GalarzaSepulveda RevisadeEstudiosHispanicos Vol42 No1 2008

8/3/2019 GalarzaSepulveda RevisadeEstudiosHispanicos Vol42 No1 2008

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Shrnd i

Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 2 (2)

DENISE GALARZA SEPúLVEDA

Of Legends and Lack:Te Economy of Criollo Discourse in the

Historia de la Villa Imperial de Potosí

Unik h himri i E Drd, h ndr m h sivr-minin i Psí ws bsd n h ri is rihs.

Ld in h ni rin Uppr Pru, prsn-d Bivi, hCerro Rico Psí idd vr 22 ns rnd sivr pr r, nd n pin und r n-urh h Spnish Crwn’s rvnu.1 B h r svnnh nur, Psí’s sus s sur imm-surb wh hd md is w in Spnish irr prduin. Y h sm im h Psí pprs in h Quijote s i pb siin vn Snh Pnz’s ppi r rihs, is sivr prduinhd rd bun sd din.2 Whi Psí ws si n imprn

sur sivr, i n nr njd is rmr wh, nd ws sur-pssd in rms sivr prduin b h minin iis Nw Spin:Zs nd Gunju. Psí’s sivr prduin hd n rm srin , mrks in 12, mr 2, in 1, nd hmpnin risis pvr nd drsd ppuin rnsrmdh i in shdw is rmr s.

I is wihin his nx nd nd k h Brmé Arzáns d Ors V bn mpsin his mnumn nrriv,Historia de la Villa Imperial de Potosí . I nsiss hprs h

w r rnizin, nd r dis bu viru vr sp h i’s i. Arzáns wr h Historia bwn 1 nd1, nd ik hr ndsin xs is kind, i hd b surd-d du, in pr, h riiqus vd ins imprn mmbrs si nd ins r is. In his sns, h Historia rsns

wih suh vrid nrrivs s Jun Rdríuz Fri’s El carnero nd Ans Crrió d Vndr’s El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes , bh whih dsrib h pubi nd priv vns h k p wihinurbn sps, n riiizin h sbishd ni ssm ndmmnin n h bhvir h dirn srs si.



Dnis Grz Spvd

Addiin, hs ndsin disurss nd r h uhr’srin spi mri riis, inudin pii, si nd

nmi shis, h sm im h h drw upn ssi rhri- sris nd pr-Enihnmn nrs. Dspi bin n hw hisrirphis h hv rrdd Spnish Amrin virsi in suh di, h Historia rmind in riv bsuri unih 1 Brwn Univrsi pubiin d b Lwis Hnk nd Gun-nr Mndz.1

A h im Arzáns wris his Historia, Psí’s sivr prduinhd bn in sd din r w vr nur. Evn s, h u i his pus rirs h i’s ndr rnss: “Hisri d Vi

Impri d Psí, riquzs inmprbs d su ms Crr, rn-dzs d su mnánim pbión, sus urrs ivis ss mm-rbs.” A nsin bwn h i’s ndr ps nd is subsqunmri din surs hruhu Arzáns’s nrriv, nsin hh uhr mps rni hruhu h mr hn 1, ish mpris h Historia. T uhr ddrsss his din hruhh us Chrisin rhri. Arzáns’s mrisi sids nr n humnbhvir nd r undd n h dihm bwn vi nd d,

sin nd rdmpin.11

In , n h disinuishin urs hisx is is dnunmn wh rn sins h inuds murdr,prid, rd, nv nd siviusnss.

Tis ss xmins h rinship bwn nmi risisnd h uhr’s disurs. I ru h, hruh his r-b-r -un di i in Psí, Arzáns prsns h bhvir h i’sinhbins s dir nd unquiv rspnsib r Psí’s .12 Bi in h rinship bwn h bhvir individus nd hdivin vr r wrh bswd n hir mmuni rprsns n

Jud-Chrisin rdiin. Y in h Historia, his divin inrvninrms pr n inri dnmi mr us nd . In wh I hr mr nm, sinu bhvir is dnund nd pius b-hvir udd bus hir mri s: mr sins brin divinpunishmn in h rm nmi ruin, whi viruus bhvir isrwrdd b Gd wih n inrs in h i’s wh.1 In hr wrds,h mrisi rhri h Historia s bnd h simp didirunin mr nd immr bhvir; i bms disursivsr h srvs xpin h i’s nmi risis. Furhrmr, I

iusr h Arzáns’s rmn Chrisin mri, whih juxpss



T Enm Criollo Disurs

sins nd s pi, ws him x h criollos , r Amrin-brnSpnirds, his niv Psí whi prvidin prm rm whih dnun h rrup pris rin rups his nmp-rris. Tis mr nm ws h niv Psí xnr hVi’s criollos b inkin hm hruh h rihnss hir hrr h i’s ndr rnss, whi ribuin immri—ndb xnsin h h i— spi rups forasteros , his, usidrs r rinrs. As h nrrs h rs rs din,

Arzáns runs n is sins nd dnuns mnnr immrs mmid b Eurpns, spi h chapetones , r nw-rrivd Spnirds, Psí. T uhr’s mr dirssins, hn, rv

pii hrd criollo disurs prdid n vr r nminrns.1

T rs mns Arzáns’s mr nm r brd inrms hrnd. Whi brin h Crr s “[] ms, sim-pr máxim, riquísim inbb Crr d Psí,” Arzáns nrs hisnrriv n h urbn sp h Vi Impri (I: ).1 Tis disursivmv w rm h Crr h i rprsns shi rm h nur h pii, rm h rphi h uur. In h vr rsin his pru, Arzáns vks h id patria, whih h ims

uidd his dsir undrk h wriin h Historia. Ardin h uhr, h criollos , r naturales de Potosí , shr srn sns mmuni nd sin dsir s hir i mmriizd:

[] rn ds qu n muhs d mis mpris d rs hmbrsd vris prvinis d rb vindds n s Impri Vi d P-sí [. . .] h nid d vr sri hisri d s ms unmmrb Vi, m pud dnr n mí, qu mbién sb n mism ds. (I: xxxiii)

Arzáns mps h rm patria in h ssi sns shrd -in bnin i. T compatriotas whih h rrs r hcriollos wh wr brn in Psí, whm h r disinuishs rm“rs hmbrs d vris prvinis d rb vindds n s Im-pri Vi,” whih is s h rinrs nd immirns wh hdsd hr.1 T patria whih Arzáns rrs is n h xpnsivrphi r h nsiud h Vir Pru, r vnUppr Pru, bu rhr h impri i his birh nd vn mr

spi, h ndr im h i s i xisd vn hn inppur iminin.1



Dnis Grz Spvd

Psí’s rndur is rprsnd b Arzáns in wndru b-rqu shin h binnin his nrriv; in h vr rs hprh Historia nnuns h Vi’s prminn in bh h Od nd hNw Wrd:1

L mu brd, simpr íni, uus, mnánim, nb riVi d Psí; rb brvid; hnr ri d Améri; nrd Pr; mprriz d s vis urs d s Nuv Mund; rind su pdrs prvini; prins d s indins pbins; sñrd s srs uds; bnin pids mdr d jns hijs; -umn d ridd; spj d ibridd; dsmpñ d sus óismnrs; prr d pbrs; dpósi d mirss snuris;jmp d vnrión u divin; quin s rs nins p-idn iusr, prnn pun, dmirn vin, nsn invi,pudn sbrn, rzn riñs pubin ; quin ds d-sn pr rui, siin pr prvh, nhn pr zr znpr dsns. (I: )

As h rius pinr h wrd, Psí is iknd r (emperatriz , reina, princesa, soberana), nd is riius nd piidvin r prsnd s suprir nd xmpr. Inrsprsd mnhs suprivs is sris rms wih nmi nnins (rica,desempeño, protectora, opulenta, refugio, provecho), whih undr-sr h mri bsis r h i’s m nd h s ri Psíhs rd h Crwn. As Arzáns ss, h i is rnizd n n s vub Spin, bu i is s rnizd wihin h nx h

wrd’s nm s hr nins prim is mnin nd pp sk pr rm is rihs.

Arzáns’s rprsnin h Crr s “ ms, simprmáxim, riquísim inbb Crr d Psí,” is bsd n is rpu-

in s sur inrminb wh (I: ). His us h prsnns mphsizs is ninud pun, s ds his rpd us “simpr” whn ssrin Psí’s rn rnss. Tis ws n,hwvr, h s. Pr Bkw’s sud Psí’s sivr prduindins hr disin ss upu, h s whih spnndrm 1 1 nd rrspndd h nmi nd ivi risish rsud rm svr dinin prduin.1 I is durin hisprid h Arzáns wris his Historia. His rrn h Cerro sn unndin sur sivr nd his simunus knwdmn

h nmi din h ws in his i r disursiv




nsin h hihihs his nd prpu h nd h i whi smhw xpinin is din.

Ts nsins r rdi sn whn Arzáns bmns h i’sdin, rqun din s in h rm xmins: “¡Oh, uán- rndz (ns rrn vris hisridrs) mnuv s Vi ns psds imps, uán dsdih ps prsn!” (II: 1).Hwvr, hs kinds mns r n immdi wd b riumphn ims bu h i’s ninud prminn: “Grndissiempre ha sido, rnd es todavía pus mnin d p mund”(II: 11, m mphsis). T ms drmi Arzáns’s mns d in rrspnd h hprs h dsrib i in h Vi ps 12,

whn Psí’s sivr prduin ks sinin dwnurn.2 Fr x-mp, in h hpr h rrspnds 1, Arzáns xprsss huim disiusinmn: “d s h bd, d s pn i,d n suspirs. Pr ir u s un d s nbs íds quhn nid pr s pbins d mund: vr n vnidd, ninmprb riquz vu n pv n nd” (II: 22–2).21 Hr

Arzáns xprsss h kind desencanto nd mn r s rihs hsm hv rizd s pi h brqu mni.22 Hwvr,rin h Historia simp s n xmp brqu disiusinmninrs h uhr’s insisn n Psí’s rnss nd h rhrimpxiis h nrriv, s vind in his rpd im rrd-in h i’s prpu rnss: “sin sr sá dnd s rn Crrsu ndrd p in un inni qu dr;” nd in “dví dPsí n rnd nidd nu, dví rpr riquz d su Crr rb” (II: ; III: 1).

T nihi juxpsiin nd nd k n rsusin Arzáns’s shiin h us w rm mri wh nd wrd

dnmi ssm mr us nd . In h nrriv rrspnd-in 1, r insn, Arzáns prrms disursiv sih hndh ws him dn h i’s rnss n in rms sivr r,bu rhr in rms h i’s nivs:

Finmn, rndis n d h sid s Impri Vi su Crrrnd s dví pus mnin d su ri p rb; rnd s in, disrión vr d sus nurs; rnd s (vuv dir)su pidd ibridd pr n ds junmn n d ds susmrdrs. (II: )



Dnis Grz Spvd

T uhr’s insisn n Psí’s ninud rnss is pssib du h rhri shi rm h Crr’s ndr id sivr r

h mnin h i’s naturales , r nivs. Tis nh is criollo ribus—disrin, in, vr, mpssin ndnrsi—vrwhms h inii rrn Psí’s sivr ndshis h us n nn-mri wh. T prnhi ririn“vuv dir” undrsrs h insisn nur h ssrin hh i’s u rnss rsids in h xmpr hrr nd in is naturales . T r moradores , r inhbins, is n inr disinuishd rm h nivs, nd rrn hm smskd n s n rhuh. T us hr is h criollos, naturales de

Potosí .T uhr is quik pin u h hs brn in his mni-

n i nur inhri Psí’s rnss in h rm prsni nd inin: “hbnd sin psión un n vrdd qu ds s nri, [s d Psí] sn d uds nndimins dis mmris” (II: ). In , h birh h rs criollo Psíis dsribd b Arzáns s miruus vn, h r whih wdh Vi prspr: “n más d ñs d su pbión n s pud

humnmn rr un niñ spñ qu us nur d Psí, sin-d nsri nurrir un mi pr rrs primr” (I: ). Tdivin inrvnin h rsud in h birh Psí’s rs ri—nChrisms d, n ss—hd sin n h i. Ardin h uhr, h mir miid h nrius riid im, w-in r h uur dvpmn h Vi: “A prsn (ribuénd suprir us sbrnur) s xprimn d i más bné-v, más pib im” (I: ). In h sm mnnr h h im isrd b his divin birh, Arzáns suss h mmbrs his nw

ppuin naturales r simir bssd: “znd d inuj másvrb sbrsn hrmss rsrs, dispsiins rds, uidsinnis, rzns vins nrss ánims” (I: ). T uhr’smphsis n h im Psí vks h dbs bu h dvrss h im nd h nvirnmn n h Spnirds brn in hIndis h wr brwin in h sixnh nd svnnh nuris.2 Tis r rm rphi nd imi drminism drw upn hhris ssi phisphrs ik Hipprs, whs hr hur humrs nd h h im n hs bdi uids wr

usd bh sbish nd ru h id h Spnirds brn in hIndis wr inrir inu.2




Fr Arzáns hr is nur nd inim rinship bwnh xin his niv i nd h pris his mpris. Y i

Psí’s niv criollo ppuin is imbud wih nr xn ndh i is dsrvs up psiin hisri prminn, wh wud xpin is din? T srk nmi prbms hsurrundd Arzáns s h wr his Historia hrnd dsr hi his birh nd rndr prpsrus his brqu xins is ndr bundn. Arzáns rmus his rspns h i’snmi risis b sbishin n ppsiin bwn insidrs ndusidrs, wvin nrriv in whih h suprir bhvir ndhrr h criollos , r peruanos de Potosí (whm h nsidrs b

is ru naturales ), r vrwhmd b h sinu nd rimin ins h mn h s forasteros .2 T uhr’s sd purps, rsuh nd his i’s rihs rm h “srd ris d vid,” is in-xrib inkd his mp xpin h i’s nmi din(I: xxxiii). his nd, h ps h bm r h i’s is squr n h hrds forasteros h ssid Psí di, nd whs vri,mbiin, nd siviusnss, r bmd r brinin Gd’s wrh upnh i in h rm nmi ruin.

T hrnus nd vr-hnin sr forasteros prvd b h ms diu smn Psí’s ppuin riz,s is vidn in h w survivin nsus rrds. I is r rm n-mprr dumns h mn dirn rups nribud hnsn bb nd w mirin h i, inudin Musims, I-ins, Nrhrn Eurpns, pp mixd r nd bks bh rnd nsvd.2 Ahuh Indins nd Spnirds und r h vsmjri h ppuin, Arzáns ims disrrds h disininsbwn hs rups b rizin hm simp s forasteros , -

sin indiin hir p riin usin, r xmp, “rsrspruns” whn rrrin criollos wh r n nivs Psí. Ah binnin his nrriv, h undrsrs h unsb hrr forasteros s rup: “n un mrdrs n s pud pnr nurism prmnn prqu s xprimn qu s rsrs (sí ds rins d Espñ d s Indis) nrn uns sn rs ñ, ds rs d su nrd” (I: –1). Y h diuis psd b hisiinrn rup r bnd isi nrns. As h i mursnd h ppuin forasteros bms mr vrid, Arzáns xpins

hw h i’s bundn rihs, h vr sur Psí’s m, iv



1 Dnis Grz Spvd

ris unrs nd hs: “[]n sum iniidd zb Psí d susriquzs pr mjr dir pnb pr s, pus su mism prspridd sinb rrb n dvrsidd, prqu s r qu si nbundr p n udín pr n vridd d ns mudirn s Vi, us d ns inquiuds” (I: 1). T vri-d hrr h i’s ppuin srvs s nvnin spr h ivi unrs nd h hs h hd m hrriz Psí:“ djrs d mr uns rs s d vris nins n pndnis nunrs priurs [. . .] simpr s h ninud n Psí prsr p su n pris r n su Vi uns hijs rrj mr pr d mund” (I: 1). T murdrs nd si hs h

pu h i r hus sn rsu rm h drius inun immr rinrs, immirns h Psí, win hr sss n-rsi, hs pd in hr d.

Hvin md hs nri rrns h immri rinrs, Arzáns s n spi sris sins h h ribus hm, inudin rd, nv, siviusnss, nd prid. Arzáns i-usrs hs sins hruh dirssins nd nds bu individus pprunism, rrupin, murdr, nd dur, nd nudsh hs s r rspnsib r invkin Gd’s wrh in h rm

pus, nur dissrs, wrs, nd vn h unvrb r in-spins, whih dir r indir h i’s nmi

w-bin. Whn Arzáns dsribs h sur brins h k p

r h Vi brd “ dí d Crpus divin n mru, vnrión rndz,” h pins h piur rinrs pin nd vin h rih sums nd jws h h criollos Psídnnd r hir six ds siviis (I: 2):2

Asimism s rds ris hiirn sis másrs, s ds d dí s ur qu uirn d nh, n ns ss, riquz visssinvnins, ns s, js, priss prs pidrs d sum vr,qu dirn muh qu mirr muh más qu nr s rsrs,qu n nuv dii nndió s dss qu n uns hbí d sriquzs d Psí, prurnd dspués n sus inquiuds brr Vi pr zrs mdin rb vini. (I: 2)

T mr sih suh pun inms h vusnss hs r-

inrs wh hn wrk bh ivi nd nmi hv, s h sir up mnnr unrs (inquietudes ) in rdr sur hs rihs hruh



11T Enm Criollo Disurs

vin nd h. Ain, hs usidrs snd in srk nrs h naturales h i, n n bus h dirn bwn

criollo wh ( galas, joyas, preciosas perlas, piedras de sumo valor ) nd himpid pvr h rinrs, bu s in rms hir mri.Evn huh wrirs nd mriss h im imd h,

whr uxur bunds, “runs nd mnnrs r hnd nd mpirsr undn,” Arzáns ds n dnun uxur r disps xs-siv rihs.2 h nrr, h pun h Crpus siviisr ssid wih h gallardía, h nr, xn, nd vr Psí’s criollos , nd i is uhd in rms sri mri nd spiri-u prpri sin h divin siviis wr ivn prim nd wr

bsrvd wih h ums rvrn. Arzáns us, insd, h rdnd nv h forasteros wh prvk urmi nd ni in hir -mps i pprpri h criollos ’ ds. Tus h du nur h i’s wh is shwn: in h hnds h pius niv criollos isrvs urhr h r Gd, whi h bs nd inb rinrs

wh hv m srhin r s runs r inid b hs smrihs s vin nd hivr. N n ds his bsmirh hrpuin h Vi, i s disrups h snind w sivr ndrud xhn ds, undrminin h vr ndiins hdrw h rinrs h i in h rs p.

Dspi bsin Psí’s bii riv h sns rm hr nins, Arzáns dns his muiud s r nivinuns nd bms hm r h dvrsi h mrkd Psí’s his-r.2 T 1 hpr is nid “Irrid divin jusii n spds d s hbidrs d Psí s quió riquz sus ms.E ni n qu pr s s vi rin, n rs suss” (I: 1).In rinizin h drdin h qui h Crr’s sivr r,

Arzáns xpins h h inhbins (n h ds n us h rmnaturales ) Psí hd irrid divin jusi, rin Gd rib rmvin h hih qui “p bn” rm is vins:

sind ns s ups d s mrdrs d Psí, irrirn divin jusii d md qu birn qu s quis insrumn qus r sión miv d msrrs dss inrs pr n sudivin mjsd, qu s hbí dd qu riquz pr qu ds zsn hrmnbmn n rdsn hind rs bunsbrs: pr s n hiirn sí, ns s dsnrnrn mind

vris pds, rinnd sbr ds d hmiidi dii, qu



12 Dnis Grz Spvd

n bsnd ns ásims, n drrmmin d snr, mur-s n s psds zmins, irnís bnds, uidinmn sdspdzbn uns n rs s nins n s hrbn d drrmrsnr, mvids d dii mbiión (qu pr nr más squibn uns rs p n prxs rívs) d psiónd sus nins pris. (I: 1)

T qui—nd hn h vu— h r is dir d b hsins hs mn wh r mivd b rd, vri, nd mbiin.

Bus i is inudd mn h prdin is rprhn-sib mivins, pasión vks h id soberbia, r h sin prid. Prhps h rs xmp h rin pssins h d

h ivi nd nmi disrupin in h Vi is h wr bwn h“viuñs” nd h “vsnds,” r Bsqus, whih sd rm 122uni 12, nd whih Arzáns dsribs in h nh hprs hrrspnd hs rs. Ardin Bkw, his ivi wr hdis rs in h n-sndin hsiiis mn rin rups in hPninsu. Bsqus, “wh b viru nin privis, pssssin dirn nu, nd n hisr disin, i n spr,dvpmn in Spin, ndd usr hr in wh hrs n

nsidrd n xusiv nd disdinu w” (Silver and Entrepreneurship 2). T pasión de patria y nación whih Arzáns rrs, hn, is bsdn h kind hni idniin h prdd ninnh-nur ninism, bu h is nnhss prund rd in shrdrin, inuisi, nd uur idniin.1 T Bsqus wrpid ins h “viuñs,” wh nr nsisd nn-BsquSpnirds nd criollos . Hwvr, suh ins wr rnsir b n-ur, nd Arzáns’s dsripin hs wrs ds r sm xnh prvisin ins h surd nd wr brkn hruhu h

ur rs unrs.2 T wrs bin, rdin him, s rsu h prid nd rrn rinrs, sin in Psí “ds prndnuns vinn (unqu sn xrnjrs) mndr nr smjrs puss” nd “d u qurí mndr n bsumn”(I: 2; I: ). T prsn mbiin hs rinrs drivs hm dmnd psiins pwr in nd n hir wn, whi hirhuhinss nd unbridd mbiin d hm quir hs psshruh hmiid; hs rims d in urn si hs, ivinris kinds hr rimin bhvir h urhr nribus

Psí’s nmi risis.




Ahuh Arzáns insiss hruhu hs hprs h h wr ws “si d ir d Dis” r h mn sins h bundd durin

h im, his nrns r n sri mrisi (I: 2). Tr wrvr r nmi rprussins s rsu his wr, s mn in-hbins h i “n ds sus riquzs” nd rr numbr rinrs dsndd upn Psí k dvn h si hsnd h muip ppruniis i rdd r hivr nd hr rims.Dsribin h snd r his wr, Arzáns xpins:

d ms d mrz s psó n murs, hrids, pndnis rbsnsidrbs, prqu r sí qu n vi rsr qu niid ss brs hbín vnid s Vi, rbbn ss nrs hín rs rvísims mdds, d sur qu dsd prinipis dnr hs mrz d s ñ [. . .] psrn d , pss s qusó n mnd squrn d priurs vins. (I: )

In ddiin his p pirin, h i’s nm ws dbus minin m h s h azogueros wr prupid wihhidin hir “riquzs, p, js hjs priss” in vrius n-vns in rdr surd hm rm rin bndis s w s rmhir rivs (I: ).

Ardin Arzáns, Psí’s wh ws “riv pr nurrni d n muiud d n d vris prs d mund,sinnd divrsidd d nurs, brs, pndnis, murs,hrids rs rvs nss nr divin mjsd” (II: 1). Ts

wrds inrdu wh, rdin h uhr, nsiud n hmjr surs n h i h i: h dbsmn Psí’s inin 12. Fr mr hn dd h ins mind in h Vi hdbn durd b h inusin xssiv muns ppr. T

presidente wh ws sn h i ri his siuin ws rd dvu Psí’s in, nd his dbsmn hd immdi nddvsin nmi rprussins r h Vi. Arzáns xpins hbus h xisn s mn pp rm vrius prs h

wrd, nd win h rsuin vin nd rv nss insGd, “nvió Dis qu p d prsidn, junmn qu h-bind hh rbj n mnd mnzrn n su imp ds-r rn pr d ss mins” (II: 1). Ahuh Arzáns is miir

wih h dminisriv rrupin nd h imprpr minin pris

h prvid br h “p d prsidn,” h ds n dnun



1 Dnis Grz Spvd

hm in his insn. Insd, h minins h h xisn smn dirn nins nd h immr bhvir is inhbins

bruh divin punishmn in h rm minin rrms h, inurn, nribud h i’s nmi risis. A ims, his mmns rrdin h Vi’s din r mni-

sd in rms mn bu h brvi nd h dpin inhrnin h hins his wrd. Whi dsribin h prbms 12,r xmp, im whn hr ws r db s whhr r nh mita ssm rd Indin br shud b bishd, Arzánsxprsss his kind ri snimn whn h mns h drp inh numbr Indins wh wrkd h mins: “d , indis qu

vnín nr d dih mi h pns vinn , qu ds ss d mund minn n disminuión prn n nd” (II: ).

Y h uhr’s rmn hins mpr s “nd,” r nhin,xiss hr wih n mp xpin nd vn rmd h “dismi-nuión” Psí’s wh in mr mpiri rms, s indid b hisrrn dmrphi nd br issus. H s bnd his xp-nin, huh, nd dnuns h rudun nmi pris his nmprris. Tis im, whn Arzáns rps his mrisi n-rizins bu h rrin bwn sinu bhvir nd Psí’snmi sump, h rrs spi s rrupin: “Rmósn s n pbrz s ms Vi [. . .] ¡Oh qué rn idd prPsí, h qué rn dsir s hiz pus s quirn r innu-mrbs quins, qué nb dsimin pr mr prd rb! Aribuós nmn si qu Dis hiz s ImpriVi pr sus pds [. . .]” (II: ). T prprrs impii in hphrs “ quirn” hv bu pird h r rs b sin rhmsvs h sivr h shud hv n h Crwn in h rm

xs. Sin n mind sivr ud b xd, his rup wud hvhd rmv sivr iii, bpssin h i minin ruins. Psí’s din s n n h Crwn, bu h wrd nm, ndh us is in ribud sinu bhvir.

In smin prdxi mv, Arzáns immdi insissn h i’s ninud nd rn wh whi h sm im r-vin h uss is urrn “pbrz.” T bv qu is dir wd b his xpnin: “pus dsd nns s xprimnnmuhs dsusrs, qu unqu sin sr sá dnd s rn Crr

su ndrd p in inni qu dr, m n h indis qu




rbjn sus mins s pd prsn rnd dsvnur [. . .]”(II: ). T prbm sms b h k Indin br nd h -

rs n nd iusr n pssib us: n unnmd azoguero buss h Indins undr his hr b n pin hm, b pubi bin nd insuin hm, nd b dmndin h h p him insivr s w s hruh hir br in rdr urn pr. Y hprbm is n mr din in h numbr Indin wrkrs;

Arzáns rrs “muhs dusrs.” hr, h ir nd urivmnins h wrd “dsusr” undrsr h kind rrupinh Arzáns dnuns hr. Lir, deslustre mns h rmv h usr r shin, nd uriv h wrd rrs h dishnr r

mrk usd b n inb r unsm . In h s Psí, i isimmri h rnishs h i’s im n simp bus h Indi-ns r misrd, bu bus immri is ssid wih h iiirmv h i’s sivr. Mri r k hr is disussd in rms is mri nmi rprussins r h Vi.

In rdr v n dub s h rsn r h deslustre ndh pecados h hv mrkd h i, Arzáns nuds h bv di-rssin b summrizin h i’s urrn s “rnd dsvnur”nd xpinin h is rs us ws h bhvir Spnirds:“[. . .] s pd prsn rnd dsvnur, umnánd muhmás dsr, rvimin, dsd riión irrmdib d los de España, pus d ñ s vn d p n piñs pr Buns Airs s dmás purs” (II: , m mphsis). Arzáns’s nmprris

wud hv rnizd h mnin Buns Airs s rrn h iii rkin sivr, sin h ws n h primr wsin whih unxd sivr ws surrpiius rmvd rm Psí. Furhrmr, Arzáns inups “s d Espñ” s h prprrs

hs shmss s rhr. Wh rs smd prdx—hninud wh n impvrishd Psí—is rid hr: Psíninus id r quni sivr, bu bus h rrup-in h Spnish h Vi hs bm impvrishd. T nrnmi nsquns his hivr, vusnss, rd, nd vrir h h Crwn is n pid is r h, unmind sivr is wd iru, iii rd disrups h wrd nm, nd h rpuin h r i is rnishd.

T numbr sris bu h sndus bhvir usid-

rs inrss mrkd in h hprs h rrspnd h r h



1 Dnis Grz Spvd

h svnnh nd r ihnh nuris. dsrib h rirrs h i’s i, Arzáns rid hvi n prvius hisrins, bu

hr is nsnsus h Arzáns’s wriin ks n mr jurnisi sr 1, in h sns h h uhr bins rpr n nm-prr vns s h hppn, n inudin bh mmnr ndriiqu. N surprisin, hn, in hs hprs h rur mish nms spi individus, rin insd sn us s hiridni, n ims rrrin s hir n riin. A ims hss h h hs didd n h idni hs individus u sns “prudn” r r h sk “nvnin.” T rsn rhis s-nsrship sms w undd i w rmmbr Arzáns’s im

h jud wh hd hrd rumr his Historia hd mpd rrs him nd dsr h x. Si, i is in his runin hVi’s di i nd his rin vns h h winssd durin hr ihnh nur, h h dirssins nd nds bu sinund pius bhvir, nd hn h uhr’s disursiv mr nm,r u brd.

Arzáns’s r ihnh-nur rprin n dpis sinsh r sxu in nur, suh s dur nd siviusnss, sins hh usu ribus nw-rrivd Eurpn immirns. In 12,h rhbishp Luis Frnis Rmr rvd Psí ndu visita, r inspin h ni uhriis, undr h uspis hCuni h Indis. As Arzáns s i, upn h rhbishp’s rrivh ws ivn papelón, r ndsin pi wriin, h isd hui pris: “2 nmbrs d sujs d Eurp qu s nrnínn sivis n mujrs prdids, s hiz mr un un [. . .]nr s hbí hmbrs vijs mzs rds” (III: 2). Tuh

Arzáns vids nmin hs “sujs d Eurp” dir, nd h ds

n srss h visitas pi invvd h ssssmn r is,h prpus hir shm b runin h h r xpsd brh unsuspin i: “n sbind muhs su riidd s hiz p-bi mivnd srnis, bs burs” (III: 2).1 Hd hs in-dividus bn mmbrs h wr estados , hir mr ri wudn hv inid suh snd. I is h individus rrivin rm Eurpnd, in his xmp, hs wh njd rin psiin privi(nd wh wr imbud wih nmin mr rspnsibii), whiv r rin hir sxu ppis nd wh r suh mhm

h r inspin is wrrnd. In sum, hir hpris is unv-rd, nd h bm h r pubi ridiu.




T r Eurpn rinr bins sur rnsr-min in h hprs h rrspnd h rs hr dds h

ihnh nur; in hs rs, h nr mnin Eurpns isrpd b rrns nw-rrivd Spnirds. I is wrh nh wihin his mr nm Arzáns ds n simp pps criollos pninsur Spnirds.2 His wn mii nd si is wud mkhis kind vrsimpiin impssib. Hwvr, h ds prsnrin Spnirds, usu hs wh hd rn-rrivd in Psí, in w h mphsizs hir “rinnss” nd undrsrs hir Eur-pn riin; h n runs hir inb s b rrrin h “vzpbi,” r h ssip h irud bu hm.

In hs r hprs, rn-rrivd Spnirds (prvius rrrd s simp la juventud de España), r disprin dchapetones , nd r prrd s n h mr dnr smns Psí’s forastero ppuin:

Dsd ñ ndn n priur dsd prinipis d nr ds d 11 nrrn n s Vi rid nmr d hpns dEspñ n bus (m mn) d vid, m mdr univrs sió s di sus nvninis m ninumn h,

unqu simpr sán qujss prqu d un d éss quisir unrr nr d Psí. (III: )

Tuh hs nw-rrivd Spnirds wh hv dsndd n Psíin srh rihs r w rivd, hir iud is r rm rsp-u. Wh snds u is h chapetones ’ unmiid rd vn in ih hir wn pvr nd h s-sriin nrsi his “mdrunivrs.”

T hn in h rprsnin nw-rrivd Spnirds is

ms drmi nd r h pu 11, rm whih pinnwrd h r ms ws rprsnd s sivius, vriius,vin, nd rqun ssid wih wmn i rpu: “L juvn-ud d Espñ (qu á mn hpns und inn ps dís sud) rdinrimn m hn ivindd n s mujrs prdidsqu hbin n s Vi s dnn n dshnsidd qu ns pud drr” (III: ). As Arzáns xpins, hs chapetones dciertas mujercillas h usm h Enish urs whr h prinis srvd b nkd wmn, nd h didd rr h ri pr-

i. Arzáns rs h nsuin dbuhr n sk pind, “d




Arzáns ws his nd b xprssin his bwidrmnbu h bhvir hs indin chapetones , ndin wih dirs-

sin bu r wi: “pr s más nb qu nind d un ds mrs su ibr bdrí s djn rrsrr d s mrs psiónhs pnrs n im d su prdiión [. . .] Ls dshnss snbrus n pi d rins” (III: 2). Arzáns rs hs chapetones s bss wh n wr h skins rin mn h sm im hh ssis hm wih h hr sps, h whrs wh iruhruhu h i, ndnrin is nmi nd si sbii.

In srk nrs, Arzáns prsns xmpr bhvir s h sdminin h criollos Psí. N n r hs naturales disin-

uishd rm hr criollos , bu h r s s pr rm chapetones bus, b uin hir mr biin ivin ms, h xdh inhbins Spin in rms h pius mnnr in whih h mp hir nsidrb wh. T Historia is rp wih xmps potosinos wh r nd r hir pi nd hri: “Limsns s hndd n Psí [...] m s vi n qu riiv br dn JunFrnándz, nur d s mní Vi, pus di d un vz más d, pss qu pbr nduz qu pidió un r imsn” (II:

). T xn hrr sribd potosinos is xmpidhruh nds simir h n ssid wih his “riivbr;” his xssiv nrsi indis n n his r mri

wh, bu s h nbii his dds.Dirssins bu h suprir hri potosinos s xps

h wwrd ndiin h hundrds Spnirds wh rriv inPsí brin nbii. As Cnhi Min hs xpind, durinh ni prid i Spnirds ud piin b rnizd spr. Tis r “pbr d smnidd” ws undd n h id

h is hd h rspnsibii minin rin is nd pr hir inrss bus, dspi nmi hrdship, h wrsi hnrb. Whi his m hv bn h s r h mn prpninsur Spnirds wh ppud h i, Arzáns’s dpiin rin impvrishd Spnirds drws nin hir ss hn hn-rb bhvir nd hir w si sndin. Fr xmp, potosinohri is dsribd n n wihin h nx Spnish pvr, buin ws h xps h durus rinships rin chapetones

wih mmbrs h wr sss. Tis hrrizin nw r-

rivd Spnirds rus h im, whhr undd r unprvn, hh r mmbrs h nbii.



2 Dnis Grz Spvd

Ardin Arzáns, Spnish immirns wh rrivd in Psíms nkd rm pvr quird r wh, n bus hirnb sus, bu bus h hri h i’s criollos . H dn dds, “sin qu m purn, di n d ridd qu mbién hndquirid sbrbi, vnidd ur d m us, prpis s dqu nun sup qué r rndz” (II: 1). B dsribin hm s mn“wh nvr knw rnss” Arzáns undrus hir d nbii ndrs hm s dnr hrn nouveau riches . Cnvrs, Arzánsrus h pris bus h wr brn in his vir i, los naturales de esta Villa hv n inim rinship wih “rndz,” rrnss, rm birh nd h hrib nd prudn us hir rihs

disinuishs hm rm h hrn rinrs wh xmpi “[]sdñs qu sun nr d dmsid riquz und us d n s prudn” (II: ). Ain h uhr undrsrs h dirnbwn h naturales of Potosí nd h chapetones : h rmr hv ninim rinship h i’s rihs nd h r hv nihr hmr br nr h rin pi ssimi h rihs rd b h Vi Impri.

T rdiin mrisi rhri mpd b Arzáns nd hisrprsnin Chrisin huh, spi svr rdin sins,

srv ddrss vr r mri nrns. In h Historia, sins m-mid b rinrs, ik rd, prid, nv nd us, r usd xpinh din Psí. T ws in whih Arzáns nis h i’snd nd is k, nd h mnnr in whih h xnrs r ssinsbm rin rups is disursiv sri. T mr nm wrk hruhu his nrriv xpins h Psí n n inrms h bhvir nivs nd rinrs, bu s in rms hppsin bhvir Psí’s criollos —whs birhrih mks hmhirs h i’s rihs in vr sns—nd Eurpns, spi chapetones , wh rprsn xrn nd nsqun hrmu inuns.Tis us mr nm ws Arzáns rdm h ru sns h Vi, whi prsnin chapetones s rin insin hdrds h wrh Psí is, squndrs is rihs, nd rnishsh i’s ndr rnss. T r chapetones nd hr immrrinrs wihin Arzáns’s mr nm, nd hir rmn b huhr s h mbdimn vis rspnsib r h i’s nmi

ws rs disursiv sp rm whih h n rpr h rrup-

in nd buss h h sw. T sinu bhvir h Arzáns dsribs,




r rm bin mr xmp mrisi rhri, hs nrnmi rmiins in h i nd ws him dnun hrudun nd rrup dins hs rups h dms drimn h m nd w-bin his bvd Psí.

lafayette college

NOES

Pr Bkw pins u h h hih Psí’s sivr prduin urrd in hsixnh nur, nd h in Psí’s pk r i prdud , punds rnd

sivr, “quivn in is vu nr prn h nnu xpndiurs h Spnish rwn in Spin nd h rs Eurp in h mid-1s” (Silver and Entrepreneurship 1).

In h Quijote , Snh Pnz mpins bir bu bin hd his rihupmn r hvin wd hims b riuisi pinhd nd pkd in rdr rsurr h suppsd v-sik Aisidr. Dn Quij rpis: “Si hubird pr, Snh, [. . .] nrm qu mr rndz idd ds rmdi[. . .] s mins d Psí urn p pr pr” (Crvns 2:). Psí’s -ndr m is rrnd in svr Crvns’s wrks; r mp isin, s

Hwrd Mnin’s Te Cervantes Encyclopedia, priur h nris r “Psí”nd “Chrs.”

3 Psí s is psiin s h prminn prdur sivr r Zs in 11nd r Gunju rund 1 (Bkw A History , 21–2).

4 Fr r hr sivr prduin nd x rs, s Bkw’s “Risrd SivrPrduin.” Rrdin h db bu h imp minin n h nmis Eurp nd h Spnish nis nd h “‘nur dprssin’ nrvrs,” sRihrd L. Grnr’s “Ln-rm Sivr Minin,” priur ps 2–.

5 T i birphi inrmin w knw bu h uhr is nd rm hHistoria nd rm w dumns nd rpr wrin b n his rmrsudns. Ts surs inrm us h Arzáns hd n rm duin, h ws brnnd ivd his nir i in Psí, h hd bn hr, h mrrid wmn rm LP nd hd n sn nmd Di, nd h, huh h did n wn pubishr s his mnusrip, Arzáns did w rin nds rm h Historia b rdin mss r mrisi didi rsns. T uhr’s nm hs bn wrin s Arrnz, Arz, Arn, nd Arsin, nd hs disrpnis hv bn ribud ihr huhr’s whims r h simp inur piss. In ihr s, qusins bu

his nm rmin unnswrd d. Fr did disussin bu h dirnnms mpd b Arzáns, s Hnk (I: xxxiii–xxxiv) nd Grí Pbón (Espacio Andino –1).



22 Dnis Grz Spvd

6 Ar his unxpd dh in 1, Arzáns’s sn, Di, wris h hprs hrrspnd h rs 1 nd 1; I r n Arzáns’s nrriv.

7 T ndsin nur h Historia is undrsndb ivn h mr rumrs h riiqus vd b h uhr ins rin mmbrs his si d vi-n rins mn his nmprris. As Arzáns xpins, whn priur judhrd h h Historia dnund his unhrib rmn h pr, h didd k puniiv msurs, nd Arzáns br mnd sp wih his mnusrip. Whn h jud’s mn rrivd his hus rrs him, h uhr runs: “sndíds mis sris vánds pr más suridd ur d mi s mbién zndmi prsn” (II: 21).

8 Lik h Historia, El carnero mbind mnnr sndus nds nd si

riiqus wih mr rdiin hisri rms nd rhri. Pr h subvrsivnur his x nd El lazarillo is hir pprpriin nd mnipuin Eu-rpn hisrirphi rdiins r Enihnmn phisph, nd h mnnr in whih hs disurss wr shind r h immdi h uhr’s riiismnd his prsn id.

9 In hr inisiv sud, Hierarchy, Commerce, and Fraud in Bourbon Spanish America,Ruh Hi rus h El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes mus b rd in ih m-ri hisr in rdr u undrsnd h smni vriin, r hrni, p in h x. Sh s n r h vrius ssi inuns h sur in El

lazarillo in rms bh rm nd nn. S in priur hpr svn, nid“ri h Cnur: Humr, Rhri, nd h Lw.”

0 T w xn mnusrips, whih r bivd b pis n s s rii-n, r husd in h Jhn Crr Brwn Librr nd h Bibi d Pi inMdrid. Fr did xpnin h iruin nd h mnusrips, sHnk nd Mndz.

Hnk nd Mndz ribu h Historia’s riius n h hvi idCorónica moralizada b Fr Anni d Cnh. Simir, Lnrd Grí

Pbón sribs Arzáns’s “visión rái” h xu surs h h mps (GríPbón, Espacio Andino ). Osr Rivr-Rds ribus h mrisi n huhr’s prsn Chrisin bis, nd R.C. Pddn prsns Arzáns s “s-rindN-Shsi whs viws i nd ri wr hruh Auusinin” in rdr xpin h Historia’s rurrin hm rdmpin (Pddn xxxi–xxxii).

As J.H. Ei hs xpind, his p divin inrvnin hs n rdiin inbh Jud-Chrisin nd Ismi huh nd ws n undmn prmis hris wrin b svnnh-nur arbitristas , r prjrs, in rdr dinsh din h Spnish mpir.

3 E. P. Tmpsn, wh rjd h nin h h Fd Ris in ihnh-nur Ennd hd pur mri uss, ind h rm “mr nm.” H prpsd




h hr hd xis, mn h impvrishd rups, s ssumpins, “mrnm,” bu h vrnmn’s biins wrd hm whih, whn vid,rsud in ivi unrs.

4 T sud criollismo, r criollo priism nd uur idni, hs bn bruh h r b riis ik Jsé Jun Arrm, Frnnd Bníz, nd Dvid Brdin.Mr rn svr riis, mn hm Brnrd Lvé, Jsé Anni Mzzi, nd Ann Hiins, hv usd n h purisi id criollismos nd h nin ri n in rdr undrsr h uur niins p in criollo wriin.Fr n xnsiv sud Arzáns’s rmn h rm criollo, s Dnis GrzSpvd’s City, Myth and Morality , spi hpr ur nid, “Españoles ,Peruanos nd h Naturales Psí: T Shiin Sinirs Cuur Idni.”

5 A qus rm h Historia r hnrh indid b h vum nd pnumbr.

6 In n ss bu h Historia’s rprsnin criollos, Ein b rih undrsrs h imprn h i Psí s dnin mn in h uhr’sbrin criollo idni. Hwvr, wihu qusinin h mimi biiis h x, sh rs h uhr’s mmns s rin mmun psh ndprsns h uhr’s riiqus hr rups s mr prni: “s hbins d iudd suín sind inps d pnrs n d juii hbín dsrrdun iud prni” (22).

7 T ppur sin “v más qu un Psí” si njs urrn s phrs h n-ns smhin immsurb wrh r vu (Hnk nd Mndz; Mnn).

8 Wih rrd hs dsripins h Crr nd h Vi, I us h rm brqu dsrib h sizd shi xssiv, rn, nd br imr nd rh-ri. Fr n insihu disussin h dirn shi, pii, irr, uurnd hri impiins nd uss h rm brqu s Jhn Bvr’s sud “Gin Brqu?”

9 Bkw hs dind hr ss in Psí’s sivr prduin: 1 uni 12,1 uni 1, nd 1 1 (Bkw “Risrd Sivr”).

0 Bkw A History , 21.

Ahuh Arzáns ds n dir i h pms Luis d Gónr r Sr JunInés d Cruz, hr is disin h hr, priur Sr Jun’s “És qu vs,nñ rid.”

S Osr Rivr-Rds, wh hrrizs Arzáns’s mn r s rihs s hm

hrrisi h Brqu.3 Whi nins bu criollo inriri wr n phisphi r rm brd uni h r h h ihnh nur b Crnius DPw nd h



2 Dnis Grz Spvd

Frnh nuris Bun, mn svnnh- nd ihnh-nur wrirs k uph hris Hipprs nd hr ssi hinkrs. Fr xmp, in his Corónicamoralizada (1), h Auusinin criollo, Anni d Cnh, xpins h h

Spnirds brn in Pru wr indd xn hrr nd suprir in du is wrm, bu mpr im, whih ws vid xrm mprurs. H rus,win Hipprs, h wrmr ims prdu shrpr ins hn drims bus xrn d prdus inrn h in h bd, “ qu nrrd ns prs inrirs d urp, h br ums i vprs russ, qu usns ins d nndimin, pr dispnr m d rns d qu s prvh prsus prins, rins ms rbuss, pr mns uds” (Cnh I: ).

4 Frm mri hisr w knw h criollo is upid psiins uhri nd njd h pii nd nmi spis h mpnid hir privid

si sus. A h sm im, hwvr, nins rrdin h suppsd inriri mn brn in h Nw Wrd hd urrn, nd s I wud ru h Arzáns’shi nu whn rrrin h rihs hrr njd b h criollos Psí—“nndimin” nd “mmri”—dir ddrsss n dub bu criollo inu pi. Fr did disussin bu h db rrdin h h im nd nvirnmn n Spnirds brn in h Amris, s Grbi’s Te Dispute of the New World .

5 Ahuh Arzáns ds ims us h rm naturales rr h indinusppuin, i is ws mpnid b dsripr h spis h h is rrrin

n h vrius “nins d indis.” Ams ws, h prrs h rm indios rr h Indins h inhbid h i, nd h rsrvs h phrs naturales de Potosí r naturales de esta Villa r h criollos wh wr brn hr.

6 S Arur Usr Piri’s Del Cerro de Plata a los caminos extraviados , in priurh hpr nid “E Crr d P,” nd Bkw’s Silver and Entrepreneurship (122–2).

7 Grí Pbón rs n nsis h uur niins impii in h pubirmnis nd sivs Psí (“Indis, ris s brr”).

8 Historia de la vida de Mecenas b Jun Pb Márir Riz (Mdrid 12); (qd. inEi 1).

9 In his r, knwn s “Abr Mín,” h Mxin hisrin Crs d Siünz Gónr impus spi rups r h si nd nmi risis h pudMxi rm 11–12. In his s, h bms h vrius nsiuns MxiCi’s plebe , r rbb, r h i’s rims nd ris. Whn runin h minh rsud rm sris vns, inudin ds, Siünz Gónr xpinsh h plebe disrupd h Crwn’s mps mir h siuin, nd ns

h his disrdr rup ws mpsd “d indis, d nrs, ris bzs ddirns nins, d hins, d mus, d mriss, d msizs, d zmbis d




bs mbién d spñs qu, n dránds zrmus (qu s mism qupírs, hus rrbps) dnrnd sus biins, sn s prs nrn ruin n” (Siünz Gónr 11). Tis ndmnin hs h kind usin nd disnin h Arzáns mps whn bmin spi rups Spn-ish forasteros r his i’s ws. I shud s b nd h h bv rm “ris bzs d dirns nins” mdis h rm negro, nd srvs disinuishbwn h bks wh wr brn nd risd in h Nw Wrd nd hs wh wrnw-rrivd rm Ari; in his nx, criollo ds n rr h Spnirds brnin h Indis.

30 T rm moradores , whi nssri inudin h criollos Psí, ds n im-pi hm, ivn h mnnr in whih criollos r s pr r hir nrsi ndhir prpnsi wrd mnnr pubi s dvin nd ms ivin.

3 In his sud, Nations before Nationalism, Jhn A. Armsrn xpins h hnirups dvpd hruh prss privd dirn hr rups; his pr-ss dirniin ws n id dirns in nu. H urhr xpinsh, br ninism, dp iins wr n undd n shrd iiznshipnd n h smbs nd mhs h rinrd individu nd mmun bnin ivn i r rin.

3 Juián Ruiz Rivr s Arzáns’s rmn h wr n nhrnism, sin hh uss i rprsn h criollo nd peninsular rivr im in whih h disin-

in bwn hs w rups wud n hv kn r (12–2). Whi hds inud n prph mnu in whih criollo mpins bir buh mnnr in whih h nd his mpris r rd b Pninsur Spnirds, hvs mjri Arzáns’s rprsnin nrs n h prvisin nur ninins durin hs rs ivi wr. As Ruiz Rivr spis, h min rups inhis wr nsisd “vss, sns, ndus, xrmñs, pruuss, ns,nvrrs criollos , más mns xrnjrs n nr” (12).

33 Tr is vidn h Arzáns riin inndd us h i “rs dsruinsd Psí” r h Historia. T rs hs riss ws h ivi wr bwn h vicuñas

nd h vascongados in h 12s, h snd h srphi d h urrd in12 whn h Criri dm psd, nd h hird ws h drsi dvuin in in 12, h rsu h widsprd durin h sivr pis mind inPsí. Hwvr, h r numbr ddiin miis h h uhr dsribs,in ddiin h nds bu h pubi nd priv ivs h inhbins Psí, vrwhms hs hr riin srphs, rndrin insuin i r,r h mr, nrriv rnizin bsd n n hr surs.

34 Tis siuin ws urhr rvd b h risin s xrin nd prssinsivr r. Fr mr did dsripin h risis in Psí’s in s Bkw’s

Silver and Entrepreneurship, priur ps –.



2 Dnis Grz Spvd

35 As Grí Pbón hs nd, Arzáns’s wriin ws hvi inund b h Jsui Jun d Nirmbr’s 1 ris nid De la diferencia entre lo temporal y lo eterno, whih ws pi h kind shsiism h urishd durin h Cunr-rrmin (Grí Pbón Espacio Andino, 1–11). T n his n-Shsi-ism hs bn hrrizd s ri du in pr is rjin wrd hinsnd is dnunmn h brvi, innsisn nd h dpin mpri. Expinin hw Arzáns brrwd dir rm Nirmbr’s wriin, GríPbón s ns h Arzáns’s divrs rm h Jsui phisphr pris du h xin his niv Psí. Fwin Grí Pbón, I wud dd h Arzáns’snrns bu nmi din nd his dsir prim h rnss his patriand his mpris d him vu nd vn x h mpr rm. I shud sb nd h Arzáns mps mbinin mrisi nd mpiri rmn “din” h ws pi h riss wrin b svnnh-nur Spnisharbitristas whn dinsin h s h Kindm. Fr did disussin hisrhri, s J.H. Ei’s ss, “S-Prpin nd Din in Er Svnnh-Cnur Spin.”

36 T mins h Vir Pru nd spi Psí wr md p rh xin n mind sivr uni 1, whi hs Nw Spin wr rnd rduin b h nd hd p nh (Ruiz Rivr 12).

37 Ardin Mndz, h pri rquirin dir pmn sivr rm hIndins in ddiin r in p h br sipud b h mita ssm ws d-

drssd in 12 in rdr r vi h burdn pd n h indinusppuin (II: –, spi ns 1 nd 2).

38 Sivr smud rm Psí rvd iii hruh Buns Airs durin Psí’ssivr bm, whih ruh inidd wih h nnxin Pru Spin(1–1) nd, rdin Sn nd Brbr Sin, h iii rd nsiudn simd 2–2% Psí’s upu (Sin & Sin ).

39 Fr did dsripin h surs Arzáns did nd did n us, s Hnk’sinrduin h Historia, spi I: xix–xiv. I hs s bn sbishd h

Arzáns wr ms h Historia b 1 (Mndz I: xiii–xiv). Lwis Hnk ndOsr Rivr-Rds nur h h hprs wrin ps 1 hv jurnisiqui. A mpriv sud Arzáns’s wriin s nd h ihnh-nur jurniss hs b ndud; Hnk nd Rivr-Rds sm b udin mdrn viw jurnism: h rprin urrn vns h is mpnid b mmnr nd sm kind uur, si r pii riiqu.

40 In h r ni prid visitas wr usd hr nmi rvn inr-min bu Indin ppuins; h r bm h vhi hruh whih rdminisrrs wr sr r pubi invsid.




4 Svr vriis pubi shmin urishd durin h ihnh nur. Frn in-dph disussin infamia, r inm, s w s h prvn carteles , rinmmr ibs, nd hr pubi s shmin, s Ruh Hi, Hierarchy, Com-merce and Fraud , priur ps 1–1.

4 Wihin ni sudis, muh hs bn md h nnisms bwn criollos nd peninsulares . Rn, Ruh Hi hs rud ins h i ssumpin hhs rivris u rd si si divisin r vn si-pii hirrh in whih peninsulares njd suprir psiin s mprd criollos . Sh rush hs rinships mus b disussd in ih “h mirhisri dimnsin si rinships, spi nmi rinships” (1).

43 In h hprs prir h 1s, Arzáns primri mps h rm juventud de

España rprsn h rn-rrivd Spnirds wih n spi niv nn-in; h r individus wh r suspib h i’s vrius ivi nis, nmr suis wihu nms r sris.

44 Arss h Ani, h dppuin Spin ws bmd r Spin’s svnnh-nur din s sm arbitristas , win Givnni Br’s Te Reason of State (1), rud h n r ppuin ud rsr Spin’s pwr nd wh(Ei –).

45 Fr hruh sud h sumpur ws nd b h Crwn ru drss-

in pr, s Mris Méndz’s ss nid “Visuizin Dirn.”

46 T ris “pbrz d smnidd” piins in ni Qui is xmind b Cnhi Min wh pins u h, i rnd, his piin xmpd “pr Spnird”rm s, win him dnd wh prpr nd ds h did hv (1).

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Bkw, Pr. A History of Latin America. 2nd d. Mdn: Bkw, 2.———. “Risrd Sivr Prduin in h Psí Disri.” Jahrbuch Fèur Geshichte

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