (rs) • Complete outer ring structure (R) • Psuedo-ring from spiral arms, such as
in S(s) type, (R’)
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Rings
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http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
An Example of Spiral Varieties
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http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
True Nonbarred (SA)
Intermediate (SAB)
True Barred (SB)
True Spiral Transition Ringed
Galaxy Classification Continued…
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Galaxy_morphology.jpg
A Closer Look at Galaxies
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http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/m87jet_block.jpg
Elliptical Galaxies
M87
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http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/m87jet_block.jpg
Elliptical Galaxies
M87
Galaxy type: E1 pec • E1: elliptical • Pec: peculiar
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http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/potw1329a.jpg
Lenticular Galaxies
NGC 524
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http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/potw1329a.jpg
Lenticular Galaxies
NGC 524
Galaxy Type: S0 D • S0: lenticular type • D: rotationally
symmetric w/o pronounced spiral
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Spiral Galaxies
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1006/M51_peris.jpg
M51
NGC 5195
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Spiral Galaxies
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1006/M51_peris.jpg
M51
NGC 5195
Galaxy Type: SA(s)bc pec • SA: spiral w/o bars • (s): w/o rings • bc: intermediate stage • Pec: peculiar
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Spiral Galaxies
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1006/M51_peris.jpg
M51
NGC 5195
Galaxy Type: SA(s)bc pec • SA: spiral w/o bars • (s): w/o rings • bc: intermediate stage • Pec: peculiar
HII region
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Barred Spiral Galaxies
NGC 1300
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33
Barred Spiral Galaxies
NGC 1300
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg
Galaxy Type: SB(rs)bc • SB: barred spiral • (rs): transition • bc: intermediate stage
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Irregular Galaxies
NGC 4449
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1102/NGC4449_hlaGendlerL.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 35
Irregular Galaxies
NGC 4449
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1102/NGC4449_hlaGendlerL.jpg
Galaxy Type: IBm I: Irregular B: Barred m: magellanic
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What’s at the center of a galaxy?
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What’s at the center of a galaxy?
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What’s at the center of a galaxy?
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From what we observe, it appears nearly every galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center, and it can be “active” or “inactive”.
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
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Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
• An active core of a galaxy
– Emits radiation
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Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
• An active core of a galaxy
– Emits radiation
• Very high luminosity over a large range of EM spectrum, based on type.
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Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
• An active core of a galaxy
– Emits radiation
• Very high luminosity over a large range of EM spectrum, based on type.
• Radiation believed to be originating from supermassive black hole at center accreting mass.
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Galactic Nuclei Types
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus#Summary
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http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/m87jet_block.jpg
Supermassive Black Holes
M87
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Supermassive Black Holes
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Supermassive Black Holes
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/ 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45
Supermassive Black Holes
Jet of emitted sub-atomic particles from a source of mass 2 billion times that of the sun.
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/ 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45
Supermassive Black Holes
Jet of emitted sub-atomic particles from a source of mass 2 billion times that of the sun.
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/ 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45
Center of the Milky Way
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/ESO-VLT-Laser-phot-33a-07.jpg
Center of the Milky Way
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https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l8_p7.html
Chandra X-Ray Observatory SGR A* using VLA (radio)
Center of the Milky Way: SGR A*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51
2 d
ay p
eri
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T
≈ 1
08 K
NuSTAR
Center of the Milky Way: SGR A*
Black hole at the center:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51
2 d
ay p
eri
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≈ 1
08 K
NuSTAR
Center of the Milky Way: SGR A*
Black hole at the center: • 4 million times the
mass of the sun
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51
2 d
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eri
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≈ 1
08 K
NuSTAR
Center of the Milky Way: SGR A*
Black hole at the center: • 4 million times the
mass of the sun • 26,000 Ly from Earth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51
2 d
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≈ 1
08 K
NuSTAR
Center of the Milky Way: SGR A*
Black hole at the center: • 4 million times the
mass of the sun • 26,000 Ly from Earth • Faint X-ray emission
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51
2 d
ay p
eri
od
T
≈ 1
08 K
NuSTAR
Center of the Milky Way: SGR A*
Black hole at the center: • 4 million times the
mass of the sun • 26,000 Ly from Earth • Faint X-ray emission • Only 1% of material
in vicinity reaches event horizon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51
2 d
ay p
eri
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08 K
NuSTAR
Stellar Orbits Near SGR A*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galactic_centre_orbits.svg
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S2 orbit ≈ 15.24 years Sedna ≈ 11,400 years S2 velocity ≈ 5000 km/s ≈ 1.67% speed of light That’s 166x Earth’s orbit speed!
Gas Cloud (G2) Near SGR A*
Cloud roughly 10 times the mass of Earth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G2Cloud_eso1151a.jpeg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 54
Conclusion
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Conclusion
• Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult.
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Conclusion
• Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult.
• There are many varieties of galaxies. – Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution
they are in.
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Conclusion
• Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult.
• There are many varieties of galaxies. – Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution
they are in.
• The De Vaucoulers system is an extension of the Hubble sequence, and is the most commonly used.
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Conclusion
• Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult.
• There are many varieties of galaxies. – Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution
they are in.
• The De Vaucoulers system is an extension of the Hubble sequence, and is the most commonly used.
• Astrophysics is a rapidly developing field of science. – There is still much that we don’t understand about galaxies. – The technology to observe certain phenomena has only recently
become available. – Everything prior to the early-mid 1900’s was theory or just
speculation.
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References
• De Vaucoulers, G. (1962). Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1963ApJS....8...31D&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
• Ciardullo, R. (2009). Galaxy Classification. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://www2.astro.psu.edu/users/rbc/a504/classifications.pdf
• Torres, Diego F. & Anchordoqui, Luis A. (2004). Astrophysical Origins of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March04/Torres/Torres_contents.html
• NASA & The Hubble Heritage Team (2000). A Cosmic Searchlight. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/
• Boen, Brooke. (2013). Supermassive Black Hole Sagittarius A*. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/black-hole-SagittariusA.html
• Murdin, P. & Buta, Ronald (2006). Encyclodpedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf
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Questions?
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