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Developed in co-operation with the G-20 Clean Energyand Energy Efficiency Working Group

G-20 CLEAN ENERGY, AND

ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEPLOYMENT

AND POLICY PROGRESS

2011

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Developed in co-operation with the G-20 Clean Energyand Energy Efficiency Working Group

G-20 CLEAN ENERGY, AND

ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEPLOYMENT

AND POLICY PROGRESS

The IEA would like to thank the Organisation of the Petroleum Expor ting Countries (OPEC), the International

Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and all participants in the G-20 C3E Working Group for their constructive

review and comment of the earlier drafts of this report.

This inormation paper was prepared or the G-20 Clean Energy and Energy Efciency Working Group (C3E)

in October 2011. It was drated by IEAs Energy Technology Policy Division in co-operation with other

Divisions o the IEA. This paper reects the views o the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat,but does not necessarily reect those o individual IEA member countries. For urther inormation,

please contact Antonia Gawel at: antonia.gawel@iea.org

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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its membercountries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative

research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 membercountries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation amongits member countries, each o which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days o its net imports.The Agencys aims include the following objectives:

n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies o all orms o energy; in particular,through maintaining eective emergency response capabilities in case o oil supply disruptions.

n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protectionin a global context particularly in terms o reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contributeto climate change.

n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis ofenergy data.

n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure uture energy supplies

and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energyefciency and development and deployment o low-carbon technologies.

n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement anddialogue with non-member countries, industry, international

organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries:

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea (Republic o)

Luxembourg

NetherlandsNew Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

The European Commission

also participates in

the work o the IEA.

Please note that this publication

is subject to specifc restrictions

that limit its use and distribution.

The terms and conditions are available

online atwww.iea.org/about/copyright.asp

OECD/IEA, 2011

International Energy Agency9 rue de la Fdration

75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

www.iea.org

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3

Tableofcontents

Background.............................................................................................................................................5

Scopeandmethodology........................................................................................................................6

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................

7

Introductionandsummaryoffindings..................................................................................................8

CleanenergytechnologydeploymentandpoliciesinG20countries...............................................10

Energyefficiency...........................................................................................................................10

Renewablepower.........................................................................................................................17

Nuclearpower...............................................................................................................................24

Renewableheatingandcooling....................................................................................................28

Carboncaptureandstorage..........................................................................................................31

Transport.......................................................................................................................................33

Annex1.C3EWorkingGroupquestionnaire.......................................................................................43

Acronyms,abbreviationsandunitsofmeasure.................................................................................45

References............................................................................................................................................46

Listoffigures

Figure1IncrementaltotalprimaryenergysupplyinG20andtheworld200009...............................9

Figure2GlobalenergyrelatedC02emissionsforG20andtheworld200009.....................................9

Figure3Evolutionofrenewableelectricitygeneration,200510........................................................18

Figure4Growth

in

wind

capacity

2005

10

...........................................................................................

18

Figure5GrowthinsolarPVcapacity200510......................................................................................19

Figure6Globalnuclearcapacityandestimated2015capacity...........................................................25

Figure7Nuclearcapacityunderconstructiongloballyandnumberofreactors.................................25

Figure8Trendsinglobalcapacityofsolarheatingsystems,200509.................................................28

Figure9OperatingandplannedprojectsintheG20groupofcountries...........................................32

Figure10AggregatedG20membernationaltargetsforEV/PHEVs...................................................34

Figure11Globallightdutyvehiclefueleconomy................................................................................36

Figure12Averagefueleconomytrendsthrough2008byregion,withenactedor

proposedtargetsthrough2020............................................................................................37

Figure13Globalbiofuelsproductionbytypeoffuel,200510............................................................39

Listoftables

Table1Annualgrowthrates200010and2010statusofdeploymentfor

cleanenergytechnologies.........................................................................................................8

Table2Buildingenergyefficiencypolicytypes....................................................................................11

Table3SummaryofG20countrybuilding,lightingandapplianceefficiencypolicies.......................12

Table4SummaryofG20countryindustryefficiencypolicies............................................................16

Table5SummaryofG20countryrenewableelectricitypolicies........................................................20

Table6SummaryofG20countriesnuclearpolicies...........................................................................26

Table7Barrierstoheatandrenewableheatdeployment..................................................................29

Table8Summary

of

G

20

country

renewable

heat

policies

................................................................

29

Table9SummaryofG20countryCCSregulatorydevelopmentandlargescaleprojectfunding......32

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Table10SummaryofG20countryelectricvehiclepolicies...............................................................35

Table11SummaryofG20countryfueleconomypolicies..................................................................37

Table12SummaryofG20countrybiofuelspolicies...........................................................................40

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5

Background

In their June 2010 Communiqu, G20 leaders stressed that their overriding objective is to

safeguard and strengthen the (global economic) recovery and lay the foundation for strong,

sustainable and balanced growth (G20, 2010a). In line with achieving this objective, their

November2010

Seoul

G

20

Communiqu

committed

to

support

country

led

green

growth

policies

that promote environmentally sustainable global growth along with employment creation while

ensuring energy access for the poor. (They) recognise that sustainable green growth, as it is

inherently a part of sustainable development, is a strategy of quality development, enabling

countries to leapfrog old technologies in many sectors, including through the use of energy

efficiency and clean technology. Countries agreed to take steps to create, as appropriate, the

enablingenvironmentsthatareconducivetothedevelopmentanddeploymentofenergyefficiency

and clean energy technologies, including policies and practices in (their) countries and beyond,

includingtechnicaltransferandcapacitybuilding.

Whilesupportingtheongoing initiativesoftheCleanEnergyMinisterial,theEnergyExpertsGroup

was

requested

to

monitor

and

report

back

()

on

progress

at

the

2011

Summit

in

France

(G

20,

2010b).

Insupportof this request, the InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA)hasworked incollaborationwith

theCleanEnergyandEnergyEfficiency (C3E)WorkingGroup,with input fromother international

organisations todevelop this report,whichhighlightsG20 country andC3Ememberprogress in

cleanenergyandenergyefficiencytechnologydeploymentandpolicydevelopment.

Whilemany energy efficiency and clean technologieswillbe required to enable environmentally

sustainable global growth, this report focusesonlyonprogress in those technologieshighlighted

within the C3E questionnaire (see Annex I), which include energy efficiency, renewable power,

nuclearpower,renewableheat,carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)andtransport.

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6

Scopeandmethodology

UponrequestoftheC3E,thisdraftreportprovidesanoverviewofcurrentcleanenergytechnology

deployment,andsummarisespoliciesinplacetoacceleratetheuptakeofthesetechnologiesacross

G20andC3Emembercountries.

ThisreportisintendedtoinformthediscussionsoftheC3Eanddoesnotincluderecommendations

foraction.Following theguidelinesof theC3E, theReportpolicycontent isdrawnpredominantly

from the Working Group country submissions. The report summarise contents from these

submissionsthatwerecomparable,andforwhichinformationwassubmittedbyasufficientnumber

ofcountries.Theshorttimeframeavailabletoreviewcountrysubmissionsandcompletethisdraft

reportonlyallowedforbriefinteractionwithcountriestoclarifycontents.Whilenotalldetailsofthe

individualsubmissionsareincludedinthereportpolicytables,thesearecontainedinthedocument

CompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.

AstheIEAhasaimedtoprovideascompletepolicyinformationaspossible,somepolicydetailshave

been supplemented where incomplete with information from the IEA Policies and Measures

Database(http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/index.html).

For

countries

that

did

not

submit

the

C3E

questionnaire, information already available to the IEA has been included in the report. Some

historicaltechnologydeploymentdatahasalsobeenincludedthroughoutthereporttoprovidethe

readers with basic, but necessary context about the status of the various technologies being

discussed.

Theterm G20countriesusedthroughoutthereport, includesthefollowingcountries:Argentina,

Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France (G20 Presidency), Germany, India,

Indonesia, Italy (C3EWGCoChair), Japan,Republicof Korea (C3EWGCoChair),Mexico,Russia,

SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,Spain(C3EWGCoChair),Turkey,UnitedArabEmirates(G20Observer),

United Kingdom, and United States. These countries are all members of the G20 C3E Working

Group.

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7

Acknowledgements

ThisreportreliesheavilyonthepolicyinformationsubmittedbymembercountriesoftheG20C3E

workinggroup.Wewould therefore first like to thankall thoseofficials fromG20countrieswho

contributed longhourstothiseffort,withoutwhichthisreportwouldnothavebeenpossible.We

wouldalso

like

to

thank

the

Organisation

of

the

Petroleum

Exporting

Countries

(OPEC),

the

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency (IRENA),andallparticipants in theC3Eworkinggroup for

theirconstructivereviewandcommentoftheearlierdraftsofthisreport.Whilethisfinalreportwas

notabletotakeallviews intoaccount, ithasaimedtopresentabalancedreflectionofthe inputs

received. This report would also not have been possible without the strong support of the C3E

workinggroupanditscochairs:Italy,Spain,andtheRepublicofKorea.

TheproductionofthisreportwascoordinatedandcoauthoredbyAntoniaGawel,withsignificant

section information analysis and drafting from the following colleagues: Adam Brown, Zuzana

DobrotkovaandAdaMarmiononrenewablepowerandheat;AnselmEisentrautonbiofuels;Robert

TromopandCharlotteForbesonenergyefficiency;FranoisCuenot,LewFultonandTaliTriggon

transport;

Sean

McCoy

and

Justine

Garrett

on

Carbon

Capture

and

Storage;

and

Kevin

Breen

on

nuclearenergyandotherreportaspects.

Finally, we would like to thank, Bo Diczfalusy, Paolo Frankl, Lew Fulton, Rebecca Gaghen,

AmbassadorRichardH.JonesandMarkusWrakeoftheIEAfortheirguidanceandforcoordinating

input from their respective teams.GillianBalitrand,AnnetteHardcastleandCatherine Smith also

providedformattingandreviewsupport.

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8

Introductionandsummaryoffindings

The deployment of clean energy technologies around the world is progressing rapidly:

implementationofenergyefficiencypoliciesisimproving,renewableenergytechnologieshaveseen

27%to56%growthrates inrecentyears1,andgovernmentsarebeginningtosetgoalstosupport

thedevelopment

of

advanced

vehicle

markets.

Table

1provides

abrief

overview

of

deployment

levelsandgrowthratesinanumberofcleanenergytechnologies:

Table1Annualgrowthrates200010and2010statusofdeploymentforcleanenergytechnologies

Technology Growth rate 2010 status of deployment

Biofuels 24% 104 billion litres

Biomass power 8% 284 TWh

Hydro power 3% 3 428 TWh

Solar PV 56% 34 TWh

CSP 29% 2 TWh

Wind 27% 338 TWh

Geothermal power 4% 72 TWh

Nuclear power 0% 2 630 TWh

Solar thermal heat 11% 172 GWth

Carbon Capture and Storage - 8 large scale projects in operation*

Electric vehicles - -

*AccordingtoGCCSIdatabaseassessment,2011.

Note:Allgrowthratesarecalculatedasaverageannualgrowthratesfrom2005to2010withtheexceptionofsolarthermalheatwhichis

calculatedfrom200509.Renewablegenerationfor2010isestimateddata.Solarthermalstatusispresentedfor2009.

Source:IEAStatistics

While thisprogresshasbeenpositive, theworld is still largelydependenton fossil fuels tosatisfy

growth in globalenergydemand (Figure1). In thepastdecade, coalhasmetnearly50%ofnew

electricitydemandgloballyandoilcurrentlyaccounts94%ofenergysupplyinthetransportsector.

While renewablesgrowthhasbeenpositive,nonhydropower renewables representedonly3%of

finalelectricityproduction in2009. Improvingenduseefficiency,enhancingtheefficiencyof fossil

fuelbasedpowergeneration,andsupportingthewidespreaddeploymentofCCSwill,therefore,also

becrucialaspectsofthetransitiontoacleanerenergyfuture.

1From2005to2010,windpowergrewandanaveragerateof27%peryear,andsolarphotovoltaicatanaveragerateof56%.

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Figure1IncrementaltotalprimaryenergysupplyinG20andtheworld200009

10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Otherrenewables

Biomassandwaste

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal

EJ

G20Europe

G20Pacific

G20Asia

G20Americas

G20Africa

Restoftheworld

Note:G20Europe includingRussia isFrance,Germany, ItalyRussia,SpainTurkey,UnitedKingdom.G20Pacific isAustralia, Indonesia,

JapanandKorea.G20Asia isChina, IndiaandSaudiArabia.G20Americas isArgentina,Brazil,Canada,Mexicoand theUnitedStates.

G20AfricaisSouthAfrica.AlldataisofficialIEAstatistics.

Theconsequencesof this trendarestarker thanever.Energy relatedCO2emissionsover thepast

decadehavesteadilyincreased(Figure2).Despitetheslightdropobservedin2009duetoreduced

economicdemand,early2010CO2emissionsestimatessuggestthattheywereatanhistorichighof

30.6Gigatonnes (Gt). This represents a 5%jump from theprevioushigh in 2008. Perhaps,more

important is that80%ofprojectedemissions from thepowersector in2020are locked indue to

infrastructureinvestmentsalreadymade.

Figure2Global

energy

related

C02emissions

for

G

20

and

the

world

2000

09

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20 00 2 00 1 2 00 2 2 003 2 00 4 2 00 5 2 00 6 200 7 2 00 8 20 09 2010

GTofCO2

2010estimate

Restoftheworld

G20Africa

G20Pacific

G20Europe

G20Americas

G20Asia

Note:AlldataisIEAstatistics.2010dataareestimates.

The G20 group of countries represents close to 80% of these energy related CO2 emissions,

although individual countries show a wide range of current, historical, and percapita emissions

levels(percapitaemissionsrangedfrom1.4to17.7tonnesCO2in2009).TheG20groupistherefore

presentedwith

an

important

opportunity

to

make

collective

progress

towards

the

objective

of

developinganddeployingenergyefficiencyandcleanenergytechnologies.

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Cleanenergytechnologydeploymentandpoliciesin

G20countries

The transition towards a cleaner energy futurewill require thedevelopment anddeployment of

arrayof

technologies

across

the

entire

energy

sector

(IEA,

2010).

This

section

provides

an

overview

ofenergyefficiencyandcleanenergytechnologydeploymentandpolicyprogressinG20countries,

withafocusonthosetechnologiesincludedintheC3EWorkingGroupquestionnaire.Thisincludes

energyefficiency inbuildings, lighting,appliancesand industry; renewablepower;nuclearpower;

renewableheatingandcooling;carboncaptureandstorage,andtransport.

Energyefficiency

Energyefficiency isacrucial resource thatcanhelpmeet futureenergyneeds inallcountries. Its

benefits have the potential to be farreaching, by offsetting increases in final energy demand,

providingsavingsonenergybills,andenablingCO2emissionreductions.TherecentIEAstudySaving

Electricity in a Hurry also observed that implementation of energy efficiency measures is also

critically important to avoid prolonged electricity shortfalls, which are caused when demand

outpaces electricity available to customers. Prolonged electricity shortfalls can reduce economic

competitiveness by creating uncertainty in electricity supply and increasing electricity costs (IEA,

2011a).

Government policies in energy efficiency tend to focus in seven different areas: crosssectoral

activity,buildings,appliances, lighting, transport, industryandpowerutilities.Asallsectorsdiffer,

effective policy packages should reflect the diffuse and incremental nature of energy efficiency

actions. Policies also need to include a systemic approach, as no policy can be implemented in

isolation.

Theencouraging

news

is

that

public

policy

has

already

made

substantial

strides

in

successfully

transformingmarketsforanarrayofenergyefficientproducts, includingcompactfluorescent light

bulbs (CFLs), refrigerators, motors and key building components. These successes have been

deliveredbyasuiteofwelldesignedand implementedenergyefficiencypolicies,suchasbuilding

codes,standardsandlabelling(S&L),energycertificationschemesandutilityprogrammes.

However,pervasivebarriers toenergyefficiency investmentand implementationof relatedpolicy

measures remain: these include information, transaction, financing, institutional and structural

barriers, and regulatory issues that can slow down investment. As energy efficiency is diverse,

addressingthesebarrierscanbecomplex.Furthereffortsareneededtoadvanceintegratedbuilding

designandperformance,strengthenappliancestandardsacrosstheboard,improvemonitoringand

verification

of

labelling

and

certification

schemes,

incentivise

utilities

to

invest

more

in

energy

efficiency and provide a competitive framework for industry to invest in the Best Available

Technology(BAT).

The following section provides an overview of G20 country technology deployment and policy

progressintheareasofenergyefficiencyinbuildings,lighting,appliancesandindustry.

Energyefficientbuildings,lightingandappliancesTheenergyconsumptionof thebuildingssector isprojected togrow from2759Mtoe in2007 to

4407Mtoeby2050,withoverhalfthisconsumptioninresidentialbuildings.Deepcutsintheenergy

consumptionofthebuildingsectorcanhoweverbeattainedinacosteffectivewaybyimplementing

stringent

requirements

for

both

new

and

existing

buildings

and

deploying

currently

existing

energy

efficienttechnologiesonaglobalscale.

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Significantbarrierstoachievingthepotentialenergyefficiencysavings inbuildingsmust,however,

be addressed. These include split incentivesbetween tenant and landlords, lackof awarenessof

efficient technologies, absenceofqualified technicians andhigh initial investment costs.Ways to

helpovercomethesebarriersincludeensuringthatallnewbuildings,aswellasbuildingsundergoing

renovation, are coveredby energy codes andmeetminimum energyperformance requirements.

Thisshould

be

done

in

away

that

does

not

impact

the

provision

of

affordable

living

to

low

income

households.

SummaryofG20policies

Policies to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings, with emphasis on significant

improvements to building envelopes and systems during renovations will help achieve energy

efficiencyobjectives.Inorderto improvetheenergyefficiencyofbuildingsspecifically,anarrayof

policy instruments are available. These include regulatory building codes, voluntary approaches,

economic instruments,energycertificationschemes,andminimumenergyperformancestandards

(MEPS)orS&Lforbuildingcomponents,asoutlinedinTable2below.

Table2Building

energy

efficiency

policy

types

Policy instrument Description

Regulatory building codesThese include energy efficiency standards for new buildings; the stringency of building codesstandards should be reviewed and advanced.

Voluntary approaches

These are a useful preliminary step for countries beginning to develop energy efficiencypolicies, in order to prepare for the development and implementation of mandatory buildingstandards. Currently, there is not significant information about this approach in G-20countries.

Economic instruments

These include grants and tax reduction. They are important across G-20 countries toincrease leverage in energy efficiency investments in buildings. The United StatesWeatherisation Assistance Program provides grants for energy efficiency retrofits. Over thepast 33 years, they have serviced more than 6.4 million low-income households and reducedannual energy bills on average by about USD 437 after weatherisation has taken place. In

France, Italy and the United Kingdom, tax incentives are a commonly used economicinstrument whereas Germany supports a preferential rate loan system for the energy-efficient renovation of buildings. Governmental subsidies and tax incentives for EnergyEfficiency technologies are provided in Russia under recently adopted Federal program andEnergy efficiency legislation.

Energy certification

schemes

These aim to make sure buyers and renters of buildings are adequately informed of thebuildings energy efficiency. Eight countries have implemented mandatory certificationschemes for buildings. On top of the mandatory certification scheme, voluntary certificationschemes exist and have been implemented with success: examples include Leadership inenergy and Environmental Design LEED (United States), Building Research EstablishmentEnvironmental Assessment Method BREAM (United Kingdom), and Haute QualitEnvironnementale HQE (France). Training of qualified experts on the energy certificationprocedure and informing citizens about energy certification is also fundamental. In Spain, theInstitute for Diversification and Energy Saving (IDAE) has carried out several campaigns,developed guides and carried out training courses, in collaboration with the Autonomous

Communities.Minimum energy

performance requirements

and Labels (MEPS or S&L)

for buildings components

Voluntary labelling schemes and minimum energy performance energy requirements areusually implemented for windows. The scope of the revised European Union EcoDesignDirective (2009/125/EC) has been extended to include energy-related products. In the nearfuture mandatory S&L requirements for windows are expected to be adopted within the EU.

Householdappliances represent thebestexampleofhowgovernmentpoliciesandpublicprivate

partnershipscantransformconsumerpurchasingofenergyconsumingequipment.Governmentled

MEPS and labelling programmes are used widely in this sector and have been transformative,

leading to increased functionality and efficiency of most appliances while reducing unit costs.

Productenergy labellingtakesoneoftwo forms:endorsement labelling,suchastheUnitedStates

EnergyStarlabel(generallyofvoluntarynature),andcomparativelabelling,alsousedwidelyacross

G20countries(usuallyintheformofmandatoryprogrammes).MexicousesavoluntaryFIDELabel

systemtocertifyandidentifyenergyefficientproductsfortheMexicanmarket.Indiaestablishedits

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12

mandatoryenergyefficiency labellingprogramme in2007 coveringmany appliances including air

conditioners, televisions, and refrigerators. Although enduse MEPS and labelling programmes in

equipment and buildings are being implemented with increasing frequency, the extent of

compliancevaries.

Lightingonitsownconsumesafifthofglobalelectricity.Globally,incandescentlampsareestimated

tohave

accounted

for

970

TWh

of

final

electricity

consumption

in

2005

(IEA

2006).

In

the

hypotheticalcasethatalltheselampsweretobereplacedbyCFLs,cumulativelythiswouldreduce

globalnet lighting costsbyUSD1.3 trillion from2008 to2030andavoid6.4GtCO2emissionsat

negativeabatementcost.Thephasingoutofinefficientlampsis,therefore,akeypriorityinthisarea.ToovercomethehighpurchasecostwhichheldbackthemarketpenetrationofCFLs initially,most

countries introduced the phaseout of incandescent light bulbs which began in 2010. Japan for

example, implementedMEPS forthemost inefficientbulbsandprogressedtoaremoval fromthe

marketof all incandescent lamps.Australia,Brazil,Russia,Canada andKoreahave announcedor

introducedpolicies thatwill lead to thephaseout incandescent lamps,whileChinaand Indiaare

consideringsuchpolicies.

Table3provides

an

overview

of

energy

efficiency

targets,

policies

and

their

progress,

with

afocus

onthebuildingsectorandinclusionofsomemeasuresrelatedtolighting,andhouseholdappliances.

Completecountrysubmissionswith furtherdetailscanbe found in thedocumentCompendiumof

G20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.

Table3SummaryofG20countrybuilding,lightingandapplianceefficiencypolicies

Country Summary of Policies/Targets Policy type Progress/Status

Argentina

A variety of labelling rules, provisions andresolution on appliances, air conditioners andelectric appliances for washing, dryingclothes and lighting.

Labelling, voluntary andcompulsory schemes andminimum standards.

Implementation underway insome areas. Plan to implementin other areas.

Australia

Tax Breaks for Green Buildings Programallows eligible businesses that invest inimproving the energy efficiency of theirexisting buildings will be able to apply for atax break.

Under the Building Energy EfficiencyDisclosure Act 2010 there are mandatoryobligations applicable to many commercialbuildings. Most sellers or lessors of officespace of 2,000 square metres or more will berequired to obtain and disclose an up-to-dateenergy efficiency rating.

Energy Efficiency in Government Operations(EEGO) aims to reduce the energyconsumption of Australian Governmentoperations with particular emphasis on

building energy efficiency.

Clean Technology Food and FoundriesInvestment Program will provide grants tofood and beverage processing and metalfoundries and forging industry firms to investin energy-efficient capital equipment and low-pollution technologies and processes.

The Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3)Program applies Minimum EnergyPerformance Standards (MEPS) and EnergyRating Labels (ERLs) to appliances,equipment and lighting products.

Phase-out of inefficient lighting commenced

in 2009 with the removal of A shaped GLSincandescent lamps of all wattages from themarket.

Financial incentives

Regulatory

Scheme

Financial incentives

Standards

Implemented

Implemented

Government office buildings areto achieve the following energyintensity targets by June 2011:7,500 MJ/person per annum for

tenant light and power;400 MJ/m2 annum for centralservices.

Development underway

22 products are covered by theprogram with a further 20 beingproposed for futureconsideration.

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13

Brazil

Labelling Programme for residential,commercial and public buildings;

Labelling Programme, Energy Efficiency Sealand Minimum Energy PerformanceStandards, acting complementarily.

Education & outreach(labelling)

Regulatory (MEPs forAppliance )

Implementation underway

Fully Implemented

Canada

ecoENERGY for Buildings and Houses

ecoENERGY Retrofit Initiative

Education & outreach(Dollars to Senseworkshops, trainingprogrammes, rating &labelling); model codes;partnerships & capacitybuilding.

Financial Incentives forenergy efficiencyimprovements in homes &grants of up to USD 5 000per unit for home andproperty owners.

Substantial implementation

Substantial implementation

EuropeanUnion

Energy Efficiency Plan

Intelligent Energy Europe Programme (2007-13)

Regulatory instruments(binding measures,obligations for entities, etc)

Financial Incentives &subsidies (e.g., grants tolocal and regionalauthorities for developingbankable sustainableenergy investments).

Implementation underway,however: recent Commissionestimates suggest that the EU ison course to achieve only half ofthe 20% energy savingobjective. The Commission has,therefore, developed acomprehensive new EnergyEfficiency Plan.

Substantial implementationinother areas.

France

New buildings with low energy consumption50kWh/m2/year (2012) (in primary energy);positive energy buildings (2020)

European directives on eco-design andlabelling

Thermal Regulation 2012about to fully come intoforce; financial incentivesto building refurbishment;

thermal regulation forexisting buildings.

Regulations by family ofproducts linked withenergy.

Aims toreduce by 38% theprimary energy consumption ofexisting buildings by 2020.

Germany

A wide variety of Directives and Ordinancesexist in the buildings sector. Nationalregulation includes the Energy Saving Act(EnEG) and Energy Saving Ordinance(EnEV), other measures include the On-siteconsultation in residential buildings.

Regulatory(Directives, audits, etc)

Substantial implementation

Italy

Italian National Action Plan on EnergyEfficiency 2007- Decree 115/08- MD26/6/2009

e.g. Financial incentives to buildingrefurbishment (fiscal rebate as the minimumbetween EUR 100k and 55% of therefurbishment costs)

Target of 60 027 GWh/y by 2016;77 121 GWh/y by 2020

Regulatory Implementation underway

Japan

Act on the Rational Use of Energy: Reportingrequirements on the energy efficiency andmaintenance of buildings under construction/reconstruction/ large-scale repair/ extension;defines energy conservation standard forappliances and equipment based on Top-runner programme; labelling programmetargeted at home appliances.

The Strategic Energy Plan for Japan: sets

improvement goals for building and applianceenergy efficiency.

Regulatory Implementation underwayor plan to implement

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14

Korea

National legislation includes Article No. 66 onnew building code (Building Act); Article 66-2on new buildings energy performancecertification (Building Act) and Article No. 8on public buildings energy performancecertification.

For lighting, there are articles No. 22 on High-

efficiency equipment certification programmeand 4th Energy utilisation rationalisationmaster plan.

Regulatory Implementation underway. Planto implement other measures

Mexico

Law for Sustainable Use of Energy and theNational Program for the Sustainable Use ofEnergy (PRONASE).

Regulatory Implementation is underway insome areas such as theHipoteca Verde. In other areas,plan to implement.

Russia

Law No. 261 of 2009 establishes a rule thatbuildings, structures and facilities must meetenergy efficiency requirements during boththe start-up phase and during their operation.

In accordance with the legislation, effective 1January 2011 incandescent light bulbs ratedat 100 watts or higher that may be used onalternating current circuits for lighting, maynot be sold in the Russian Federation.

Approved requirements for lighting devicesand electric bulbs, a variety of labelling rules,provisions and resolution on electricappliances.

RegulatoryLabelling

Implementation is underway

SaudiArabia

A variety of policies are underway or beingconsidered, such as plans to establish SEECCenter to develop future plans, andManagement System Smart Building forbuildings and building materials.

Plan to implement

Spain

European Directives in place. SpecificSpanish Regulation includes Spanish EnergySaving and Efficiency Strategy 2011-12. TheTechnical Building Code (RD 314/2006) and

the Regulation on Building HeatingInstallations (RD 1027/2007) are beingreviewed. Approval of a Building EnergyCertification procedure for new buildings (RD47/2007). A procedure of energy certificationfor existing buildings is under development.Setting of eco-design requirements forproducts and energy labelling. Plan 330 andPlan 2000 to reduce by 20% energyconsumption by 2016 in 2 330 PublicBuildings through ESCOs (National, Regionaland Local). RD 1890/2008 regulates energyefficiency in street lighting installations.

Spanish RENOVE plans for electricalhousehold appliances and lifts.

Regulatory (bothEuropean and national)

Financial Incentives forenergy efficiency

improvements in buildings

Implementation orimplementation is underway

UnitedKingdom

Building, appliance and lighting are includedunder the EU Energy End-Use Efficiency andEnergy Services Directive to deliver 9%energy savings by 2016.

Measures include Building Regulations andcertification, European appliance standards,the Carbon Emissions Reduction Targetobligation on energy suppliers andinformation, fiscal incentives, advice andinformation services.

A mix of codes andstandards, regulatorymeasures (national andEU), labelling &information dissemination

Substantial implementation orimplementation underway.

UnitedStates

National measures include standards andincentives for energy efficient housingtechnologies, lighting, and appliances;labelling programmes such as EnergyStar;and various public-private partnershipactivities such as the Commercial BuildingInitiative.

A mix of codes andstandards, regulatorymeasures, financialincentives, labelling &information dissemination

Substantial implementation orImplementation underway insome areas; Plannedimplementation in some areas.

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EnergyefficiencyinindustryTheenergyintensityofthemanufacturingindustryasawholehasbeendecreasingby1.3%peryear

since2005.Whilethismayhidesignificantfluctuationsinindustrialactivitycausedbyotherfactors

such as the economic recession, this trend bodes well for longterm energy savings targets. The

effect of these savings is significant: despite a 45% increase in output, final energy in the

manufacturingsectordecreasedby0.6%between1990and2006(IEA,2009).

SummaryofG20policies

Energyefficiencypolicyinmostcountrieshasdrawnoneconomicincentivestodrivethemarketfor

moreadvancedenergyefficientequipment,reducingtheupfrontinvestmentcostthroughtaxrelief

or subsidies, grants or loans. Many countries provide lists of eligible energy efficient equipment

whichactasan informationorbenchmarkingtoolforcompanyorpublicsectorprocurement(IEA,

2011c).Turkeyhasestablishedaprogrammeoffinancialgrantsforindustrybasedenergyefficiency

projects that reduce energy intensity by 10% on average over three years in industrial

establishments. Canadas ecoENERGY for Industry Programme devoted approximately

CAD18

million

in

information

sharing

and

technology

investments

to

encourage

energy

intensity

reductionsinindustrialplants.

Many G20 countries are continuing, or expanding, their promotion of energy management in

industry. These policies commonly include the provision of energy management tools, training,

energymanager certificationandqualityassurance.Forexample, theAustralianEnergyEfficiency

Opportunities (EEO)program requires largeenergyusers (consumingmore than0.5petajoulesof

energyinayear)toassesstheirenergyuseandreportpublicly,andtothegovernmentonidentified

savings. Nevertheless, with few G20 countries implementing energy management support

programmes,significantroomforimprovementremains.Therehavebeendevelopmentstowardsa

globalenergymanagement standardunder the InternationalStandardsOrganisation (ISO),whose

new ISO 50001 will establish a framework for industrial plants, commercial facilities or entire

organisationsto

manage

energy.

This

standard

was

recently

approved

as

aDraft

International

Standard (DIS).Targetingbroadapplicabilityacrossnationaleconomicsectors, it isestimated that

thestandardcouldinfluenceupto60%oftheworldsenergyuse(ISO,2011).

Theopportunities for improving theenergyefficiencyofelectricmotors areoftenmisseddue to

organisational structures in many companies, which separate equipment procurement from

operationandmaintenance.Thisgivesthepurchasingofficerlittlereasontolookbeyondthelowest

purchasepriceatpotentiallymoreefficienttechnologies.Onepolicyapproachtoovercomethis is

theuseofMEPS.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaare international leaders intermsofsettingmotor

energyefficiency standards, as they introduced MEPS regulations for motors in the late 1990s

followedbymanycountriessuchasChina,Australia,Korea,Brazil,andMexico.TheEuropeanUnion

alsopassed

MEPS

legislation

for

electric

motors

in

2009

as

an

implementing

measure

under

the

Eco

design Directive. Japan is considering applying the Top Runner Program under Energy

Conservation law to electricmotors. India and Russia have not adoptedMEPS but are currently

consideringtheirimplementation.

Energy providers have distinct advantages and play a major role in delivering energy efficiency

improvements inmanyG20 countries.An ability to recoverprogramme costs, compensation for

foregonerevenuesduetolowersales,andacceptablelevelsofregulatoryandotherrisksareamong

the factors that can enable energyproviders to embrace this role. Thesehave been achieved in

manyjurisdictions,notably InNorthAmericaandpartsofEurope. InBrazil,utilities collect1%of

electricity revenues,which isused to fundenergyefficiencyprogrammesaswellas researchand

development. The EUs Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 proposes legislation that will oblige energy

regulatorsand

energy

companies

to

take

steps

that

enable

their

customers

to

cut

their

energy

consumption. This could take the form of obligations to cut customer energy consumption, or

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requirements to implement certain typesofefficiency investmentprogrammes,eitherdirectlyor

throughEnergyServiceCompanies.

Table4providesanoverviewofenergyefficiencymeasures, targets andprogress in the industry

sector within G20 countries. Complete country submissions can be found in the document

CompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.

Table4SummaryofG20countryindustryefficiencypolicies

Country Brief summary of Policies/Targets Policy type Progress/Status

Argentina

Decree N 140/2007.

Energy Efficiency Project in Argentina- GEF(Decree N 1253/09)

Regulatory Plan to implement

Australia

Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act (2006).Mandatory energy efficiency assessmentsand public reporting of results by Australia'slargest energy using corporations (280) andgenerators covering more than 55% of

Australia's energy use. The program alsodelivers capacity building materials and

workshops to support identification andimplementation of opportunities.

Regulatory Implemented

BrazilStudies are being undertaken on incentivesfor energy efficiency appliances.

Plan to implement

Canada

EcoENERGY aims at encouraginginformation-sharing regarding newtechnologies and best practices in industrialenergy use, as well as the adoption of anEnergy Management Standard. It is deliveredthrough the Canadian Industry Programmefor Energy Conservation (CIPEC).

Education and Outreach;Information Dissemination;Policy Processes; Project-BasedProgramme; Strategic Planning;Voluntary Agreement, PrivateSector/Government-arrangedagreements.

Substantialimplementation in industry

EuropeanUnion

Energy efficiency in industry will be tackledthrough energy efficiency requirements forindustrial equipment, improved information

provision for SMEs and measures tointroduce energy audits and energymanagement systems. Improvements to theefficiency of power and heat generation arealso proposed, ensuring that the EnergyEfficiency Plan includes energy efficiencymeasures across the whole energy supplychain.

Regulatory Implementation underway

France

European directive on CO2 emissions tradingscheme (reduction by 20% of the CO2emissions covered by the scheme in 2020).

Regulatory Plan to implement, butmany other industrial-related measures haveyet to be implemented

Italy

Italian National Action Plan on EnergyEfficiency 2007: Decree 115/08-

MD/6/2009- Law 99/ 2009-Decree 28/2011

e.g. Financial incentives for the purchase ofefficient electric motors or inverters (fiscalrebate of EUR 20k of the investment costs).

Regulatory ImplementationUnderway: 8270 Gxh/yhas been achieved by

2011

Japan

Act on the Rational Use of Energy: obligesfactors of defined energy consumption levelsto assign energy managers and reportenergy consumption. Factors consumingover 3000kl-oe must report on mid-termenergy consumption plans. Factories shouldalso endeavour to achieve 1% or morereduction in energy use annually.

Strategic Energy Plan for Japan (2010):promotes use of the most advanced energyconservation/ low-carbon technologies.

Regulatory Implementation underway

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Korea

Specific national regulations such as Article 42on GHG-Energy target management systemand Article 32 on Energy Audit: compulsory forindustrial users that exceed the baselinevolume of 2000 TOE for energy.

Regulatory: Energy savingloans

In some areas, fullimplementation has takenplace. In other areas,substantialimplementation orimplementation isunderway

Mexico

To update mandatory standard of efficiency inthree-phase motors; encourage thereplacement of inefficient motors throughpolicies such as Law for the Sustainable Useof Energy (LASE); National Program for theSustainable Use of Energy (PRONASE) andvarious strategies for new and existingequipment.

Regulatory: certificate &information programme

In many cases, plannedimplementation, orimplementation underway

Russia

Obligatory Energy audits and Energy savingprograms for State regulated companies, statesubsidies and guarantees for Energy Efficiencyprojects.

Regulatory: Auditing,

Information sharing,

Financial (tax incentives etc.)

Planned implementation,but for Energy auditsimplementation isunderway

SaudiArabia

Enhance Energy Efficiency (EE) and reduceintensity and Energy audits, Smart Metering,and Time of Use Tariff (TOU).

Auditing Planned implementation,but for some measures,implementation isunderway

Spain

A variety of specific national programmes,such as Public aid programmes, EnergyEfficiency Action Plan 2008-12, EnergyEfficiency Action Plan 2011-20 and RoyalDecree-Law 14/2010. Voluntary agreementsbetween the representative associations ofeach sector and Ministry and IDEA, and aPublic Support Programme are also in place.

Regulatory and Voluntary Implementation planned,or underway

UnitedKingdom

The United Kingdom Policy Framework is setout in the United Kingdom Energy Efficiency

Action Plan Update published in July 2011which can be found athttp://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/meeting-energy-demand/international-energy/2289-uk-report-eu-enduse-esd.pdf

The framework includes action in the industrialsector including the Climate Change

Agreements with energy intensive sectors ofindustry, the Carbon Reduction CommitmentEnergy Efficiency Scheme and fiscalincentives.

Financial (taxes, taxincentives, etc), Regulatory,Voluntary Agreements,information dissemination,Emissions Trading

Substantialimplementation, orImplementation underway

UnitedStates

Measures include energy performancestandards for industrial equipment, voluntaryrecognition partnerships such as Save EnergyNow LEADERS and EnergyStar for Plants, andvarious technical assistance and best practiceprogrammes, such as Industrial AssessmentCenters and Green Suppliers Network.

Regulatory

Voluntary

Certification

Education and outreach

Substantialimplementation or

Implementation underwayin other ways

Renewablepower

Ataglobal scale, renewableelectricitygeneration2hasbeengrowingstrongly.Between2005and

2010,totalglobalgenerationfromrenewablesources increasedby22%,from3293to4159TWh

(Figure3).Hydropowerstillplaysthemajorrole,withashareof16.2%oftotalelectricityproduction

in2009,andhasbeen increasingsteadily(atanaverageof17%annualgrowthbetween2005and

2010). The nonhydro renewable electricity generation technologies have been growing more

rapidly,albeitfromamuchlowerbase,withgenerationdoublingoverthelastfiveyears.Although,

itsoverallshareoftotalelectricityproductionremainslow,at3%in2009,someindividualcountries,

particularlyinEurope,havemadeimportantstrides.

2Withinthissection,nonhydrorenewablesincludewind,solar,biomass,geothermalandoceanenergy.

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Figure3Evolutionofrenewableelectricitygeneration,200510

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

NonhydroRest

ofWorld

HydroRestof

World

NonhydroG20

HydroG20

TWh

Source:BasedonIEAstatisticsandestimates.

Figure3showstheimportanceofG20countriesinthisfield.76%ofhydrogenerationiswithinthe

G20Group,andallthegrowthinhydrogenerationoverthelastfiveyearshascomefromwithinthe

G20countries (notably inChina).93%ofnonhydrorenewablegenerationoccurswithintheG20

countries,wheregenerationdoubledbetween2005and2010.

Whilegenerationfromallthetechnologieshasbeengrowing,themostdramaticgrowthhasbeenin

thewindandsolarphotovoltaic(PV)sectors.Windcapacityhasgrownfrom59to194GWoverthe

lastfiveyears(Figure4)withover97%ofinstalledcapacitywithinG20countries.

Figure4Growthinwindcapacity200510

0

50

100

150

200

250

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GW

RestofWorld

RestofCEM

India

Spain

Germany

US

China

Source:IEAanalysisbasedonGWECandWWEA.

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TheglobalgrowthofPV in recentyearshasalsobeen remarkable,albeit froma lowbase.Global

capacitywasbelow5GWinonly2005andistodayatthe40GWmarkalmosta10foldincreasein

fiveyears.Mostofthisrapidgrowthhastakenplaceinaverylimitednumberofmarketsandnearly

allthedeployedPVhasbeeninstalledwithinG20membercountries(Figure5).

Figure

5

Growth

in

solar

PV

capacity

2005

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GW

RestofG20

US

Italy

Japan

Spain

Germany

Source:IEAanalysisbasedonIEAPVPS,EPIA,BNEF,andothercountryspecificsources.

SummaryofG20policies

Strong renewables targetsand supportpolicies that stimulateR&D, innovationand investment in

renewable generation viaeconomic support andmarket accesspolicieshavedrivenmuchof the

recentgrowthintherenewablesmarket.SeventeenoftheG20membersnowhavenationaltargets

forrenewableelectricitygeneration.Thesetargetsareexpressedinvariouswayssomearetargets

fortheproportionofrenewableenergyinthetotalenergymix,somespecifictotheelectricitysector

andsometechnologyspecific.

Since 2005, six additional G20 countries have adopted renewable energy targets. Many other

countrieshaveextendedorupdated their targets, settingmoreambitiousand longer termgoals.

TheUnitedStatesandCanadahavenofederaltargets,althoughtherearesometargetsattheState

andProvincial/Territoriallevels.

Currently, almost all G20 countries have in place measures aimed at catalysing investment in

renewableelectricitygenerationvia financing,pricing, fiscal,publicbidding, andallprovide some

formofR&Dpolicysupport.Overthelastfiveyearsmanycountrieshaverefinedtheirpolicies,such

asfeedintariffsystems,toimprovetheirimpactondeploymentortomakethepoliciesmorecost

effective. Several countries now have different mechanisms in place for different sectors or

technologies.Onestrongrecenttrendistheintroductionofpubliccompetitivebiddingprocessesto

auctionrenewableenergygeneration,asisthecaseinMexico,Brazil,ArgentinaandSouthAfrica.

While renewable energy targets are generally supported by a suite of policies and programmes

which encourage and facilitate investment, financial incentives alone are not sufficient, as other

noneconomicbarriers(likegridaccessorcomplexadministrativeprocedures)canimpedeprogress

andincrease

investment

costs.

A

comprehensive

policy

package

is

necessary

to

ensure

that

renewable energy technologies are deployed as cost effectively as possible. While the detailed

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design of policies will be specific to a countrys own circumstances and policy environment,

experience has demonstrated that a number of policy design criteria can be applied to enable

efficiencyandcosteffectiverenewableenergydesign.Dependingonspecificcircumstances,these

mayinclude:

An overall strategic approach which puts renewables in the context of the overall nationalenergy

policy

goals,

focussing

on

the

technologies

that

can

most

easily

meet

policy

needs

in

the

shortandlongterm;

Atransparentandstablerenewablespolicyenvironmentandsupportiveregulation,providingasuitableenvironmentforinvestment;

Appropriatetariffsthatincentiviseinvestmentintherequiredtechnologies,butcanbeadjustedin light of technology progress and cost reductions, so as not to over reward investors and

developers;

Priorityaccessanddispatchforrenewablegeneratorstothegrid;

Streamlinedadministrativeproceduresandasupportiveinstitutionalframework.

Table 5belowprovides a summaryofG20 country renewable energypolicies, including targets,

financial support schemes (feedin tariffs, tenders, taxpolicies, grants, green certificate schemes,

tradablepermits),andotherrenewableenergysupportpolicies.Completecountrysubmissionscan

befoundinthedocumentCompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.

Table5SummaryofG20countryrenewableelectricitypolicies

Country Targets Financial support Other RE support policy

Argentina

Target: 8% share ofRenewable Energies inNational ElectricityConsumption (2016).

National Programme ofHydro power tendered:

Chihuidos I (637MW), CndorCliff (1140 MW), LaBarrancosa (600 MW)

National Strategic WindPower Plan: futureimplementation

Tender and tax policy: NationalPromotion Scheme for the use ofrenewable sources destined to theproduction of electrical energy.

Financial Support: Fiduciary Fundcreation destined to the payment of a

renewable electricity generation bonus.Tax benefits: Act N26.190

Institutional creation: Secretary ofEnergy resolution N 712/2009 enablessupply contracts between Compaa

Administradora del Mercado MayoristaElctrico S.A. (CAMMESA) andENARSA in the context of theGENREN Programme.

Financial support to Hydroconstruction: Secretariat of EnergyResolution N 762/2009

Law N 26.123: HydrogenResearch and developmentProject

Law N 26.190: NationalDevelopment Scheme for the Useof Sources Renewable energy for

Electricity ProductionLaw N 26.093: Regulation andPromotion Scheme for Productionand Sustainable Use of Biofuels

PERMER: Energy poverty in ruralareas programme

Australia

Renewable Energy Target:20% electricity from renewable

sources by 2020

Renewable Energy certificates:Small-scale Renewable Energy

Scheme (SRES) and Large-scaleRenewable Energy Target (LRET)

Investment: Clean Energy FinanceCorporation (CEFC)

Research grants: Clean TechnologyInnovation programme; AustralianSolar Institute

Two for one grant funding basis:Renewable Energy Demonstrationprogramme

Emerging Renewables funding andprogram delivery for the developmentof renewable energy

Equity Investments: RenewableEnergy Venture Capital Fund

Installation grants: RemoteIndigenous Energy

R&D grants for solar PV andThermal:Australian Solar Institute

(ARENA program)Infrastructure Funding:Connecting renewables FundResearch and demonstrationprogramme: The Solar Citiesprogramme

Carbon Tax non-technologyspecific fiscal policy/ taxdeduction for the exploration ofgeothermal energy

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Grants: Geothermal drillingprogramme; National Solar SchoolsProgram (NSSP); Low EmissionsTechnology Demonstration Fund

Financial support: Solar FlagshipsProgramme-Financial support to large-scale demonstration of grid-connectedsolar plants

Demonstration grants:Acre Solar

Brazil

Decennial Plan for EnergyExpansion (PDE 2019):

Wind: 6.041 MW (expectedinstalled capacity by 2019,PDE 2019).

Hydro: 116.699 MW(expected installed capacity by2019, PDE 2019)

Biomass: 8 521 MW(expected installed capacity by2019, PDE 2019)

Small Hydro: 6.966 MW

(expected installed capacity by2019, PDE 2019)

Tradable permits and cash grants:Program for the Promotion of

Alternative Sources of Electric Energy(PROINFA).

Auctions sale and purchase ofelectricity: Wind, Biomass, Hydro

Framework policy: DecennialPlan for Energy Expansion (PDE2019)

Solar PV: The National ElectricEnergy Agency (ANEEL) and theMinistry of Mines and Energy areaiming at reducing barriers todeployment and integrating solarphotovoltaic energy in the nationalenergy portfolio

Canada

Credit based targeting the biomasssector: Pulp and Paper GreenTransformation Program (PPGTP)

Premium /kWh: ecoENERGY forRenewable Power

Capital Grants: ecoENERGY forAboriginal and Northern Communities

Tax Reduction: Income Tax Act, Class43.2 of Annex II

China

12th Five Year Plan: 30 GWof Biomass installed capacityby 2020; 16% of electricity

from renewables by 2020(including large hydro).

Feed-in tariff policies: Wind onshore,solar PV, biomass

Tenders: large scale hydro, wind.

Financial support: Golden Sunprogramme

Grid access and premium:Renewable Energy Law

Grants and premium: Biogas supportproject

Tax policy: Preferential Tax Policiesfor Renewable Energy

Offshore Wind expansionProgramme:Assessment anddeployment;

Policy framework: InternationalScience and TechnologyCooperation Programme for Newand Renewable Energy

Strategic planning: NationalClimate Change Program

EuropeanUnion

Directive 2009/28/EC- AllRenewables: 20% share ofrenewables in final energyconsumption and a minimum10% share of renewables inthe transport sector by 2020

Directive 2003/87/ECestablishing a scheme forGHG emission allowancetrading within theCommunity: 21% GHGreduction as compared to2005 by 2020

Framework policy withmandatory application:EU-Directive 2009/28/EC

on the promotion of the use ofenergy from renewable sources

France

Wind: 11 500 MW by 2012and 25 000 MW 2020; Solar:1 100 MW by 2012 and5 400 MW by 2020; Hydro:

Additional capacity of3 000 MW by 2020; Biomass:

Additional 520 MW in 2012,and 2 300 MW in 2020;

Offshore wind: 1 000 MW by2012 and 6 000 MW by 2020

Feed-in tariff: onshore wind, smallscale solar PV, small scale biomass

Calls for Tender: offshore wind, largescale solar PV, large scale biomass(priority given to cogeneration), marine,hydro (priority to storage hydropowerplants).

Fiscal Policy and other financialincentives: Finance Law 2009

Framework policy: Le Grenellede lenvironnement

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Germany

EU-Directive 2009/28/ECon the promotion of the useof energy from renewablesources: 20% share ofrenewables in final energyconsumption and a minimum10% share of renewables inthe transport sector by 2020.

Energy Concept 2010 of theFederal Government:Targets for gross final energyconsumption from renewables:2020: 18%;2030: 30%;2040:45%;2050: 60%.

Offshore wind power

10 GW by 2020 and 20 to25 GW by 2030

Targets for electricitygeneration by renewableenergies: 2020: at least 35%;2030: 50%; 2040: 65%; 2050:80%

Feed-in tariff and priority access forsolar: Renewable Energy Sources Act(EEG), wind, biomass and geothermalelectricity

Infrastructure investments: GridExpansion Acceleration Act (NABEG)

Investments in R&D:Act establishing

an Energy and Climate Fund 2011(EKFG-ndG)

Policy framework: GridExpansion Acceleration Act(NABEG)

Policy framework: Directive2009/31/EC on the geologicalstorage of carbon dioxide

R&D investment: From 2011 to

2014, EUR 3.4 billion will beinvested into the support of theresearch on energy. About 80% ofthe funds will be invested intoresearch on renewable energy(EUR 1.3 billion) and energyefficiency (EUR 1 2 billion)

The research will be financedthrough federal budget and theGerman Energy and Climate Fund(ECF)

India

Targets: 10% electricity fromrenewable sources by 2012

Electricity Act 2003: RenewablePurchase Obligation (RPO) mandatedby State Electricity RegulatoryCommission (SERC)

2006 Tariff policy- Feed-in tariffsestablished by CERC and SERC:Wind, small hydro, solar PV andthermal

Grants and feed-in premium:National Solar Mission

Subsidies and RD&D: CentralFinancial assistance for Biogas plants

Quota policy with green certificates:Renewable Energy Certificates systemMarch 2011

Framework Policy: ElectricityPolicy 2005

National Action Plan on ClimateChange (NAPCC) 2008: DynamicMinimum Renewables PurchaseStandard (DMRPS)andidentification of 8 core SolarMissions

RD&D grants: Solar citiesdevelopment programme

Indonesia

Target: 15% of electricitydemand from renewablesources by 2025

Guaranteed price: Purchase tariff forelectricity from geothermal

Tax incentives: Geothermalexploration programme

Framework policy: NationalEnergy Blueprint

Italy

National Renewable EnergyAction Plan (NREAP)/Legislative Decreeno.28/2011

Directive 2009/28/EC,Electricity from RES: 26.39%by 2020, out of which 5.33%from wind, 3.03% from solar,11.21% from hydro,5.01%from biomass, 1.80%

from geothermal

Feed-in Tariff/ Conto Energetico I toIV: Solar PV, biomass, hydropower,geothermal, tidal and wave

Feed-in tariff adjustment / Call fortenders: Decree 28 May 2011

Feed-in tariff for small scalerenewable: All renewable electricity

Tradable certificates: Provisions forthe Green energy certificate system

National electric systemresearch: RD&D

Japan

General target: 10% priorityenergy supply from renewablesources by 2020

Feed-in tariff: Solar PV

Grants: Residential Solar PVprogramme

Renewable Portfolio StandardSystem: Electricity from renewablesources

Framework policy:Comprehensive review ofJapanese energy policy

Act on purchase of RenewableEnergy Sourced ElectricityUtilities: Obligation to Purchasefor utilities the electricity fromSolar PV, wind power, hydraulicpower, geothermal and biomass

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Mexico

National Energy strategy:35% of total power capacitycoming from cleantechnologies by 2024

Special Program forRenewable Energy 2009:7.6% of total capacity coming

from renewable technologiesby 2012

Mandate and subsidies: Law for thedevelopment of renewable energy andenergy transition financing.

Targets and framework policy:2008 Renewable Energy Law(LAERFTE)

Framework policy: NationalEnergy Strategy 2010

Renewable energy strategydesign: Special Program for

Renewable Energy 2009

Republicof Korea

Korea 1st

National EnergyMaster Plan 2008-30: Energyintensity will be improved by11.3% by 2012 and to 46.7%by 2030

3rd

National RenewableEnergy Plan: 11.0% ofrenewable energy share intotal primary energy supply by2030, including 4 155 ktoefrom wind; 1 364 ktoe fromsolar PV; 1 447 ktoe fromhydro; 1 357 ktoe from

biomass; 1 261 ktoe fromgeothermal; 1 540 ktoe frommarine power.

Road-map for off-shore windpower:2.5GW by 2019

Investment and grants: 3rd NationalRenewable Energy Plan.

Feed-in tariff, subsidies, certificationscheme:Act on the promotion of thedevelopment use and diffusion of newand renewable energy (enforced on

April, 2010).

Demonstration investment: Road-map for off-shore wind power.

Framework policy: Korea 1stNational Energy Plan 2008-2020.

Portfolio Standard by 2012: Acton the promotion of thedevelopment, use and deploymentof new and renewable energy.

Russia

Regulation # 1 of the RFgovernment dated 8 January2009: Target 1.5 % ofelectricity generation fromRES in 2010; 2.5 % by 2015and 4.5% by 2020

Federal subsidies Framework Policy:Federal Law "On Power Industry" (as of26 March 2003 No.35-FZ (35-)

Mandate and Financial incentives:State Policy guidelines for promotingrenewable energy in the power sector

Eligibility criteria for subsidiesallocation: The Resolution of theGovernment of the RF # 850 as of20 October, 2010.

Framework policy: TheResolution of the RF Government# 1715- as of November 13, 2009

Infrastructure development: TheResolution of the RF Government# 823 On Plans and Programs ofProspective Electric PowerIndustry Development

Monitoring system: Order # 607of the Ministry of Energy of RF as

of 17 December 2010

SaudiArabia

King Abdullah City for Atomic &Renewable Energy (KACARE):Framework policy and researchcentre on solar, wind, biomass andgeothermal energies.

CDM Projects for solar, wind,biomass and geothermal.

SouthAfrica

Integrated resource plan forelectricity: 13% of totalelectricity demand fromrenewables by 2020, of which4 759 MW or 12.7% of totalcapacity from hydro; 9 200

MW or 10.30% of totalcapacity from wind; 1 200 MWor 1.3% of total capacity fromCSP and 8 400 MW or 9.4% oftotal capacity from PV.

Feed-in tariff: Biomass, hydro, solarPV and thermal, wind

Tenders / public bidding process: Allrenewable energy projects

Framework policy: White paperon renewable energy

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Spain

Directive 2009/28/EC: 20.8%of renewable energy share ingross final energyconsumption

Renewable Energy Plan2011-20 (final approve stillpending); 40% of electricity

generated from renewable, ofwhich 35 000 MW of windonshore, 750 MW of windoffshore, 7 250 MW of solarPV, 4 800 MW of solarthermal, 13 861 MW of hydropower, 1 950 MW of biomass,50 MW of geothermal and100 MW of marine power.

Research grants: The National Planfor Scientific Research, Developmentand Technological Innovation (R&D&I)

FIT for all renewable electricity:Royal Decree 661/2007.

Pre-registration obligation for FITentitlement: Royal Decree Act 6/2009

Royal Decree 1614/2010 on electricalenergy from wind and thermalelectric technologies: Limited hoursper year eligible to be supported by afeed in tariff

FIT for solar PV: Royal Decree1565/2010 on new tariff regulation forthe production of photovoltaic electricalenergy

Net metering: distributed generation

ICO Financing line: Low interest loans

Royal Decree 1028/2007:authorisation administrative procedurefor offshore wind plants

Renewable Energy Plan 2011-20(still to be approved by SpanishGovernment)

Spanish Strategy on ClimateChange and Clean Energy 2007-2012-2020: Measures willencourage the development of

biomass, thermoelectric andphotovoltaic solar, specificallyencouraging small PV facilities(less than 5 kW)

Promotion of competitiveness:Sustainable Economy Act (Law2/2011)

Pre-registration guidelines forFIT entitlement: Royal Decree

Act 6/2009

Permit application procedures:Royal Decree 1028/2007 on theauthorisation administrativeprocedure for offshore wind plants

TurkeyRenewable Energy Law2010: 30% electricity fromrenewable sources by 2023

Renewable Energy Law 2010: Feed-in tariff (wind, solar, biomass,geothermal) and bonus payments

Framework policy: Law ongeothermal resources and naturalmineral water;Strategic Plan 2010

UAE

Target: 7% renewable energygeneration capacity by 2020

Feasibility studies / Frameworkpolicy: Dubai Integrated EnergyStrategy 2030

Masdar demonstration project

UnitedKingdom

Directive 2009/28/EC/ 2011Renewables Roadmap: 15%of energy consumption fromrenewable sources by 2020.

Feed-in tariff Law: Wind, solar PV,Hydro, bioenergy

Renewable Obligation Policy:Mandate and Quota system

Framework policy: RenewablesRoadmap

Framework Policy: Energy Act;Climate change and sustainableenergy Act

UnitedStates

Although there is not a Federal

target, 24 of the 50 US stateshave Renewable PortfolioStandards in place

Tax policy: Examples include

Production Tax Credits; Investment TaxCredits; Residential Renewable EnergyTax Credit

Financial incentives: Examplesinclude Sustainable Energy Resourcesfor Consumers (SERC) Grants; Stateand Tribal Energy Programs; SunShotInitiative ($1 a Watt Initiative); RapidDeployment of Renewable Energy andElectric Power Transmission Projects;Renewable Energy ProductionIncentive (REPI)

Grants: Renewable EnergyDeployment Grants

Other policy support for renewable

energy deployment includes codesand standards, education, training,and workforce development atDOE Programmes for Solar, Wind,Water Power, Geothermal, andBiomass. This includes activitiessuch as the Federal Wind SittingInformation Center, Solar AmericaShowcases, Woody BiomassUtilization Initiative, Center forGeothermal Technology Transfer,State Climate and EnergyPartnership Program, and others

Nuclearpower

Deploymentofnewnuclearcapacityhasbeenlargelyflatoverthelastnumberofyearsworldwide

operational installednuclearcapacity increased from370GWeattheendof2005 to375GWeby

theendof2010.Worldwideelectricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerplantshasalsoremainedflat

ataround2600TWh.Therewas,however,asignificantnumberofconstructionstartsin2010.Given

the nuclear policy reviews following the recent major incident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear

power plant in Japan, it is however uncertain whether the previously planned rate and scale of

expansionwillbemaintained.

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Figure6Globalnuclearcapacityandestimated2015capacity

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2005 2010 2015

GW

Restofthe worldUnitedStatesRussia

Japan

France

China

Source:IAEAPRISdatabase,2011.

Attheendof2010,therewere65plantsunderconstruction,ofwhich27were inChina,although

some have been in construction for a number of years. It is notable that the number of new

constructionstartsin2010wasthehighestsincethe1980s.

Figure7Nuclearcapacityunderconstructiongloballyandnumberofreactors

Source:IAEAPRISdatabase,2011andcountrysubmissions.

SummaryofG20policies

Following the Fukushima accident, there was a general review within countries of the safety of

existingplantsandareconsiderationofnewbuildprogrammes.Asaresult,Germanyannouncedan

acceleratedphaseoutofnuclearby2022,Switzerlandannouncedaphaseoutbutwithoutdefined

timelines to date and Italy voted in a referendum not to reintroduce nuclear. Elsewhere, many

countriescommitted toacomprehensivereviewofexistingplants,eitheratanational levelor, in

some

cases,

such

as

Europe

as

a

co

ordinated

and

harmonised

process.

The

results

of

this

latter

processareexpected towardstheendof2011and involvetestingofthecapabilityofthenuclear

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powerplantstowithstandexternaleventsandprolongedlossofcoolingfunctions,inadditiontothe

adequacyoftheiraccidentmanagement.

Howeverinothercountriestherewasareconfirmationofstated intentionsto introducenewbuild

inRussia,theCzechRepublic,TurkeyandtheUnitedArabEmirates,whileintheUnitedKingdomand

theUnitedStates,thevalueofnuclearaspartofadiverseenergymixwasrestated.Itisclearthat,

overall,there

will

be

aslow

down

in

nuclear

build

rates

and

it

is

uncertain

whether

growth

targets

willbeachievedintheexpectedtimeframe.Publicconfidencehasbeensignificantlyaffectedandre

establishing trustwillbe a long and challenging task.However it is not clear how extensive this

periodofreconsiderationwillbe.

Table6providesasummaryofG20nuclearenergytargets,policyframeworksandcurrentprogress.

Complete country submissions canbe found in thedocumentCompendiumofG20C3EWorking

GroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.

Table6SummaryofG20countriesnuclearpolicies

CountryTargets included innational legislation

Policy frameworks and nationalpriorities

Current progress

Argentina

Construction of a 4th nuclearpower plant, productive lifeextension of Embalse powerplant, completion of Atucha IInuclear power plant,construction of reactorCAREM.

Law N 26.566Declares of national interestEmbalse power plant life extensionas well as CAREM project and theconstruction of the fourth NuclearPower Plant.

Additionally, the Law gives powersto expropriate property for theconstruction of the IV NuclearPower Plant.

Atucha II is already testing itsprimary circuits. Contracts for lifeextension to Embalse have recentlybeen signed.

Australia

Environment Protection andBiodiversity Conservation Act 1999prohibits nuclear construction forpower generation.

Brazil

3 412 MW by 2019 Resolution No.3 of the BrazilianNational Energy Policy Council(CNPE), published on 25 June2007.

The increase of 70% (from2 007MW to 3 412 MW) in theinstalled capacity of nuclear powerplants in Brazil shall be achievedwith the entry into operation ofNuclear Power Plant Angra III,scheduled for June 2015.

Canada

Nuclear Energy Act, NuclearSafety and Control Act, NuclearFuel Waste Act, Nuclear Liability

Act

One new reactor under officialconsideration

EuropeanCommission

No targets at the EU level.

Nuclear Illustrative

Programmes indicates non-binding production targetsand required investments.

Legislation based on the EuratomTreaty. Focusing mainly on safetyand radiological protection

including: the Directiveestablishing a Communityframework for the nuclear safety ofnuclear installations 2009 andDirective on the management ofspent fuel and radioactive waste2011.

The Nuclear Safety Directive hasbeen transposed into nationallegislation in most of the Member

States.The Waste Directive must betransposed before 23 August 2013and Member States have to submittheir first national programmes in2015.

FrancePlans to construct two newEPR power plants

One EPR is under construction(Flamanville), the other one (Penly)is in the authorisation process

Germany

Planned phase-out of nuclearpower use for commercialpower generation by 2022 atthe latest.

Amendment to the Atomic EnergyAct July 2011 provided for thephase out of nuclear power to bereplaced with renewable power.

Eight (of 17) nuclear power plantswere shut down in March 2011 orrested disconnected from the gridfor a moratorium period. With theamendment to the Atomic Energy

Act entered into force on 6 August2011, they will not go back on-line.

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India

The eleventh 5 year plan(200712) included theaddition of 3.8 GW of nuclearcapacity. National PowerCorporation of India Ltdforesees 11 GW added underthe 12th Plan. Report of theExpert Committee of thePlanning Commission onIntegrated Energy Policysees a total installed capacityof 29 GW by 2020 under anoptimistic scenario.

11th 5 year plan (200712)produced by the PlanningCommission of the Government ofIndia.

Report of the Planning commissionExpert Committee on IntegratedEnergy Policy August 2006.

The Kaiga 4 PHWR reactor wasgrid connected on 19/01/2011 with202 MW gross capacity. A furthersix reactors are currently underconstruction in India with a totalcapacity of 3.76 GW net capacity.

Italy

Japan

The Strategic Energy Plan forJapan is now under radicalreview due to the Great EastJapan Earthquake and

Accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station inMarch 2011.

Korea

2030: 27.8% (nuclear energyshare in total primary energysupply)

2030: 59% (Nuclear energyshare in power generation).

Korea 1st National Energy Plan2008-2020. Establishes thenational plan for managing energysupply and demand in the long-term including nuclear energy.

This plan includes policies on theconstruction of additional nuclearpower plants, the nationalmanagement policy on spent fuels,nuclear safety and publicacceptance.

2010: 12.2% (nuclear energy sharein total primary energy supply)

2010: 31.1% (Nuclear energy sharein power generation)

Mexico

35% of total power capacitycoming from renewable, largehydro and nuclear by 2024.

National Energy Strategy Both units of Laguna Verde plantoperating at 800 MWe per unit, inincrease of 20% from previouslevels.

Russia50-53 GW by 2020.Increasing the share ofnuclear by 2030 to between25% to 30%.

The regulation of the RussianFederation Government (2008)ensures the growth of nuclearpower to 2020.

Under Realisation

Saudi Arabia

Established the KingAbdullah City for Atomic &Renewable Energy(KACARE) to develop,disseminate and deploytechnologies;

Nuclear plan under consideration

Spain

United ArabEmirates

5.6 GW of nuclear power tobe installed between 2017and 2020 to meet 25% of

electrical demand.

USD 20 billion contract awarded toKEPCO, total project valueestimated at USD 40 billion.

UnitedKingdom

No specific targets. NationalPolicy Statements identify aneed of 18 GW of non-renewable capacity by 2025.

The nuclear National PolicyStatements (NPS) identified eightsites that could host a nuclearpower station by 2025.

Three energy consortia haveannounced plans to develop at fiveof the eight sites identified in theNPS. The first reactor is expectedonline by 2018/2019.

United States

Energy Policy Act 2005 providesfor $4.3 billion in tax breaks fornuclear power; Early Site Permitsand Combined Construction andOperating License streamlinesnuclear power licensing; Price-

Anderson Act indemnifies industryagainst incidents overUSD 10 billion.

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Renewableheatingandcooling

The use of renewable energy systems for both domestic and industrial heating and cooling

applicationshasreceivedrelativelylittleattentioncomparedwithrenewableelectricityortransport

biofuels. Renewable heating can principally be provided by three technologies biomass, solar

heatingand

geothermal.

In

regions

where

cooling

has

agreater

energy

demand

than

heating,

especiallyduringpeaksummerperiods,renewableenergycoolingsystemsshowgoodpotentialfor

furtherdevelopment. Space cooling can, forexamplebe supplied through theuseofheatdriven

adsorptionchillersasanalternativetoelectricallydrivencompressionchillers.Thissectionfocuses

predominantlyonrenewableheatprogressascountrysubmissionsfocusedmainlyonheatpolicies.

Overall the renewableheat sector isexpanding,with growthof approximately6% from200509.

Biomassmakesthe largestcontribution,particularlytomeetheatingandcookingneedswithinthe

traditionalbiomasssector,wherebiomassisoftenusedinefficientlyandcauseshumanhealthand

indoor pollution challenges.Given lack of data, distinguishing between traditional and modern

efficientuseofbiomassforindustryandcommerceisdifficult.

Therehas

been

growth

in

the

geothermal

heating

sector

in

countries

endowed

with

asignificant

geothermal resource. The strongest growth has been experience in the solar heating sector,

particularlyasaresultofrapidgrowthinChina,wheredeploymenthasdoubledinthelastfiveyears

(Figure8).

Figure8Trendsinglobalcapacityofsolarheatingsystems,200509

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

GWth

China

EU27

RestofG20RestofWorld

Source:IEAanalysisbasedondatafromtheIEASolarHeatingandCoolingImplementingAgreement.

SummaryofG20policies

Stimulatingamarketforheatrequiresaddressingchallengesthataredifferentandsometimesmore

difficult to overcome than in the electricity and transport sectors. A number of key barriers to

renewableheatdeploymentmaydeterdeployment,someassociatedwiththeoverallcharacteristics

of the heat sector and some specific to the introduction of renewable options. Table7 below

outlinesanumberoftheseheat,andrenewableheatspecificbarriers.

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Table7Barrierstoheatandrenewableheatdeployment

Barriers to heat (general) Barriers to renewable heat

Fragmented market: millions of owners/developers,district heating operators and industries

Renewable heat production should be close to heat sink(limited transportability, no grid for surplus, limited storage)

Gatekeepers between supply and demand (installers,

architects)

Heat demand can be variable over time (space heating is

seasonal)Dynamics of heat market: space heating demanddeclining, power for heat in new buildings

Heat is a heterogeneous commodity: differing temperaturesin both demand and renewable heat supply

Split incentive between building owner and consumer/tenant

Basedontheanalysisofsubmittedcountryinformation,summarisedinTable8:

Twelveof the countrieshave targets for renewableheat, eightofwhichhave targets covering a

rangeoftechnologies,andafurtherfourwithtargetsspecifictosolarheatingtechnologies;

Elevencountriesalsohaveactivemeasurestopromoterenewableheat,including10countrieswith

marketincentives

to

encourage

investment

often

via

capital

grants

and

rebates.

The

UnitedKingdom isthefirstcountryto implementaspecificfeedintariffsystemtotheheatsector.

Spain has also planned to establish a specific incentive schemes for renewable heat production

throughEnergyServiceCompanies.Againthelargestemphasisisonsolarthermalsystems.

Asnotedabove, inpast,renewableheatpolicieshavenotreceivedasmuchattentionasthosefor

theelectricityandtransportsectors.TheG20countrypolicyoverviewconfirmsthatthisisstillthe

case,sincefewercountrieshavetargetsandpoliciesinplacethanfortheotherrenewablesectors.

Theanalysis,however,alsoshowsgrowingrecognitionthatrenewableheattechnologiescanplayan

important role inmeetingheatingneeds,with cost effective and technicallyproven technologies

appliedincountrieswhereresourceandmarketconditionsarefavourable.

Table8below

provides

an

overview

of

renewable

heat

targets,

financial

support,

and

other

policies

inplaceacrossG20countries.Whererenewablecoolingpoliciesweresubmittedbycountries,these

were included in the table. Complete country submissions can be found in the document

CompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.

Table8SummaryofG20countryrenewableheatpolicies

Country Targets Financial support Other RE support policy

Argentina

Australia

Grants: The Renewable EnergyBonus Scheme Solar HotWater Rebate (REBS)

Grants for solar hot water

systems: National SolarSchools Program (NSSP)

Brazil

Solar thermal target: 15 million minstalled in 2015, from about7 million m in 2011

Financial incentives: TheNational Plan for EnergyEfficiency (PNEf) Will bepublished soon, as well as acorrelated Action Plan

Canada

Credit based supportprogramme: Pulp and PaperGreen Transformation Program(PPGTP)

Tax Reduction: Income TaxAct, Class 43.2 of Annex II

Capital grants: ecoENERGY for

Renewable Heat; ecoENERGYRetrofit Homes

Efficiency Standard: EnergyEfficiency Regulations for Groundor Water-Source Heat Pumps

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China12

thFive year Plan Solar thermal:

300 million m2 by 2020Renewable energy Law:Guarantee access to heatpipelines and financial support

European

Union

Directive 2009/28/EC

Directive 2003/87/EC

Target 21% GHG reduction as

compared to 2005, establishing ascheme for GHG emissionallowance trading within theCommunity

France

National Renewable EnergyAction Plan for France :

General: 23% of renewable energyin the gross final energyconsumption in 2020

Solar thermal: 185 ktoe by 2012,927 ktoe by 2020

Biomass: 10 970 ktoe by 2012,16 455 ktoe by 2020

Geothermal: Excluding geothermal

energy from heat pumps: 195 ktoeby 2012, 500 ktoe by 2020

Renewable energy from heatpumps (geothermal oraerothermal): 1 300 ktoe in 2012,1 850 ktoe in 2020

Renewable heat from districtheating : 775 ktoe in 2012,3 200 ktoe in 2020

Grants: Fond Chaleur

Tax Policy and other financialincentives: Finance Law 2009

Framework policy: Le Grenelle delenvironnement

Germany

EU-Directive 2009/28/EC

on the promotion of the use ofenergy from renewable sources:14% by 2020

Energy Concept of the FederalGovernment 2010

Obligation of use: RenewableEnergies Heat Act 2009

Market Incentive Program(MAP) Investment costsubsidies and low-interest loans

IndiaSolar thermal: 15 million m2 by2017 / 20 million m2 by 2022

Indonesia No regulation

Italy

NREAP- Legislative Decreeno.28/2011:

Renewable heat in total finalenergy consumption: 17.09%, outof which 2.59% from solar, 9.27%from biomass, 0.49% fromgeothermal, 4.74% from heatpumps

JapanGrants: Renewable Heatprogramme Framework

Framework policy:Comprehensive review of

Japanese energy policy

MexicoNational Solar Thermal Plan(PROCALSOL): 1.8 million squaremeters of solar hea