G1-G3 Flashcards for Revision

7/27/2019 G1-G3 Flashcards for Revision

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G1- G3 revision flashcards

Outline the factors that affect the distribution of plantspecies

temperature, amount of water (humidity and rainfall), lightintensity, soil pH, salinity (how much salt), mineral nutrients(Also wind, although not listed on syllabus) Do you know

why? heck notes for reasons and e!amples if you"re notsure

#!plain the factors that affect the distribution of animalspecies (note that to e!plain you ha$e to say %H&they ha$e an effect),

temperature(proper range needed for sur$i$al, en'ymesdenature if too warm, reactions too slow if temperatures toolow),water(proper amount needed for bodily functions anden'yme acti$ities, auatic organisms need it to li$e in),breeding sites(animals must breed to create a newgeneration an some reuire specific locations for this, l ikesites in trees for bird nests), food supply(may feed onspecific foods and reuire these to stay ali$e, abundancemay affect population si'e), territory(need to establish anddefend to get food and mates in some species).

Competition, pollution, and geographic barriers (like largecanyons) can also affect distribution

Describe how to measure population si'e by theuadrat method

create plotsuadrats (make a grid on the map), number thegrids, use a random number generator to choose whichgrids to count, measure population si'e in those uadrats,calculate a$erage population density, multiply to get totalpopulation (check notesstudy guide to make sure you knowthe euations)

%hat sort of organisms is the uadrat method goodfor measuring?

population si'e for plants and slow*mo$ing animals (likesnails)

%hen would you use the transect?, +o correlate the distribution of a plant or animal specieswith an abiotic $ariable. (or instance, as soil moisturedecreases as you go away from a stream, what happens tothe pre$alence of a particular type of wildflower?)


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Outline the use of the transect method-tretch a rope down the area that you want to in$estigate.%alk the transect line. At predetermined inter$als, measurethe population si'e for the organism you are interested in.+hese measurements can be at the point on the rope or(point transect), in a belt transect, in a band going on bothsides of the rope. &o may see changes in the speciespresent as abiotic factors change along the length of yourtransect

#!plain random sample, a sampling method used to ensure that each part of an area

being sampled has an eual chance of being measured

#!plain what is meant by the niche concept the rolefunctional position of an organism in its

en$ironment/ the spatial habitat where a species li$es/

feeding acti$itieshow food is obtained/ interactions with

other organisms in the community (also remember no two

species can occupy the same niche)

#!plain the principleof competiti$e e!clusion ,if two organisms occupy the same niche then they will

compete for foodterritoryother resources. +he best

adapted will cause the disappearance of the other. 01 has

used an e!ample of 2ause"s e!periment with 3. aurelia and

3. candatum before (you can google it)...know this or some

other e!ample

Distinguish between fundamental and reali'ed niches, +he fundamental niche is the potential mode of e!istance,

gi$en the adaptations of the species. (%here you predict it

will be found in the absence of competition). +he reali'ed

niche is the actual mode of e!istance, which results from its

adaptations and competition with other species.

(0nterspecific) ompetition4 outline and gi$e ane!ample of

both harmed, mice and ants both eat seeds so theycompete for food


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Herbi$ory4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of one benefits, one (plant) harmed/ cows eat grass

3redation4 4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of, one benefits (predator), one harmed (prey)/ hawk eatingrabbit

3arasitism4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of one benefits (parasite) one harmed (host)/ tapeworms and

humans

5utualism4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of both benefit/ nitrogen*fi!ing bacteria and plants O6 sea

anemones and clownfish (don"t call it 7emo8)

Define biomass the total organic matter comprising a group of organisms in

a particular habitat (from te!tbook)9basically the weight

(without water) of all of the organisms in the same trophic

le$el. an be used to make biomass pyramids

Describe one method for measurement of biomass ata trophic le$el in an ecosystem.,

Do e!tensi$e measurements to determine the population ofplants (or animals) and their si'e. #stimate the weight of al

of these things (this will reuire additional measurements).

+ake a $ery small sample (perhap part of a tree) to the lab,

determine the wet weight, o$en dry, weight again. reate a

calculation to con$ert your estimate of total wet weight to

total dry weight.


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Define gross production 2ross production:total light energy con$erted into chemical

energy by the autotrophs in an ecosystem

Define net production, 7et production:energy a$ailable to consumers after theautotrophs ha$e used what was necessary for their own

respiration

%hat euation relates gross production, netpreoduction, and plant respiration?,

7et production:2ross production*plant respiration (23*

6:73) (not gi$en on test)

0f gross producti$ity is ; m* yr*; and respirationis m* yr*; , what is net producti$ity?,

;== k> m* yr*;

Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms intotrophic le$els

Depending on the food chain used, an organism in a food

web may ha$e two or more trophic le$els. &ou should draw

a food web and use specific e!amples to illustrate this idea.

5emori'e your study guide food web if you don"t know a

local one

#!plain the small biomass and low number oforganisms in higher trophic le$els

#nergy goes from one trophic le$el to the ne!t as theenergy in the chemicals of one organism are taken in Only

about ;=@ of the energy from one trophic le$el is tranferred

to the ne!t trophic le$el. #nergy is lost between trophic

le$els for reasons including4 material not consumed (like

bones), material not assimilated (like the cellulosefiber in

the human diet that becomes part of feces), and heat loss

through cellular respiration. #nergy transformations are

ne$er ;==@ efficient, including those in$ol$ing reactions

within our bodies. ess energy means less possible

biomass at the higher trophic le$els. +his will be reflected


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in smaller population si'es at higher trophic le$els and a

limited number of trophic le$el

1e able to construct a pyramid of energy fromappropriate information (ie, producers are == k> m*yr*;, primary consumers are = k> m* yr*;, andsecondary consumers are k> m* yr*;),

heck your pyramid to make sure producers are on the

bottom, primary consumers nd and secondary consumers

at the top. +he width of the bar should be proportional to

the energy. +he energy of each bar should be labelled and

you should ha$e units8

Distinguish between primary and secondarysuccession,

gi$ing an e!ample of each,0n primary succession there is

not soil initially (after $olcanic eruptions or glacier

receeding)/ in secondary succession there is already soil

(after a forest fire or when letting a farm return to a natural

state)

Outline the changes in species di$ersity andproduction during primary succession

3roducti$ity increases o$er time. 0n order4 lichens mosses,

grasses, shrubs, trees. Bnow why they come in this

order9see notes on facilitation and inhibition

#!plain the effects of li$ing organisms on the abioticen$ironment, with reference to the changes occuringduring primary succession

;. -oil de$elopment (for e!ample, mosses die adding

enough organic material to the soil which allows the

grasses to grow) . accumulation of minerals (some

organisms, like pine trees, change the pH of the soil which

affects how easy it is for plants to absorb certain minerals)

C. reduced erosion (grasses and other plants redure

erosion). -ee notes for other specific e!amples as well as

facilitation and inhibition

Distinguish between biome and biosphere 1iosphere:the part of the #arth where li$ing organisms arefound. +he biosphere includes all of the organisms on

#arth. 1iome:A large region characteri'ed by a specific

type of climate and certain types of plant and animal

communities


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#!plain how rainfall and temperature affect thedistribution of biomes

1e able to draw a climograph to show the interaction

between these factors. 0t should include the biomes listed

in 2..;; -ee notes.

Outline the characteristics of the maEor biomes +he biomes to know are4 desert, grassland, shrubland,temperate deciduous forest, tropical forest, and tundra.

&our descriptions shoul include temperature, moisture

(rainfall), and characteristics of $egitation. -ee class

acti$ity on google docs

alculate the -impson di$ersity inde! for communities 5ake sure you know the formula from topic 2.C.; (not gi$en

on test). +here are practice uestions on your homework.

, Analy'e the biodi$ersity of two communities usingthe di$ersity inde!

+he di$ersity inde! is a measure of species richness of an

ecosystem. +he higher the inde! the greater the di$ersity.

#n$ironmental change cause changes in the inde!.

(3ollution, en$ironmental disturbance, etc lower the inde!

Discuss reasons for the conser$ation of biodi$ersityusing rainforests as an e!ample

1e sure your answer includes ethical, ecological, economic

and asethetic arguments. Also be able to discuss some

reasons that people might be opposed to conser$ation9

see your notes if you can"t do this.

ist C e!amples of the introduction of alien speciesthat had significant impacts on ecosystems.,

;. 1iological control4 releasing ladybugs to kill aphids onroses in the garden. . Accidental release4 'ebra mussels

being mo$ed around the world in ballast water for boats, the

'ebra mussels compete with nati$e mussels. C. Deliberate

release4 cane toads in Australia (to kill cane grubs, which

didn"t work. 3lus, the cane toads outcompeted a lot of

nati$e wildlife)


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Discuss the impact of alien species on ecosystems (Cimpacts with named e!amples of each).,

0nterspecific competition (alien 'ebra mussels $s. nati$e

mussels, alien thistle $s. olorado wildflowers)/ 3redation

(alien dogs and cats killing birds like the dodo)/ species

e!tiction (dodo)/ biological control of pest species (ladybugs

and aphids/ failed attempt with cane toad and cane grubs)

Outline one e!ample of control of an in$asi$e species, Bill them (ie thistles in olorado meadows), mo$e them (ietake goats out of nature reser$es in 7ew Fealand), ideally

pre$ent their entry (hence the rules about fruit at the airport)

Define biomagnification 1iomagnification is the process in which chemical

substance become more concentrated at each trophic le$el

(don"t confuse with bioaccumulation, with is within an

organism during its lifetime)

#!plain the causes and conseuences ofbiomagnification using a named e!ample

DD+ is sprayed on crops to control insects. 0t washes off

into ri$ers and lakes and gets on auatic plants and

phytoplankton (producers) at low comcentrations. ittle fish

eat these producers and build up higher and higher le$els

of DD+ in their lifetimes (bioaccumulation). 0n the ne!t

trophic le$el, a medium*si'ed fish will consume many small

fish, concentrating all of the DD+ from all of the little fish in

their bodies. %hen birds eat large fish and medium fish

then they get all of the DD+ from those fish. +he

concentration has increased at each trophic le$el**

biomagnification. (&ou could also use the mercury e!ample

from the $ideo)

Outline the effects of ultra$iolet (G) radiation onli$ing tissues and biological producti$ity

G damages D7A causing mutations. 1iological

producti$ity is decreased (reduces photosynthetic rates in

plants and algae). 0t also damages tissues, increases rates

of skin cancer, causes cataracts.


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%hat absorbs G radiation and reduces the amountpeople on #arth are e!posed to?,

o'one in the stratosphere

Outline the effects of s (chlorofluorocarbons) onthe o'one layer

s cause o'one (OC) to break down to o!ygen gas (O)

+he notes ha$e the details, which are not reuired but can

sometimes gi$e you an e!tra point on an essay

G1-G3 Flashcards for Revision

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