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![Page 1: Gaby Frank, MD, FACP Associate Chief of Hospital Medicine Denver Health & Hospital Authority Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Colorado, School.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649dbe5503460f94ab0f9f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gaby Frank, MD, FACP
Associate Chief of Hospital Medicine
Denver Health & Hospital Authority
Assistant Professor of Medicine
University of Colorado, School of Medicine
MEDICAL SYMBOLS:FACTS, ERRORS AND CONFUSION
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Moreover, with the help of which army?
WHEN DID HERMES DEFEAT ASCLEPIUS?
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OBJECTIVES
• To review differences between Hermes and Asclepius
• To review the definition of caduceus
• To review the historical use of the caduceus in Medicine
• To review the use of the caduceus by the US army
• To review current medicine state in regards to caduceus use
• To discuss appropriateness of Rod of Asclepius vs. Caduceus as a symbol of Medicine
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Hermes- Greek Mercury- Roman
• God of Commerce and Merchants
• Messenger of the Gods
• Magic wand between 2 snakes.
• Multiple Hermes
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Pre- Homeric Hermes• God of the Boundary-stone
• God of roads and paths
• God of the “agora” or marketplace
• God of oratory
• God of a fertility cult
• Psycho-pomp
• God of luck
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Archaic Hermes
• 700-500 BC. Homeric Hymns
• Could “put people to sleep”
• Messenger of the Gods
• God of athletic contests
• A trickster, a thief and a liar
• Apollo gave him the caduceus Peter Paul Rubens. “Mercury and Argus”, saving Io from Hera.
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Traditional Hermes
• Becomes Hermes-Mercury
• God of gymnasiums and athletes
• Birth of at least 9 infants
• Hermes “transplanted” Zeus muscles
• Many attributes
• Invented speech!
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Hermes-Thoth
• Greco-Egyptian. 5th century BC.
• Gods ran to Egypt in fear of Typhon
• Scribe, heart and tongue of Ra.
• Great ethics
• Invented enemas, revived Horus
• Creator of ALL arts and science.
• Wisest of all gods.
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• Wise, knowledgeable wise
• Inventive: arts and science
• Grave judge of right and truth
• Death: officiated souls judgment
• Scribe of the Gods
• Source of laws
• Ibis
• Wise, clever wise
• Inventive: crafts and objects
• Liar, Trickster
• Death: psycho-pomp
• Messenger of the Gods
• Sexually promiscuous
• Caduceus
Traditional Hermes Thoth
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Hermes Trismegistus
• Three-times Great
• 2nd-1st century B.C.
• Pseudo-Hermes trismegistus
• Written by roman philosophers,
• Between 3rd – 4th century
• Alchemy created by Hermes3
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Asclepius- GreekAesculapius - Roman
• Demi-God of Medicine?
• The “ blameless physician”?
• A Hero? Together with his sons
• God of Medicine?
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• Mycenaean inscriptions 1500 BC
• Homer circa 900 BC, NO GOD but a HERO
• Hesiod 700 BC DEMI-GOD
• Pindar 520-442 BC DEMI GOD
• Progressive deification 500 BC-100 AD
• Hellenistic Greece 420 BC. GOD
• Pausianas 140 AD Roman.
ASCLEPIUS DEIFICATION
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• Apollo and Coronis were lovers.
• Rightful Apollo killed Coronis
• Asclepius accepted gold
• Post –Homeric Greece
• Asclepius was destroyed because he
was greedy
• Son of a GOD, and a mortal
• Apollo’s jealousy killed Coronis.
• Asclepius born by C-section
• Zeus killed Asclepius.
• Asclepius was destroyed because of
his benevolence to mankind
ASCLEPIUS BIRTH AND DEATH
As told by HESIOD. 700 BC As told by PINDAR. 520-440BC
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• Askles: a tyrant of Epidaurus
• Epios: Greek for gentleness, kindness,
calmness
• “kindness to all those suffering”.
• “ To cut open” “ The mole-Hero”.
• Etymology :pre-Greek
WHAT’S IN THE NAME?
Sebastiano Riccica, 1720. “Dream with Asclepius”. Academy Gallery, Venice, Italy
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• Father: Apollo
• Mother: Coronis
• Wife: Epione, “epios”
• Machaon: “Surgery”
• Podalirius: “ Internal Medicine”
• Hygeia: goddess of health.
• Panacea: “ soothing simples” or remedies
ASCLEPIUS’ FAMILY
Asclepius and his family meet the sick. Unknown author. National Museum of Art. Athens.
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HERMES AND ASCLEPIUS’ FAMILY
• Daughters: Hygieia, Panacea, Meditrina,
Aceso, Iaso, Aglaea
• Sons: Machaon, Podalirius, Telesphoros,
• Killed by Zeus with a Thunderbolt
• Post-mortem God
• Constellation Ophiuchus
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JOHN WILLIAM WATERHOUSE. “ A SICK CHILD BROUGHT INTO THE TEMPLE OF
ASCLEPIUS. 1877
SANCTUARY OF ASCLEPIUS, ALBANIA. BUILT III BC
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• Hippocrates > the Asclepiad (Plato’s)
> the leader of the
Asclepiads
( Aristotle’s)
• Medicine: responsibility to care for the
sick, even if placed the physician at
danger. Despite social status, financial
gain or personal risk
• Altruistic art
• Lover of all people
• Accessible to supplicants
• Man-God
• Killed for his compassion to the
condemned
• Dared to care for the outcast, regardless
of the consequences
ASCLEPIADS
Asclepius Asclepiads- Physicians
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• Hermes was Aesculapius
Uncle
• Saved him from his death
(some say)
• Hermes thought to have
married Hygeia (among
many others)
HERMES AND AESCULAPIUS RELATIONSHIP
Hermes, a merchant, Aesculapius, Meditrine, Hygeia, Panacea. Engraved from an original in the then Museum Pio Clemens in Rome Galerie Mythologique, Recueil de Monuments by Aubin Louis Millin, Paris 1811
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ONE MORE COMPARISON HAD BEEN MADE….
Christianity Paganism
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• Caduceus: Latin word
• From Greek word kerykeion
• Herald’s wand
• Non- Medical dictionaries: still Herald’s wand
• ..” figure whose basic structure consists of two
serpents encircling a wand or rod”
DEFINITION OF CADUCEUS
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THE CADUCEUS IN MEDICINE
Caius’ emblem
Butt’s caduceus
Harvey’s caduceus
Caduceus of Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Caduceus of the Royal College of Physicians, London. Caius
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SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
John Caius
Sir William Butts
William Harvey
President of the Royal College of Medicine 1555-1571. “Authority should be exercised with gentleness and mercy”. Snakes> prudence. Replica given to ACP in 1954.
Prudent in judgment
Similar coat of arms as 2 other Padua’s law students (1602)
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CADUCEUS AS A PRINTER’S MARK
Johann Froben’s printer’s mark. 1516. medical and non- medical books
John Churchill’s printer's mark. 1837. Medical books
Multiple American printer’s marks derived from Churchill’s.
Medicine, Literis. Unbreakable bond unites
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• Sign for PEACE
• Peloponnesian War 431-404 B.C
• Caduceator: non-combatant w/ message of peace.
• Peace in Munster 1648
• peace of Nystadt 1721
• Ambassadors 18th century: coat of arms.
CADUCEUS IN MILITARY
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ROD OF ASCLEPIUS- MILITARY MEDICAL CORPS
France German WWI medical uniform
Indian
UK
Australia
Army Reserve
South Africa
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MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF US ARMY COAT OF ARMS- 12/10/1817-12/02/1818
• Never had an official sanction
• 20 stars, 13 strips (before Illinois
became the 21st state)
• Stamped on an 1882 book “
Antiseptic Surgery”
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• Staff of Aesculapius embroidered on the collar
• “ of disproportionate size and probably the ugliest device ever worn”- Roddis, L.H. A short history of nautical medicine. 1941.
US NAVY SURGEON’S UNIFORM1826-1832
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US MILITARY- HOSPITAL STEWARD- CIVIL WAR1851-1887
US Army’s General Order no. 31. 06/12/1851, 10/31/1851
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US ARMY MEDICAL OFFICER DISTINCTION
1840MS- Medical Staff
1891Shield. 13 stars + 13 strips.
Rod of Asclepius
1872MD- Medical Department
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HOSPITAL CORPS-1887
RED CROSS on overcoats and blouses WHITE GENEVA CROSS on helmets, forage caps and side buttons
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US ARMY HOSPITAL CORPS 1902
OFFICERS.Cross of the “Knights of St John”-
Hospitallers
ENLISTED Modified Maltese cross
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1902. CAPTAIN FREDERICK P. REYNOLDS, ASSISTANT SURGEON US ARMY
Letter to the Surgeon General,
March 20th, 1902
…”I wish particularly to call attention to the desirability of changing the insignia from the cross to the caduceus and to the adoption of Maroon as
the color of the Corps in lieu if the Green now used. The Caduceus was for years the insignia of
our Corps and it is inalienably associated with things medical. It is in use by several of the foreign powers, notably the English”………
Capt. Frederick P. Reynolds
George Miller Sternberg
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NO …….”the present insignia of the Medical Department (the Maltese cross) was adopeted after careful consideration,
and is now generally recognized as indicating this corps….”
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1902. CAPTAIN FREDERICK P. REYNOLDS, ASSISTANT SURGEON US ARMY
Letter to the Surgeon General,
June 14th, 1902
…”I wish particularly to call attention to the desirability of changing the insignia from the cross to the
caduceus and to the adoption of Maroon as the color of the Corps in lieu if the Green now used. The
Caduceus was for years the insignia of our Corps and it is inalienably associated with things medical. It is in
use by several of the foreign powers, notably the English”………
Capt. Frederick P. Reynolds
William H Forwood
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YES........”The Acting Surgeon General concurs in the opinion that a change in thepresent insignia as well as the green color trimming for the medical Corps of the Army is desirable. I am favorably impressed with the suggestions made by Capt Reynolds and Major Border…..”
July 28th, 1902
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• English medical corps: 1898
• Prussian/ German : 1868
• French medical corps: 1798
….” I have the honor to submit herewith a drawing suggesting a crest or emblem for the use of the
medical Department……… The cock of Aesculapius is the same as on the old emblem…….” November 26th, 1902
Capt. Reynolds
USE OF THE ROD OF ASCLEPIUS INSTEAD OF CADUCEUS
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• …” In the United States Army”..” the device of a surgeon is mercury’s wand……Carefully examining the literature on the subject of
Mercury we learn many facts arguing against the use of this…emblem in the healing art. We shall see that I belongs strictly to commerce
and trade”
• “Whoever recommended its [caduceus]use as a medical emblem in this country has either been conducted by mercury, his titular deity,
to join the souls of the dead in the world below, or is keeping unusually quiet”
INTERESTING LETTERS
Dr. Gerhard 1909. JAMA • …”A badge of neutrality appropriate to the medical officer as a noncombatant..”
Colonel Hoff 1928
• “ has really no medical bearing whatever, and what significance it has is indeed not at all complimentary…. Whatever its real
symbolism may be… the bearing is certainly not medical, and our use if the
caduceus is therefore, not correct”. Lieutenant Colonel C.C. McCulloch 1917.
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• 1902: US Army medical corps
• 1910: AMA Rod of Asclepius as insignia
• 1917: WWI Caduceus “exposed”
• 1918: RAF caduceus in logo
• Later: Korea, Paraguay, Iran and
Luxemburg (1962 > Asclepius)
• 1924: La Presse Medicale
• 1924: AMA
• Caduceus: doctor’s insignia for cars.
• Rod of Asclepius: button/pin clasp
• 1925: AMA dropped use of caduceus
20TH CENTURY
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“During the last war some of our confreres with an interest in antiquity have commented on the use of the caduceus of mercury used by the
medical men in certain allied armies….”
LA PRESSE MEDICALE, 1924
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CADUCEUS IN MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS?
AAMC AMA
• Founded in 1876• Caduceus insignia
in 1987-88• Changed logo
recently
• Founded in 1847• JAMA 1883
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BOSTON MEDICAL AND SURGICAL JOURNAL
“…advisable for physicians to adopt the caduceus, which has the approval of the AMA, as an emblem for the doctor’s car? For a
number of years past it has been customary in this vicinity to display the green cross on white field, and before a change is made it would be well to be certain that the cross is unsatisfactory. The caduceus is a winged rod entwined by two serpents, and is the badge of Mercury,
the god of commerce, and incidentally of thieves. If a change is desired, why not adopt the staff of the god of Medicine, Asclepius…”
Dr. Henry Bowditch, Boston 1923
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CADUCEUS APPEARANCE IN THE DICTIONARY
France, UK, US Before 1903 After 1907
Non-Medical dictionaries (12) NO mention of its association with medicine
3/9 stated its association with medicine
Medical Dictionaries (11) Not definition of caduceus AT ALL
5/8 reported its association with medicine
Both medical and non-medical dictionaries
NO RELATIONSHIP 8/17 (47%) reported its association
Chance of this difference NOT related to the introduction of caduceus as the emblem for the US Army Medical Corps in 1902 is 1:1,000
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WHERE DO WE STAND NOW (LATE 20TH CENTURY 1970-80S) AND HERE (USA)?N=242
Logo or insignia Rod of Asclepius Caduceus
PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS
62 % 38 %
COMMERCIAL MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS
24 % 76 %
HOSPITALS Rod of Asclepius Caduceus
38 hospitals out of 242 “medical organizations” analyzed
37% (14/38) 63% (24/38)
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Although, many lay people may think this is appropriate, it seems unlikely that most medical people, if they understood the underlying meaning of this object, would find it
suitable.
Walter J. Friedlander.
SUMMARY
CADUCEUS’S ASSOCIATION TO MEDICINE DUE TO
1. Confusion of traditional Hermes with other Hermes
2. Lack of recognizingdifference between 2 serpentine objects
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QUESTIONS??
Claude Lorrain. Asclepius reviving Hippolytus
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BIBLIOGRAPHY1. The Golden Wand of Medicine. A history of the caduceus Symbol in Medicine. W.J. Friedlander. 1992
2. Asklepios: Ancient Hero of medical Caring. J.E Bailey. Annals of Internal Medicine 124 (2) 1996
3. The Symbol of Modern Medicine: Why one snake is more than two. RA Wilcox; EM Whitham. Annals of Internal Medicine 138 (8). 2003
4. Asclepius. The perfect discourse of Hermes trismegistus. Clement Salaman. 2010
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