Galactic Flows --- “Feedback”

• An observational revolution over past 5-10 years (CXO, XMM, FUSE, HST, SDSS, GALEX, VLA, GBT, Arecibo, Dwingeloo/Parkes(!)). This has become a data-driven subject!

• Many disparate observations, approaches connecting into common physical picture

• Feedback cycle is extremely complex (the SFR-feedback cycle even more so). But characterizing flows and feedback alone will enable enormous theoretical progress in galaxy evolution modeling

Lynden-Bell 1977, in Star Formation, IAU Symposium 75,Ed. T. de Jong, A. Maeder, p291 (Happy 70th Donald!!)

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

+ Tully-Fisher+ Fundamental Plane, etc

“…and besides, there is a Hubble sequence after all…” Sarah Tuttle, Columbia U.

Some Questions

• Is feedback linear?

• Are there identifiable scaling laws? Constraints on the efficiency factor ??

• Can we derive hard numbers for the global rates of mass inflow, mass loss, metal loss, energy loss? Are these consistent with ICM/IGM constraints?

• Are the effects of AGN vs star formation feedback separable?

• Is feedback negative or positive (stabilizing vs disruptive)? Are large-scale star formation and feedback parts of the same problem?

Outflows, Feedback in Starbursts (Heckman, Strickland), Rupke, Martin, Bomans, Cannon,

Gilbert, Heesen, Skillman, Thompson

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

• New observations have revolutionized subject

• “smoking guns” of mass loss, metal loss, mass loading

• first hard numbers on mass, metal, energy, momentum injection rates

• observational validation of Dekel-Silk-(Wyse) picture

• first hints of scaling laws (wind mass/velocity vs SFR, vcirc, etc)

SDSS Post-Starburst (K+A) GalaxiesC. Tremonti, in preparation

Outflows, Feedback in Starbursts (Strickland), Rupke, Martin, Bomans, Cannon, Gilbert, Heesen,

Skillman, Thompson

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

• New observations have revolutionized subject

• “smoking guns” of mass loss, metal loss, mass loading

• first hard numbers on mass, metal, energy, momentum injection rates

• observational validation of Dekel-Silk-(Wyse) picture

• first hints of scaling laws (wind mass/velocity vs SFR, vcirc, etc)

Outflows, Feedback in “Normal” Galaxies

Dettmar, Wang, Natarajan, Hoopes, Wyse, Tripp, Bowen, Kauffmann, Schiminovich, van Eymeren

Kennicutt et al., in preparationNGC 3556, CXO+opt (Wang)

• Observations revolutionized subject (CXO, XMM, FUSE, STIS (w/ absorbers), SDSS

• Don’t forget Spitzer!!

• Outflows to halo, but many observations indicate gas escape minimal

• Ionizing photon escape may be more important (Fox)

• Another instance of negative feedback cycle?

NGC 4594 (DSS)

Bendo et al., in prep

NGC 4594 (24 m)

see Bendo et al., Poster 45

NGC 4631

NGC 6946

24 m

NGC 6946

8 m

3.6/8.0/24 mM81 = NGC 3031

NGC 628 8 m

Outflows, Feedback in “Normal” Galaxies

Dettmar, Wang, Natarajan, Hoopes, Wyse, Tripp, Bowen, Kauffmann, Schiminovich, van Eymeren

Kennicutt et al., in preparationNGC 3556, CXO+opt (Wang)

• Observations revolutionized by CXO, XMM, FUSE, STIS (w/ QSO absorbers)

• Don’t forget Spitzer!!

• Outflows to halo, but many observations indicate gas escape minimal

• Ionizing photon escape may be more important (Fox)

• Another instance of negative feedback cycle?

Lee & Kennicutt,in preparation

Local Gas Flows (esp. inflows)Lockman, Putman, Fox, Madsen, Pidopryhora,

Williams

• Enormous progress again, this time from combination of HI, FUSE, STIS, H surveys

• Galactic HVC (+ normal cloud) population being characterized (covering factors, abundances, ionization, masses) -- distances still a limiting factor

• Hard(er) numbers on Galactic inflow rate

• Integrated picture emerging (Magellanic, Sag streams, HVCs, M31/M33)

Theoretical Modeling of Flows, Feedback

Strickland, Begelman, Mathews, Donahue

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

• Models, simulations are providing framework for interpreting new data, characterizing flows, feedback (vs ab initio predictions???)

• Theory reveals several parameters of SF are important total SFR, SFR, duration, metallicity, IMF, clustering (Gilbert)

• See recent papers by Li & MacLow (disks) and Hernquist et al. (BH/SF feedback in mergers)

Scaling Relations

Melnick, Terlevich, Moles 1988, MNRAS, 235, 297

Chu & Kennicutt 1994, ApJ, 425, 720

30 Dor

11Mpc Sample + HGS + Goldmine Virgo Sample (James et al. 2003; Gavazzi et al. 2003)

IR-luminouscircumnuclearBCGs, ELGs

starburst fraction ~10-20%

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

Clusters, Groups, & AGN Feedback Begelman, Kriss, Forman, Mathews, Donahue, Machacek,

Chartas, Chelouche, Gibson, Jahnke, Linder, Nath, Scott, Sun, Xanthaopoulos

• Breakthrough in diagnostics (CXO, XMM)

• Cooling flow problem solved??

• ICM provides sink for outflow energy, traces energetics and history of feedback

• (nearly) closed system provides robust tests of metal flows

• Self-regulated ICM+SFR+AGN feedback cycle??

Environment: Clusters, Interactions Hibbard, Kenney, Schiminovich, Crowl,

Levy, (Begelman)

• Yet another observational breakthrough, esp. from HI, X-rays; more coming from SDSS, GALEX, Ha surveys

• Smoking guns of all(?) relevant processes– ram pressure stripping, harrassment, viscous stripping,

tidal stripping, infall, pressure/shock induced SF, tidal dwarf formation?

• Feedback in mergers, major progress in modeling– See new papers by Di Matteo, Springel, Hernquist,

Hopkins… on BH/SF feedback in mergers (Di Matteo et al. 2005, Nature 433, 604 Springel et al. 2005, ApJ, 620, L79)

Chemical Evolution, Implications (Wyse, Tosi, Martin, Pipino, Matteucci)

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

• Revolution here from 8-10m telescopes (esp. VLT)

• Major advances in resolved stellar abundances, X-ray abundances ([Fe/H, [/Fe])

• Multiple observational constraints (e.g., gradients, eff yields, M-Z relations, IGM abundances, SN rates…)

• Chemical constraints now integrated with predictions from outflow/infall models

The Cosmological Context (Kauffmann, Sembach, (Putman)

Kennicutt et al., in preparation

• Robust statistics on global phenomena from SDSS, NVSS, FIRST, Spitzer, etc

• Relative roles of AGN vs SF feedback becoming clarified

• AGN/SF connection may be intimate

• Integration of local phenomena studied here with cosmic web remains for future

• Understanding of full feedback loop (back to SF) still primitive

Lessons, and a Look Ahead

• We are cracking the problem! Observations are characterizing the phenomena– theory is offering clues to the key physical mechanisms.

• Multi-wavelength observations are critical! Make sure the critical observations are in hand before we lose FUSE, Spitzer, Chandra, XMM, HST (but more to come with Astro-2E, ALMA, LSST (COS?, BSP/HOP/ GEP/ HORUS??…)

• Better ISM/gastrophysics theory essential. Don’t forget the importance of local scales, esp. for the other half of the SFR – feedback cycle.

• Space UV/visible and X-ray observations are critical to completing the story, esp. connections to the IGM and the cosmological context. Build and advertise the science case, be creative with missions, lobby like hell.