Gafni 2
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Transcript of Gafni 2
Breeding and engineering Breeding and engineering non-food crops for non-food crops for
biodieselbiodiesel
Agricultural Research Organization (VOLCANI Center)P.O.B. 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel
Tel: +972-3-9683111 / Fax: +972-3-9665327
State of Israel / Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
ARO – Agricultural Research Organization
Yedidya Gafni – Institute of Plant Sciences
Using biomass for energy
Bio-FuelsBio-Fuels
• Type of Renewable Energy (derived from the Sun).
• Biofuels are liquid fuels made from esters, alcohols, ethers, and other biomass chemicals (Source: US Dept. of EnergySource: US Dept. of Energy).
• Common biofuels include: ethanol and biodiesel.
• Ethanol is made from starches / sugars.
• Biodiesel is an ester made from vegetable oils, animal fats or other types of biomass.
BiodieselBiodiesel (bio-petroleum diesel)(bio-petroleum diesel)
• B100 = 100% biodiesel / B20 = 20% / B5 = 5% / B2 = 2%
• Production process: Transesterification (of oil)• Main crops used for producing biodiesel:
• Rapeseed (Europe)• Soybean (US)• Jatropha (Africa, India)• Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America)• Palm Oil (Tropical areas)• More
• Other oil-enriched crops: Coconut, Brazil nuts, Jojoba, Peanuts, Cotton seed, Sunflower, and many more.
Schematic of the Schematic of the Transesterification processTransesterification process
BIODIESEL – Final ProductBIODIESEL – Final Product
Biodiesel 100%
Glycerin
BioDiesel is here
Energy CropR&D
Farming
Oilseed
Meal
Crushing Crop Oil
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel
MarketGlycerin
From the Farmer to the Fuel Tank
Higher cetane Greater lubricity Superior detergency Higher flash point
More mileage Greater horsepower Less smoke Smoother running engines Quicker starts Longer engine life Reduced maintenance
BenefitsFeatures
BioDiesel – A better fuel vs. Diesel
Biodiesel AdvantagesBiodiesel Advantages
• Produced from renewable materials – eco friendly /
closed CO cycle.
• Local & self production – less reliance on foreign oil.
• Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) – non toxic.
• Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%).
• Easily decomposes – does not harm soil or ground water.
• Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above
110°C).
• Eligible as fuels under international standards &
specifications (world-wide).
• Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto
Treaty).
• More…
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) –Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – Carbon Credits (CER)Carbon Credits (CER)
“.. the mechanism of the Kyoto TreatyKyoto Treaty (CDM) is now in force to reduce industrial & commercial greenhouse gas emissions – planting of bio-fuel crops may well create carbon sinks that can earn cash through their sale of emissions credits to polluting industries in developed countries.”
The potential of acquiring GHG reductions, in the form of CER, for bio-diesel projects is about 3 tons of CO reduction per year (3 CER) for every ton of petroleum replaced.
Current price for 1 CER is about US$ 5 - 7.
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Biodiesel DrawbacksBiodiesel Drawbacks
• Biodiesel can be corrosive to rubber materials.
• Biodiesel is not necessarily more economic than regular diesel. Depend Depend on the plants, their related on the plants, their related processes and, other incentives.processes and, other incentives.
• Biodiesel can last up to 6 months. In 6-12 months need to be treated.
Biodiesel Refineries / Plants (EU)Biodiesel Refineries / Plants (EU)
75% of total biodiesel production belong to 4 corporations:
ADM (Archer Daniels Midland), Cargill, Bunge & Saipol
US – Existing BD PlantsUS – Existing BD Plants
US Biodiesel MarketUS Biodiesel Market
US Biodiesel Production
US Biodiesel Consumptio
n
US Biodiesel Plants:
65 operating plants (capacity: 400M gal/yr)
50 - construction (capacity: 700M gal/yr)
)Source: National Biodiesel Board, Apr. 2006(
The EU Biodiesel MarketThe EU Biodiesel Market
Total European Biodiesel Market: Unit Shipment and Revenue Forecasts (Europe), 1997-2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
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3000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Rev
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$ M
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0.5
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2
2.5
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3.5
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Un
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(Mil
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Revenues ($ Million) Units (Million Tonnes)
Source: European Biodiesel Board, 2006
ProjectionsProjections : :
20062006 – – 5B L/yr 5B L/yr 2010 – 12B 2010 – 12B L/yr 2020 – L/yr 2020 – 25B L/yr25B L/yr
World Production of Biodiesel2005 - 2010
2005
Western Europe (D, FR, IT, UK, etc.) – main producers and consumers – 75% of world
Eastern Europe & N. America – 2nd largest markets
Asia – although significant market yet, relatively small
2010
Western Europe (D, FR, IT, UK) – main producers and consumers – 38% of world
Asia – will become the 2nd largest market (China, India – consumption & production)
Eastern Europe & N. America – 3rd largest markets, with US as the single largest consumer – 18% of world
75%
38%
30%
US – 18%
Source:BiodieselBiodiesel 20202020Global Market Survey,Oct. 2006
Biodiesel – Crops & YieldsBiodiesel – Crops & Yields
CropKg
oil/haLiters oil/ha
US gal/acre
Oil Content
Castor beans1188141315150% - 55%
Coconut2260268928770%
Corn (maize)1451721812%
Cotton2733253513% - 15%
Jatropha1590 1892 202 30% - 35%
Palm oil5000595063535%
Peanuts890105911336%
Rapeseed1000119012737%
Soybean3754464815%
Sunflower80095210232%
Source: www.journeyforever.com – Jan. 2007 – This data is compiled from a wide variety of sources. The yield figures are most useful as comparative estimates, crop yields vary widely.
ARO & BiodieselARO & Biodiesel
The ARO (also known as ‘The VOLCANI Center‘The VOLCANI Center‘) aims at becoming the 'ultimate knowledge base' regarding complete Seed – to – Harvest processes of two selected plant types:
Jatropha curcasJatropha curcas and Castor beanCastor bean
• Jatropha curcas - small shrub native of C. America and a member of the Euphorbia family, it is a drought-resistant perennial, living up to 50 years and growing on marginal soils.
• Oil content: ~35%• Oil: Not Edible.• Other oil uses:
None
• Castor bean - drought-resistant, annual plant of tropical origin with immense spread-out. The plant can grow between 2 to 5 m.
• Oil: soluble in alcohol (no heat) – fit for biodiesel
• Oil content: ~55%• Oil: Not Edible (high
level of Ricinoleic Acid – 85%).
• Other oil uses: Over 700
The Research TeamThe Research Team
Prof. Yedidya Gafni Prof. Yedidya Gafni – Head of TeamHead of Team..In charge of developing tissue culture & transformation protocols. Dr. Yiftach Vaknin Dr. Yiftach Vaknin – In charge of the Jatropha curcas project..Dr. Oren Ostersetzer Dr. Oren Ostersetzer – In charge of the Castor bean project..Dr. Samuel Gan-Mor Dr. Samuel Gan-Mor – In charge of developing mechanical harvesting machines. Prof. Dani Shteinberg Prof. Dani Shteinberg – In charge of the studies of plant diseases.Dr. Asher Bar-Tal Dr. Asher Bar-Tal – In charge of the studies of soil chemistry and plant nutrition and fertilization.
ARO's ARO's 'Biodiesel Plants – Package of 'Biodiesel Plants – Package of Knowledge'Knowledge' include ICM (Integrated Crop Management) include ICM (Integrated Crop Management)
& complete research on the following process& complete research on the following process::
Jatropha curcas
Superior Varieties Development
Complete Cultivation Process
Harvest & Post Harvest
IP Protection
Complete Field Support
--------Seeds Growth
Yield Harvest ...
Castor bean
Superior Varieties Development
Complete Cultivation Process
Harvest & Post Harvest
IP Protection
Complete Field Support
--------Seeds Growth
Yield Harvest ...
Genetics & BreedingGenetics & Breeding--------
Seed / Tissues
Water & Soil Water & Soil TechnologiesTechnologies
--------Growth (cultivation)
Phytopathology & Phytopathology & EntomologyEntomology
--------Growth (cultivation)
Mechanization Mechanization EngineeringEngineering
--------Harvest, Collection &
Post-Harvest
ARO – Advantages for BD CropsARO – Advantages for BD Crops
• Unique & patented (PBR) varieties with superior characteristics for:– Fast growth rate.
– Better yields.
– Increased oil content (in the seeds).
– Regulated fruition and harvest (opposed to wild, un-regulated fruition).
– Lower toxicity of Castor bean plants (the oil is non-toxic).
– Complete match to various climates, soil type & composition, water, etc.
– Pre-determined plant's shape & size – suitable for mechanical harvesting.
– High resistance to pests & diseases.
• Development of mechanical harvesting machinery.
• Complete professional support and guidance in cultivation of Pilot Plantation – at any locationat any location of potential project.
Jatropha as living hedge in Ethiopia
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Castor varieties in our collection
Ornamental Castor plant
What can genetic What can genetic engineering contribute?engineering contribute?
• Make plants give higher oil yields for making biodiesel • Enhance the oxidative stability of the oil • Render plants resistant to biotic stress
• Resistance to viruses (ACMV?), fungi, bacterial diseases, nematodes and insects and more.
• Render plants resistant to abiotic stress• Salinity, drought, heat, cold marginal soils and more.
•Control plants height for mechanical harvesting
Regeneration of Jatropha curcas in tissue culture
Thank YouThank You
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