G048303 (Reply Brief - Patients) Modiano v. City of Anaheim (California Disabled Persons Act)...

7/27/2019 G048303 (Reply Brief - Patients) Modiano v. City of Anaheim (California Disabled Persons Act) Appellants' Reply Brief

1/38

Lb.= D753171OL UCI

0!Aburt bh ~ p p i f O ABY[U BH FWWIF`-5UC EOQU EOX.1HO@QE,./.=QUFUI BH AF@OHB[LOFHBY[UCFWWI@@FUI EOQU[OAUEOXOQOBL UC[II

BAU 7';;761~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - -

NF[UOL NBEOFLB, fl oleovoeuf`: CI@FOLI MBLIQ,fl oleovoeuf`: JIXOL KYUACI[, fl oleovoeuf`: NF[@FMFNIQ, fl oleovoeuf`: fle WFUOILU NIE-FOE,f lbl-prbhot drbup bh pftoilts fssbaoftie tbditcir uleirAf. Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.449,W`foltohhs/Fppi``flts)

vs .AOU_ BH FLFCION, f Afòhbrlof nuloaopf` abrpbrftobl:

UBN UFOU, ol cos afpfaoty fs Nfybr bhFlfcion: CIL[_ T.QUI[L, ol cos afpfaoty fs Aoty Urifsurir bhFlfcion,Eihileflts/[ispbleilts.

Cbl. Efvoe Acfhhii, MuediQupirobr Aburt bhBrfldi AbultyMuednilt iltirie Nfrac 65,;761Lb.17-;76;-77876391-AY-A[-AMA

FWWI@@FLUQ' [IW@_ K[OIH

Nfttciw Wfppfs, QKL= 646387@ii Eurst, QKL= 8?475

;;48; Fspfl Qtriit, #;7;-674@fji Hbrist, AF ?;817Uiìpcbli= (?5?) 13;-6538Hfasonoì= (?5?) ;5;-;879


2/38

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UFK@I BH ABLUILUQ

UFK@I BH FYUCB[OUOIQ ........................................................................ OOO

UFK@I BH FKK[IXOFUOBLQ.................................................................... XO

[IW@_ ............................................................................................................... 6

O. ABLU[F[_ UB FLFCIONQ FQQI[UOBL, UCI W@FOLUOHHQ

[INFOL VYF@OHOIE EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q YLEI[ QUFUI

@FT HB[ WY[WBQIQ BH UCI AEWF FLE YL[YC.............................. 6

F. AOXO@ ABEI 95(K) FWW@OIQ AF@OHB[LOFQ EIHOLOUOBL BH EOQFKO@OU_

FLE NIEOAF@ ABLEOUOBL UB F@@ BH QIAUOBL 95, OLA@YEOLD UCI QIAUOBL

95(A) W[BUIAUOBLQ BH [ODCUQ OLAB[WB[FUIE K_ [IHI[ILAI..................... 6

K. AOXO@ ABEI 95(A) [IHI[Q UB F XOB@FUOBL BH UCI[ODCUBH FL

OLEOXOEYF@ YLEI[ UCI FEF' ....................................................................... 1

A. EIQWOUI UCI AOU_Q FQQI[UOBL, UCI AF@OHB[LOF EIHOLOUOBL BH

EOQFKO@OU_ OLA@YEIQ OUQ BTL O@@IDF@ E[YD YQI W[BXOQOBL UCFU OQ

NB[I OLA@YQOXI UCFL HIEI[F@ @FT ............................................................ 8

E. QYKWF[U (A) BH AOXO@ ABEI 95 FLE QYKWF[U (H) BH AOXO@ ABEI 96NYQU KI OLUI[W[IUIE @OKI[F@@_ UB W[BUIAU FDFOLQU EOQA[ONOLFUOBL.. 8

I. UCI MFNIQAFQI QYWWB[UQ UCI WBQOUOBL UCFU QUFUI @FT FWW@OIQ HB[

WY[WBQIQ BH UCI AEWF FLE YL[YC. ........................................................... 3

OO. UCI AYF FLE NNWF FWW@_ BL@_ UB QI[OBYQ@_ O@@

AF@OHB[LOFLQ TCB VYF@OH_ FQ EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q

YLEI[ DBXU ABEI 6;?;8................................................................... 67

F. TCIL YQI BH AFLLFKOQ OQ LBU YL@FTHY@, WFUOILUQ [INFOL

W[BUIAUIE YLEI[ UCI QIWF[FUI FLE OLEIWILEILU AEWF FLE YL[YC

@FTQ. ............................................................................................................. 66

K. UCI NNWF IQUFK@OQCIE UCI WFUOILU AB@@IAUOXI Q_QUIN UCFU AFL

BL@_ W[BXOEI HB[ EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q .................................................. 6;


3/38

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A. ABLU[F[_ UB UCI AOU_Q F[DYNILU FLE UCI U[OF@ ABY[UQ

I[[BLIBYQ ABLA@YQOBL, EIL_OLD FAAIQQ UB NIEOAF@ NF[OMYFLF

EOQWILQF[OIQ W[IXILUQ WFUOILUQ H[BN BWI[FUOLD BL F @IXI@ W@F_OLD

HOI@E ........................................................................................................... 65

E. WFUOILUQ F[I LBU [IVYO[IE UB HB[IDB F W[IQA[OKIE B[

[IABNNILEIE U[IFUNILU B[ FOEI QONW@_ KIAFYQI FLBUCI[ U_WI BH

U[IFUNILU B[ FOEI OQ FXFO@FK@I............................................................... 68

I. UCI [FUOBLF@ KFQOQ IVYF@ W[BUIAUOBL CB@EOLD OLCO@@ EBIQ

LBU FWW@_ OL UCOQ AFQI ............................................................................... 6?

OOO. UCI INW@B_NILU [I@FUIE FAABNBEFUOBL OQQYIQ OL

[BQQF[I OLFWW@OAFK@I CI[I............................................................ ;7

OX. UCI WFUOILUQ CFXI IFAC KIIL LIDFUOXI@_ ONWFAUIEK_ UCI AOU_Q KFL BL WFUOILU D[BYWQ FLE UCI[IHB[I

CFXI QUFLEOLD UB FQQI[U A@FONQ................................................ ;;

X. UCI[I OQ LB HO[QU FNILENILU [ODCU HB[ AOUOIQ UB

YQI UFSWF_I[ NBLI_ UB UCTF[U QUFUI @FT UCFU

EOHHI[Q H[BN, KYU OQ LBU W[IINWUIE K_, HIEI[F@ @FT BL

UCI QFNI QYKMIAU .................................................................................. ;8

AI[UOHOAFUI BH ABYLQI@ ................................................................... 17

W[BBH BH QI[XOAI K_ NFO@ ................................................................... 16


4/38

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UFK@I BH FYUCB[OUOIQ

AFQIQ

Feeoatobl Qpiaofòsts, Ola. v. Ubwlscop bh Cfnptbl (1e Aor.;779)

566 H.1e 1?? ................................................................................................... ;9

Kfy Frif Feeoatobl [isifrac fle Uriftnilt, Ola. v. Aoty bh Fltobac (?tc Aor. 6???)

64? H.1e 4;9 .................................................................................................... 61

Aoty bh [ovirsoei v. Ol`fle Inpori Wftoilts Cif`tc fle Ti``liss Ailtir, Ola. (;761)

98 Af`.5tc 4;? ................................................................................................ 6;

Abulty bh @bs Fldiìs v. Co``(;766)

6?; Af`.Fpp.5tc 386 .................................................................................6?, ;7

Abulty bh Qfl Eoidb v. Qfl Eoidb LB[N@ (;773)

689 Af`.Fpp.5tc 4?3 ...................................................................................... ;5

Arbweir v. Jotfdfwf (?tc Aor. 6??8)

36 H.1e 6537 ........................................................................................ 68, 64, 6?

Eipfrtnilt bh Hfor Inp`bynilt fle Cbusold v. @fw Qacbb` Fenossobl Abulao`, Ola.

(I.E.Af, ;76;) Lb. A-6;-6317 .....................................................................1, 9

Ilyfrt v. Lft'` Ablhirilai bh Kfr Ixfnolirs, Ola. (?tc Aor. ;766)

817 H.1e 6691 ................................................................................................. ;8

Mfljiy v. @ii(;76;)

99 Af`.5tc 6713, 697 Af`.[ptr.1e 6?6, ;?7 W.1e 634 .................................. 1, 9, ?

Nfr`f Mfnis v. Aoty bh Abstf Nisf (?tc Aor. ;76;)

477 H.1e 1?5, airt. eiloie 611 Q.At. ;1?8 (;761) ............................................. 3

Nulsbl v. Ei Ufab, Ola. (;77?)

58 Af`.5tc 886, ?5 Af`.[ptr.1e 839, ;73 W.1e 8;1 ....................................... 4, 3

Wibpì v. Cbacflfei`(;77?)

648 Af`.Fpp.5tc ??4 ................................................................................. 68, ;9


5/38

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Wrbmiat @ohi, Ola. v. Wfrros Dìleilold(;776)

61? H.Qupp.;e 471 .......................................................................................... 61

[idoblf` Iablbnoa Abnnuloty Fatobl Wrbdrfn, Ola. v. Aoty bh Noeeìtbwl

(;e Aor. ;77;) ;?5 H.1e 19 ............................................................................. 61

[bss v. [fdoldwori Uiìabnnuloaftobls, Ola. (;773)

5; Af6.5tc ?;7, 645 W.1e ;77 ................................................................. pfsson

To`sbl v. Nuro``b (;773)

681 Af`.Fpp.5tc 66;5 ..................................................................................... ;6

QUFUYUIQ

5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e) ............................................................................... 6, 1, 9, 3

Afòhbrlof Abnpfssoblfti Ysi Fat, Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.9 ........... pfsson

AfòhbrlofEosfkìe Wirsbls Fat, Aovo` Abei 95 ........................................ pfsson

AfòhbrlofNieoaf` Nfromuflf Wrbdrfn Fat, Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4

............................................................................................................... pfsson

Afòhbrlof Ylruc Aovo` [odcts Fat, Aovo` Abei 96 ..................................... pfsson

AAW 9;8f ....................................................................................................... ;?

Aovo` Abei 96(h) ...................................................................................... pfsson

Aovo` Abei 95(k) ..................................................................................... pfsson

Aovo` Abei 95(a)...................................................................................... pfsson

Aovo` Abei 99 ................................................................................................... 9

Hieirf`Fniroafls wotc Eosfkoòtois Fat, 5; Y.Q.A. 6;676, it siq............... pfsson

Hieirf` Abltrb`ìe Qukstflais Fat, ;6 Y.Q.A. 376, it siq. ......................... v, 6, ;4

Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 ................................................................................... pfsson

Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(m)(8) .................................................................................. 66

Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8) ..................................................................... 9, 8, 3, 66

Dbvt Abei 6;?;8.6 ................................................................................ 4, 3, 66

Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c) .......................................................... 8, 61, 63

Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6;)(F) ........................................................ 61


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Qtfts. 6??;, ac. ?61, 6 (FK 6744) ...................................................................... 4

BUCI[ FYUCB[OUOIQ

Fssink`y Mueoaofry Abnnottii, FK 6744 (Mfl. ;;,6??;), ft ; ............................ 4

[IDY@FUOBLQ

;3 A.H.[. 19.617(d) .................................................................................. ;9, ;8

ABLQUOUYUOBLF@ W[BXOQOBLQ

Af`. Ablst. frt. 66, 4 ....................................................................................... 6;


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UFK@I BH FKK[IXOFUOBLQ

FEF .Hieirf`Fniroafls wotc Eosfkoòtois Fat,5; Y.Q.A. 6;676, it siq.

AEWF .AfòhbrlofEosfkìe Wirsbls Fat, AovoÀbei 95

AQF .Hieirf` Abltrb`ìe Qukstflais Fat, ;6Y.Q.A. 376, it siq.

AYF .Afòhbrlof Abnpfssoblfti Ysi Fat,Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.9

HFA .W`foltohhs/Fppi` flts Horst FnileieAbnp`folt

NNWF .AfòhbrlofNieoaf` Nfromuflf WrbdrfnFat, Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4

B.K. . Bppbsotobl Kroih, Aoty bh Flfcion

YL[YC .Afòhbrlof Ylruc Aovo` [odcts Fat, AovoÀbei 96

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Ylìss spiaohoie, f`` rihirilais fri tb tci Afòhbrlof Aovo` Abei


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6

[ I W @ _

O. ABLU[F[_ UB FLFCIONQ FQQI[UOBL, UCI W@FOLUOHHQ

[INFOL VYF@OHOIE EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q YLEI[

QUFUI @FT HB[ WY[WBQIQ BH UCI AEWF FLE YL[YC

Qukpfrt (a) bh Aovo` Abei 95 stftis=

(a) F vob`ftobl bh tci rodct bh fl oleovoeuf` uleir tci Fniroafls wotc

Eosfkoòtois Fat bh 6??7 (Wukòa @fw 676-118) f`sb ablstotutis f

vob`ftobl bh tcos siatobl.

Ol ots bppbsotobl, tci Aoty abltiles tci o`ìdf` erud usi prbvosobl bh tci

FEF (5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e)) risu`ts ol tci pftoilts ol tcos afsi kiold

eosqufòhoie hbr prbtiatobl uleir Aovo` Abei siatobls 96(h) fle 95(a) kiafusi

tciy usi nfromuflf riabnnileie ky stfti òailsie ebatbrs. Ol issilai, tci

Aotys pbsotobl os tcft fl btcirwosi qufòhoie oleovoeuf` wcb os ildfdie ol tci

usi bh f Qacieuì 6 abltrb`ìe sukstflai uleir hieirf` `fw (fs eiholie ol tci

hieirf` AQF) os eosqufòhoie hrbn FEF prbtiatobl fle cilai tciri afl ki lb

vob`ftobl bh tci sipfrfti fle oleipileilt 96(h) fle 95(a) prbvosobls bh tci

stftis Ylruc fle AEWF`fws.

F. Aovo` Abei 95(k) fppòis Afòhbrlofs eiholotobl bh eosfkoòty

fle nieoaf` ableotobl tb f`` bh siatobl 95, olaùeold tci siatobl

95(a) prbtiatobls bh rodcts olabrpbrftie ky rihirilai

Fl flf`ysos bh tci p`fol `fldufdi bh siatobl 95(k) eosp`fais tci Aotys

frdunilt=

(k) Hbr purpbsis bh tcos siatobl=

(6) Eosfkoòty nifls fly niltf` br pcysoaf` eosfkoòty fs

eiholie ol Qiatobl 6;?;8 bh tci Dbvirlnilt Abei.


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;

(;) Nieoaf` ableotobl cfs tci sfni niflold fs eiholie ol

sukeovosobl (c) bh Qiatobl 6;?;8 bh tci Dbvirlnilt Abei.

Qukpfrt (k) ixpòaot`y fppòis tb tcos siatobl, niflold f`` bh siatobl 95,

olaùeold suksiatobl (a), tci pfrt bh siatobl 95 tcft olabrpbrftis ky rihirilai

tci prbtiatobl bh FEF rodcts. Ot afllbt fpp`y tb otsi`h f`bli kiafusi ot os

ònotie tb eiholotobls. Oh ot fppòie bl`y tb sukpfrt (f) br sukpfrt (a), ot wbuè

cfvi kiil olaùeie ol tcbsi sukpfrts. @ojiwosi, oh 95(k) wfs niflt tb fpp`y tb

must (f) br (a), tci tirn tcos siatobl os rileirie fnkodubus kiafusi ot ìfvis

ot up tb tci rifeir tb acbbsi tci fppòafkì sukpfrt.

Fl flf`ysos bh wcft tci wbre siatobl rihirs tb ol btcir frifs bh tci

stftuti einblstrftis ot rihirs tb f`` bh siatobl 95. Hbr ixfnpì, tci rinieois

prbvosobl bh siatobl 95.1 usis tci tirn siatobl tb rihir tb f`` bh 95=

(f) Fly pirsbl br pirsbls, horn br abrpbrftobl wcb eilois br

oltirhiris wotc fenottflai tb br ilmbynilt bh tci pukòa hfaoòtois

fs spiaohoie ol siatobls 95 fle 95.6

Uci rihirilai tb siatobls 95 fle 95.6 scbws tci wbre siatobl os niflt tb

fpp`y lbt tb f spiaohoa sukpfrt, kut tb f`` bh tci rihirilaie siatobl. Ucos

suppbrts tci oltirpritftobl tcft sukpfrt (k) fppòis tb f`` bh 95, olaùeold

sukpfrts (f) fle (a). Flbtcir ixfnpì os sukpfrt (a) otsi`h=

F vob`ftobl bh tci rodct bh fl oleovoeuf` uleir tci Fniroafls wotc

Eosfkoòtois Fat bh 6??7 (Wukòa @fw 676-118) f`sb ablstotutis f vob`ftobl

bhtcos siatobl. (inpcfsos feeie)


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1

Dovil tci riniey prbvosobls bh siatobl 95.1 fpp`y tb vob`ftobls bh 95 (br

95.6), tci tirn tcos siatobl ol sukpfrt (a) rihirs tci sfni wfy ot ebis ol

sukpfrt (k) tb f`` bh siatobl 95 hurtcir scbwold tcft qufòhoaftobl os toie tb

Afòhbrlof (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8) rftcir tcfl hieirf` `fw (5; Y.Q.A.

6;;67(e).)

K. Aovo` Abei 95(a) rihirs tb f vob`ftobl bh tci rodctbh fl

oleovoeuf` uleir tci FEF

Tcoì pirhiatie vob`ftobls bh tci FEF fri pir si vob`ftobls bh siatobls

96(h) fle 95(a) (sii Mfljiy v. @ii (;76;) 99 Af`.5tc 6713, 6755, Z697

Af`.[ptr.1e 6?6, ;?7 W.1e 634^ ZMfljiy^), vob`ftobls bh rodctsprbtiatie ky tci

FEF tcft nfy lbt oleipileilt`y risu`t ol FEF vob`ftobls afl sto`` risu`t ol

vob`ftobls bh siatobls 96(h) fle 95(a). Jiy os cbw sukpfrt (a) os wrottil. [ftcir

tcfl sfyold, f vob`ftobl bh tci FEF os f vob`ftobl bh tcos siatobl, tci sukpfrt

os troddirie olstife ky f vob`ftobl bhtci rodct bh fl oleovoeufùleir tci FEF.

Oleiie, tci oeiltoaf` `fldufdi wfs usie ky tci @idos`fturi ol siatobl 96(h) bh

Ylruc. Ot hb``bws tcft ot os lbt must f vob`ftobl bh tci FEF, kut f`sb f vob`ftobl

bh f rodctprbtiatie ky tci FEF tcft troddirs 96(h) fle 95(a).

Ol Eipfrtnilt bh Hfor Inp`bynilt fle Cbusold v. @fw Qacbb` Fenossobl

Abulao`, Ola. (I.E.Af, ;76;) Lb. A-6;-6317 Z@QFA , f hieirf` muedi feerissie

tci ariftobl bh FEF rodcts prbtiatie tcrbudc Ylruc siatobl 96(h). Ol eilyold

nbst bh tci eihileflts nbtobl tb eosnoss, tci aburt ciè Afòhbrlofs eosfkoòty

`fws fri oleipileilt bh tci hieirf` FEF=


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5

Horst, tci rodcts ilabnpfssie ky 96Zh^ fri ol abnnbl pfr`flai

ariftie ky tcft prbvosobl. Tcitcir tci rodcts fri ixpòaot`y

ilunirftie ol 96 br olabrpbrftie ky rihirilai pursuflt tb ots tirns,

96Zh^ faabres tcin ìdf` stftus, krolds tcin oltb ixostilai, fle tcus

ariftis tcin. QiiFniroafl Cirotfdi Eoatoblfry, 1re Ieotobl, p. 513

(6??;) (eiholold arifti fs Ub afusi tb ixost: krold oltb kiold):www.nirofn-wikstir.abn/eoatoblfry/arifti (arifti eiholie fs tb

krold oltb ixostilai. Ucus, uleir tci Afòhbrlof Ablstotutobl, tci

Afòhbrlof @idos`fturi ariftie tci rodcts ilabnpfssie ky 96Zh^ wcil

ot ilfatie tcft siatobl oltb fw. (Okoe.)

Uci aburt f`sb eitirnolie tcft Ylruc olabrpbrftis FEF rodctsfs tcbsi rodcts

nfy ki ixpfleie hrbn toni tb toni=

Ft brf` frdunilt, tci pfrtois eosfdriie bvir wcitcir 96(h) bh tci

Ylruc Fat olabrpbrftis tci FEF fs ot aurrilt`y ixosts ol hieirf` `fw, br

bl`y fs ot ixostie ol 6??; wcil tci @idos`fturi ilfatie 96(h) Tcoì

96(h) rihirs spiaohoaf``y tb tci brodolf` FEFs pukòa `fw lunkir, tci

krbfe sabpi bh tci FEF, ivil fs ot ixostie ol 6??7, abulsi`s ol hfvbr bh

tci krbfeir prbld bhWfìrnb. (Okoe.)

Ol rimiatold tci eihileflts frdunilt ri`ftie tb FEF provfti rodcts bh fatobl,

tci aburt bksirvie=

Fs lbtie fkbvi, tci Ylruc Fat olabrpbrftis tci sukstfltovi stflefres

bh tci FEF fle ariftis f provfti rodct bh fatobl fs f nfttir bh stfti `fw.

Tcitcir tci FEF otsi`h prbvoeis f provfti afusi bh fatobl uleir hieirf`

`fw ebis lbt fhhiat ilhbrainilt bh tci Ylruc Fat f stfti stftuti

dbvirlie ky ots bwl ilhbrainilt niacflosn. (Okoe.)

Fs tci aburt prbpir`y ablaùeie, Aovo` Abei 96(h), òji 95(a), ariftis

tci sukstfltovi prbvosobls bh tci FEF tcft prbtiat tci rodctsbh oleovoeuf`s ol

stfti `fw. Issiltof``y, tci prbvosobls bh tci FEF tcft prbtiat rodcts kiabni

stfti `fw ft wcoac pbolt stfti `fw ilcflainilts, òji stfti ilhbrainilt


12/38

9

prbvosobls, afl nbeohy br eoriat ots fppòaftobl, hbr olstflai ol tirns bh wcft

eiholotobls fpp`y. Ciri, Aovo` Abei 95(k) eoriats tcft tci stfti `fw

prbtiatobls olabrpbrftie hrbn tci FEF ki sukmiat tb tci prbvosobls bh Dbvt

Abei 6;?;8 hbr purpbsis bh eiholold eosfkoòty. Ucft Dbvirlnilt Abei

siatobl olaùeis ots bwl ixaùsobl hrbn tci eiholotobl bh eosfkoòty pibpì

ildfdie ol o`ìdf` erud usi uleir stfti `fw (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8)) fle

tcus bvirroeis tci nbri rodoe hieirf` prbcokotobl (5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e)).

Qono`fr`y, tci p`fol `fldufdi bh 96(h) fle 95(a) olabrpbrftold tci rodcts

prbtiatie uleir tci FEF, rftcir tcfl ònotold stfti vob`ftobls tb f prbvil

vob`ftobl bh tci FEF, suppbrts tci @QFAaburts ablaùsobls. Oleiie, wcil

tciri os f riniey ariftie ol stfti `fw tcft nfy lbt ixost br tcft fatuf``y

ablhòats wotc tci FEF, tci stfti `fw prbvosobl nfy bvirroei hbr purpbsis bh

Ylruc fle tci AEWF. Uci Mfljiy aburt eif`t wotc tcft typi bh ossui fle ciè

tci stftis nfleftbry fttbrliy hii prbvosobl ol Aovo` Abei 99 fppòis eispoti

f siinold`y ablhòatold prbvosobl ol tci FEF. Ucos abnpbrts wotc tci eostroat

aburts flf`ysos ol @QFA tcft Aovo` Abei 96(h) ariftis oleipileilt

prbtiatobls bh rodctseoriat`y ol stfti `fw fle hurtcir suppbrts tci lbtobl tcft

tci oleipileilt stfti prbvosobl dbvirlold o`ìdf` erud usi fppòis ciri.


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8

A. Eispoti tci Aotys fssirtobl, tci Afòhbrlof eiholotobl bh

eosfkoòty olaùeis ots bwl o`ìdf` erud usi prbvosobl tcft os

nbri olaùsovi tcfl hieirf` `fw

Yleir suksiatobl (k) bh Aovo` Abei 95, ot os tci Afòhbrlof eiholotobl bh

eosfkoòty tcft fppòis hbr purpbsis bh tci AEWF, olaùeold sukpfrt (a), rftcir

tcfl tci nbri ristroatovi eiholotobl olaùeie ol tci FEF. Oleiie, oh Dbvt

Abei 6;?;8 tci stftuti 95 `bbjs tb hbr tci eiholotobl bh eosfkoòty cfe

lbt olaùeie fl o`ìdf` erud usi eosqufòhoir, stfti `fw nodct tcil `bbj tb tci

hieirf` `fws ristroatobl. Cbwivir, Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 cfs ots bwl erud usi

eosqufòhoir=

Wcysoaf` eosfkoòty ebis lbt olaùei sixuf` kicfvobr eosbreirs,

abnpu`sovi dfnkòld, jìptbnflof, pyrbnflof, br psyacbfatovi

sukstflai usi eosbreirs risu`told hrbn tci aurrilt ul`fwhu` usi bh

abltrb`ìe sukstflais br btcir eruds. (Af. Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8).)

Ol tcos afsi, tci pftoilts usi bh nieoaf` afllfkos os lbt ul`fwhu` uleir

Afòhbrlof `fw. (Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.9, 6618;.4(c), 6618;.449.) Ol

tcior HFA, tci p`foltohhs f`ìdie tciy cfvi vfòe riabnnileftobls hrbn ebatbrs

hbr nieoaf` afllfkos fle olaùeie hfatuf` a`fons tcft tciy suhhir hrbn

ableotobls tcft qufòhy tcin hbr tcbsi riabnnileftobls. Hbr purpbsis bh tci

Aotys twb einurrirs, tcbsi f`ìdftobls fri eiinie trui.

E. Qukpfrt (a) bh Aovo` Abei 95 fle sukpfrt (h) bh Aovo` Abei 96

nust ki oltirpritie òkirf``y tb prbtiat fdfolst eosaronolftobl

Uci Aotys urdie lfrrbw oltirpritftobl bh stfti flto-eosaronolftobl `fw

os abltrfry tb tci abnnfles bh kbtc tci stfti Quprini Aburt fle @idos`fturi.


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ZTôtc ridfre tb tci Ylruc Aovo` [odcts Fat... ot nust ki ablstruie òkirf``y ol

breir tb afrry but ots purpbsi tb arifti fle prisirvi f lbleosaronolftbry

ilvorblnilt ol Afòhbrlof (Nulsbl v. Ei` Ufab, Ola. (;77?) 58 Af`.5tc 886,

88? Z?5 Af`.[ptr.1e 839, ;73 W.1e 8;1^.) Tcil tci @idos`fturi nfei swiipold

acfldis tb Afòhbrlofs eosfkoòty fws ol 6??;, ot fllbulaie=

Ot os tci oltilt bh tci @idos`fturi ol ilfatold Ztci AEWF^ tb strildtcil

Afòhbrlof `fw ol frifs wciri ot os wifjir tcfl tciFniroafls wotc

Eosfkoòtois Fat bh 6??7 Zaotftobl^ fle tb ritfol Afòhbrlof `fw wcil ot

prbvoeis nbri prbtiatobl hbr oleovoeuf`s wotc eosfkoòtois tcfl tci

ZFEF^. (Qtfts. 6??;, ac. ?61, 6 (FK 6744) fle Fssink`y Mueoaofry

Abnnottii, FK 6744 (Mfl. ;;,6??;), ft ;.) (inpcfsos feeie).

Ot f`sb nfei aìfr tcft tci AEWF fle Ylruc fri oleipileilt stfti `fws ol

siatobl 6;?;8.6 bh tci Dbvirlnilt Abei=

(f) Uci `fw bh tcos stfti ol tci frif bh eosfkoòtois prbvoeis

prbtiatobls oleipileilt hrbn tcbsi ol tci hieirf` Fniroafls wotc

Eosfkoòtois Fat bh 6??7 (W.@. 676-118). F`tcbudc tci hieirf` fat prbvoeis

f h`bbr bh prbtiatobl, tcos stfti's `fw cfs f`wfys, ivil probr tb pfssfdi bhtci hieirf` fat, fhhbreie feeotoblf` prbtiatobls.

Uci Aoty urdis f lfrrbw oltirpritftobl bh 96(h) fle 95(a) tcft os ft

bees wotc tci oltilt bh tci @idos`fturi tcft Afòhbrlofs `fw fhhbre feeotoblf`

prbtiatobls tcft fri oleipileilt hrbn tcbsi ol tci hieirf` ZFEF^. Quac

oltirpritftobl os hurtcir ft bees wotc tci @idos`fturis abnnfle stfti `fw ki

ritfolie wcil ot prbvoeis nbri prbtiatobl tcfl tci FEF. Lfrrbw

oltirpritftobl os òjiwosi abltrfry tb tci stfti Quprini Aburts cbèold tcft

Yrcuc nust ki ablstruie òkirf``y tb prisirvi f lbleosaronolftbry


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3

ilvorblnilt. (Nulsbl, suprf.) Abupìe wotc tci ixpòaot eoriatovi ol Aovo`

Abei 95(k) tcft tci eiholotobl bh eosfkoòty sit hbrtc ol Dbvt Abei 6;?;8

os tb ki usie hbr f`` bh siatobl 95, tci Aotys suddistobl tcft hieirf` `fw os usie

olstife bh nbri olaùsovi stfti `fw tb eitirnoli o`ìdf` erud usi os ultilfkì.

I. Uci Mfnisafsi suppbrts tci pbsotobl tcft stfti `fw fppòis hbr

purpbsis bh tci AEWF fle Ylruc.

Ucrbudcbut ots bppbsotobl kroih, tci Aoty rihirilaisNfr`f Mfnis v. Aoty

bh Abstf Nisf (?tc Aor. ;76;) 477 H.1e 1?5, airt. eiloie 611 Q.At. ;1?8 (;761)

ZMfnis hbr tci prbpbsotobl tcft tciri os lb oleipileilt FEF vob`ftobl fle

tcirihbri lb stfti `fw vob`ftobl uleir Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a). (B.K. p.

5,3,64,;3,13,57.) Cbwivir, tci @idos`fturi oltileie tci FEF ki f h`bbr bh

prbtiatobl fle abnnfleie tcft Afòhbrlof `fw ki ritfolie wcil ot os nbri

prbtiatovi. (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8.6.) Uci FEFs o`ìdf` erud usi prbvosobl

os nbri ristroatovi tcfl stfti `fw. (Abnpfri5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e) fle Mfnis,

suprf, wotc Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8).) Oleiie, tci pfli` nfmbroty ol Mfnis

ciè tcft stfti ixaiptobls tb aronolf` òfkoòty hbr nieoaf` nfromuflf usi eb lbt

votofti ots oltirpritftobl bh tci hieirf` prbcokotobl. (Mfnis, 477 H.1e. ft 579.)

Cbwivir, wcil tci stfti `fw eiholotobl bh eosfkoòty tcft otsi`h feerissis

o`ìdf` erud usi os ritfolie, tci p`foltohhs ciri survovi qufòhoaftobl flf`ysos

fle prbtiatobls prbcokotold eosaronolftobl ky pukòa iltotois rinfol ol-tfat.

Uci Mfnis afsi otsi`h suppbrts tci prbpbsotobl tcft fl olaùsovi fle

oleipileilt oltirpritftobl bh Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a) abnpbrts wotc tci


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?

p`fol `fldufdi bh 95(k) fs wi`` fs tci fhbriniltoblie oltilt ixprissie ky tci

@idos`fturi tcft stfti `fw os krbfeir fle nbri prbtiatovi tcfl tci FEF. Uci

aburt ol Mfljiy lbtie tcft ivil Abldriss, ol tci FEF otsi`h, abnnfles ots `fw

ebis lbt priinpt nbri olaùsovi stfti `fw ol tci frif bh eosfkoòty rodcts=

Abldriss cfs spbjil tb priinptobl eoriat`y= f ablstruatobl a`fusi ol

tci FEF spi``s but tci fats oltileie ihhiat bl stfti `fws. Uci a`fusi

eosfvbws fly krbfe priinptovi oltilt, olstife pirnottold stftis tb ilfat

fle ilhbrai abnpìniltfry `fws= Lbtcold ol tcos Fat scf`` ki

ablstruie tb olvfòefti br onot tci rinieois, rodcts, fle prbaieuris bh

fly ... `fw bh fly Qtfti br pbòtoaf` sukeovosobl bh fly Qtfti br muroseoatobl

tcft prbvoeis driftir br iquf` prbtiatobl hbr tci rodcts bh oleovoeuf`swotc eosfkoòtois tcfl fri fhhbreie ky tcos Fat. (Mfljiy, 99 Af`.5tc ft

675?)

Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a) arifti ol stfti `fw tci prbtiatobls bh rodcts

olaùeie ol tci FEF. Bl tci btcir cfle, ristroatovi prbvosobls ol tci FEF

tcft eosqufòhy pftoilts fri lbt pfrts bh tci FEF tcft ablviy rodctskut rftcir

ristroat qufòhoaftobl. Quac ristroatobls fri lbt olabrpbrftie ky 96(h) br 95(a).

Olstife, tcrbudc Aovo` Abei 95(k), tci nbri prbtiatovi stfti `fw eiholotobls

bh eosfkoòty fle o`ìdf` erud usi hbule ol Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 supirsiei

nbri rodoe prbvosobls olabrpbrftie hrbn tci hieirf` `fw. Ivil oh, fs tci Aoty

suddists, tciri os lb oleipileilt FEF vob`ftobl kiafusi tci p`foltohhs fri

eosqufòhoie hrbn prbtiatobl uleir tci hieirf` `fw kfsie bl nieoaf` nfromuflf

usi, tciy rinfol qufòhoie hbr prbtiatobl uleir stfti `fw hbr purpbsis bh kbtc

Ylruc fle tci AEWF ( 96(h) fle 95(a)).


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67

OO. UCI AYF FLE NNWF FWW@_ BL@_ UB QI[OBYQ@_ O@@

AF@OHB[LOFLQ TCB VYF@OH_ FQ EOQFK@IE

OLEOXOEYF@Q YLEI[ DBXU ABEI 6;?;8

Ol ots bppbsotobl kroih (B.K. ft 68), Flfcion fssirts [bss v. [fdoldwori

Uiìabnnuloaftobls, Ola. (;773) 5; Af6.5tc ?;7, 645 W.1e ;77 hbr tci

prbpbsotobl tcft nieoaf` nfromuflf pftoilts fri lbt eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s=

F kfl bl nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois fppòis iquf``y farbss tci

kbfre tb fkì-kbeoie pirsbls fle tcbsi wotc eosfkoòtois fòji.

W`foltohhs abltiltobl tcft tci AYF fle NNWF bl`y fpp`y tb

eosfkìe pirsbls, fle tcus fly olhroldinilt ospir sieosaronolftbry,

os kbbtstrfppold ft kist. Eiaronolfòzold pbssissobl fle trflspbrt bhnieoaf` nfromuflf nifls p`foltohhs fri hrii tb drbw tcior bwl br trfvi`

butsoei tcior onnieofti Aoty tb puracfsi sbni hrbn f ab-bp. Uciri os lb

olfòilfkì rodct tb pukòa`y faaiss br usi nieoaf` nfromuflf. Zaotold

[bss.^ (B.K. ft p. 68) (inpcfsos feeie.)

Uci Aoty tcil fssirts tci AYFablviys=

tci rodct bh f pftoilt, br ... f pftoilts pronfry afridovir, Ztb^

pbssiss br au`tovfti nfromuflf hbr tci pirsblf` nieoaf` purpbsis bhtci pftoilt upbl tci wrottil br brf` riabnnileftobl br fpprbvf` bh

f pcysoaofl wotcbut tciriky kiabnold sukmiat tb puloscnilt uleir

siatobls 66194 fle 66193 bh tci Cif`tc fle Qfhity Abei.[bss v.

[fdoldwori,suprf, ft ?;?. (B.K. ft pp.17-16) (inpcfsos feeie.)

Horst, tci Aoty frduis tcft eiinold nieoaf` nfromuflf pftoilts eosfkìe os

kbbtstrfppold ft kist aotold tci trof` aburts breir. (B.K. ft 68.) Ot `ftir aotis

[bsswciri tci stfti Quprini Aburt cbès nieoaf` nfromuflf os bl`y fvfo`fkì

hbr pftoilts br tcior afridovirs upbl tci wrottil br brf` riabnnileftobl bh f

òailsie pcysoaofl. (B.K. ft 17-16.) Uci [bss aburt f`sb stftie, tci vbtirs

eia`frie tcior oltilt Zt^b ilsuri tcft sirobus`y o`` Afòhbrlofls cfvi tci rodct tb


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66

bktfol fle usi nfromuflf hbr nieoaf` purpbsis uleir tci ableotobls stftie ol

tci fat. ([bss, 5; Af`.5tc ft ?;8.) Ot airtfol`y os lbt kbbtstrfppold ft kist

tb pbstu`fti tcft sirobus`y o`` Afòhbrlofls riabnnileie nieoaoli ky f

pcysoaofl òji`y suhhir hrbn f pcysoaf` br niltf` ableotobl tcft ònots f nfmbr

òhi fatovoty fle fri tcus eosfkìe. Qolai, fs tci Aoty lbtis ol ots bppbsotobl,

tcbsi fri tci bl`y pibpì wcb afl usi br pbssiss nfromuflf, tciy fri pfrt bh tci

sfni drbup bh pibpì wcb niit tci eiholotobl bh cfvold f eosfkoòty fs sit

hbrtc ol Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 fle 6;?;8.6. Faabreold`y, ot os fxobnftoa tcft

`fws tfrditold nieoaf` nfromuflf ab`ìatovis tfrdit eosfkìe pibpì.

F. Tcil usi bh afllfkos os lbt ul`fwhu`, pftoilts rinfol prbtiatie

uleir tci sipfrfti fle oleipileilt AEWF fle Ylruc`fws.

Ol ots bppbsotobl, tci Aoty abrriat`y prbhhirs tcft tci bl`y rodcts

istfkòscie ky tci AYF fri ixinptobls hrbn stfti `fw prbcokotobls hbr tci usi,

au`tovftobl, fle pbssissobl bh nieoaf` nfromuflf. (B.K. ft 17-16.) Ixfnolold

tci sipfrfti fle oleipileilt AEWF fle Ylruc `fws, ot os eiaronolfòzftobl

tcft f``bws nieoaf` nfromuflf pftoilts tb rinfol qufòhoie uleir stfti `fw

kiafusi uleir tci stfti eiholotobl, pcysoaf` eosfkoòty fle niltf` eosfkoòty eb

lbt olaùei eosbreirs risu`told hrbn tci aurrilt ul`fwhu` usi bh f abltrb`ìe

sukstflai br btcir eruds. (Af. Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8): Af. Dbvt Abei

6;?;8(m)(8)) (inpcfsos feeie.) Tcil tci AYF wfs febptie fle pftoilts wotc

sirobus nieoaf` ableotobls abnpòie wotc ots tirns, tci usi bh nfromuflf hbr

nieoaf` purpbsis wfs lb `bldir ul`fwhu` uleir Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8)


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6;

tciriky f``bwold btcirwosi eosfkìe pibpì tb rinfol qufòhoie hbr purpbsis bh

Ylruc fle tci AEWF.

Eispoti tci Aotys suddistobl btcirwosi, tciri wfs lb liie hbr tci AYF

br NNWF tb ixpòaot`y prbvoei eosfkoòty prbtiatobl hbr tci pibpì ot wfs

oltileie hbr sirobus`y o`` pftoilts. Uci stfti cfe, `bld kihbri tci AYF wfs

ilfatie, prbvoeie oleipileilt `fws olaùeold tci AEWF fle Ylruc tb prbtiat

pftoilts suhhirold hrbn pcysoaf` br niltf` ableotobls tcft ònot nfmbr òhi

fatovotois hrbn eosaronolftobl.

K. Uci NNWF istfkòscie tci pftoilt ab`ìatovi systin tcft afl

bl`y prbvoei hbr eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s

Flfcion abrriat`y aotis Aoty bh [ovirsoei v. Ol`fle Inpori Wftoilts Cif`tc

fle Ti``liss Ailtir, Ola. (;761) 98 Af`.5tc 4;? tb suppbrt ots frdunilt tcft

tci AYF fle tci NNW eb lbt ixpriss`y br onpòie`y priinpt [ovirsoeis

Zbreolflai^ eia`frold f nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfry ... tb ki f prbcokotie usi,

fle f pukòa luosflai, flywciri wotcol tci aoty ònots. (B.K. ft 16.)

Cbwivir, stfti `fw priinptobl uleir Af`. Ablst. frt. 66, 4 os lbt ft ossui

ciri.

Ot os ebukthu` tciri os f stfti `fw tcft priinpts nitcfebli aòloa kfls

tcrbudc frt. 66, 4. _it, Ylruc fle tci AEWF, ky olabrpbrftold rodcts

prbtiatie ky tci FEF, kbtc oleipileilt`y prbcokot aoty kfls bh nitcfebli

aòloas lbt tcrbudc stfti `fw priinptobl, kut rftcir kiafusi suac kfls

onpirnossok`y eosaronolfti fdfolst eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s. (Qii Kfy Frif


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61

Feeoatobl [isifrac fle Uriftnilt, Ola. v. Aoty bh Fltobac (?tc Aor. 6???) 64? H.1e

4;9: Wrbmiat @ohi, Ola. v. Wfrros Dìleilold (;776) 61? H.Qupp.;e 471: [idoblf`

Iablbnoa Abnnuloty Fatobl Wrbdrfn, Ola. v. Aoty bh Noeeìtbwl (;e Aor. ;77;)

;?5 H.1e 19.)

@oji nitcfebli aòloas fle FOEQ cbspoais, nieoaf` nfromuflf

ab`ìatovis ixost bl`y hbr sirobus`y o`` fle eosfkìe pftoilts. (Cif`tc & Qfhity

Abei 6618;.4: Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6)-(c)(6;): Cif`tc &

Qfhity Abei 6618;.449.) Ucrbudc tci NNWF, ab`ìatovis afl bl`y prbvoei

hbr sirobus`y o`` Afòhbrlofls suhhirold hrbn tci fo`nilts ilunirftie ol

Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c) fle wcb ky eiholotobl fri eosfkìe

oleovoeuf`s uleir Dbvt Abei 6;?;8, 6;?;8.6. Uci NNWFwfs ilfatie ol

;771, `bld fhtir tci pibpì vbtie hbr tci ònotie aronolf` òfkoòty ixaiptobls

olaùeie ol tci AYF. Tcil ot wfs ilfatie, tci @idos`fturi jliw tci `fw wfs

hbr sirobus`y o`` fle eosfkìe pibpì solai tci `fw ripiftie`y sfys tcft fle

`fwnfjirs rihirilaie tci FEF ol Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6;)(F).

Faabreold`y, must fs tciy afllbt kfl nitcfebli aòloas, aotois afllbt kfl

nieoaf` nfromuflf ab`ìatovis br trift tcin eohhirilt`y tcfl abnpfrfkì usis

tcft prbvoei hbr tci eosfkìe fle sirobus`y o``.


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A. Abltrfry tb tci Aotys frdunilt fle tci trof` aburts irrblibus

ablaùsobl, eilyold faaiss tb nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois

privilts pftoilts hrbn bpirftold bl f ìvi` p`fyold hoiè

Ol ots bppbsotobl, Flfcion aotis tci trof` aburts breir sustfolold ots

einurrir tb tci HFA=

Qolai tci EWF os suppbsie tb ìvi` tci p`fyold hoiè kitwiil fkì-

kbeoie fle eosfkìe pirsbls, ot afllbt ki usie tb fudnilt

pbssissobl/usi/au`tovftobl oh ebold sb bl`y oluris tb tci kilihot bh

sirobus`y o`` pirsbls. Ucos wbuè ol tcibry risu`t ol rivirsi

eosaronolftobl tb fkì-kbeoie pirsbls oltiristie ol pbssissold

nfromuflf. (B.K. ft 69-68) (inpcfsos feeie.)

Uci lbtobl prbhhirie ky tci Aoty fle febptie ky tci trof` aburt tcft faaiss tb

nfromuflf eosablliatie hrbn eosfkoòty abnprosis tci eosaronolftobl ossui ol

tcos afsi os sonp`y wrbld. Uci pftoilts cfvi kiil riabnnileie nieoaf`

nfromuflf sb tciy afl bpirfti, fs nuac fs pbssokì, hrii hrbn tci fo`nilts br

synptbns tcft risu t hrbn tcior eosfkoòtois. Oleiie, tci AEWF fle Ylruc fri

ol-pfrt niflt tb ìvi` tci p`fyold hoiè hbr eosfkìe pftoilts wotc aflair wcb

nfy btcirwosi ki ablholie tb kie kut hbr tci notodftold nieoaolis fle foeis

tciy usi. Uci stftis flto-eosaronolftobl `fws fri niflt tb ilsuri pftoilts

wotc FOEQ wcb nodct ki siviri`y ònotie wotcbut tci nieoaf` nfromuflf

riabnnileie ky tcior rispiatovi ebatbrs afl òjiwosi òvi bl f ìvi` p`fyold

hoiè wotc tcbsi pibpì wcb fri lbt stroajil wotc tcft eosifsi. Ivil pftoilts

wotc olsbnlof f sirobus eosfkoòty tcft fhhiats tci nfmbr òhi fatovoty bh sìip

bpirfti butsoei tci ìvi` p`fyold hoiè rihirrie tb ky tci trof` aburt wcil tci


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notodftobl prisarokie ky tcior rispiatovi ebatbrs os ihhiatovi`y eiloie kiafusi

bh eosaronolftbry `fws, pbòaois, prbaieuris, fle fatobls bh pukòa iltotois. Hbr

tci p`foltohhs ol tcos afsi, tci f`ìdftobl ol tcior HFA ridfreold tci onpfat tci

Aotys eosaronolftobl cfs cfe bl tcior fkoòty tb bpirfti bl f ìvi` p`fyold

hoiè os ulfnkodubus=

Tcil W`foltohh pftoilts fri ulfkì tb faaiss fle bktfol nieoaf`

nfromuflf tb notodfti, abltrb`, auri, fle/br f`ìvofti synptbns

fssbaoftie wotc Ztcior^ eosfkoòty, Ztcior^ nbvinilts, hriiebn, fle

hulatobls fri siviri`y ònotie ol f nfllir tcft privilts nifloldhu`

faaiss tb fle usi bh pukòa sirvoais olaùeold kut lbt ònotie tb rbfes,

soeiwf`js, òkrfrois, fle cif`tc afri sirvoais. (H.F.A. ft p.;7,``.9-?.)

Ivil nbri af``bus os tci Aotys olaùsobl bh tci trof` aburts rivirsi

eosaronolftobl flf`ysos. Bli aflt ci`p kut cbpi tci trof` aburts rivirsi

eosaronolftobl tbwfre fkì-kbeoie pirsbls wcb nfy ki oltiristie ol

pbssissold nfromuflf tcibry os, ft ìfst ol-pfrt, votoftie ky tci fssunptobl

nbst fkì-kbeoie pirsbls eb lbt wosc FOEQ, aflair, br olsbnlof bl

tcinsi`vis. Nbri onpbrtflt`y, tci rihirilai tb rivirsi eosaronolftobl

o`ùstrftis tci nosuleirstfleold ky tci Aoty fle trof` aburt bh tci

eosaronolftobl ft ossui ol tcos afsi. Ol Afòhbrlof, bl`y pftoilts br tcior

futcbrozie afridovirs ol hu`` abnpòflai wotc tci stftis AYF fri iòdokì hbr

ixaiptoblshrbn tci dilirf` ul`fwhu` stftus bh nfromuflf usi fle pbssissobl

([bss, 5; Af`.5tc ft ?;8) fle bl`y tcbsi pftoilts fle afridovirs ol hu``


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68

abnpòflai wotc tci NNWF hbr aronolf` òfkoòty ixaiptobls ri`ftie tb btcir

nieoaf` nfromuflf fatovotois (Cbacflfei`, olhrf).

Fksilt nieoaf` nfromuflf tcft f`ìvoftis br trifts tcior sirobus o``lissis

fle eosfkoòtois, tci pftoilts ciri eb lbtbpirfti bl tci trof` aburts prbvirkof`

ìvi` p`fyold hoiè wotc fkì-kbeoie pirsbls. Eispoti tci Aotys nostfjil

lbtobl, ot os lbt iquf` faaiss tb nfromuflf ft ossui ciri. [ftcir, eosaronolftobl

baaurs wcil f aoty `fw, pbòay, ruì, br prbaieuri eilois faaiss tb tci

notodftold nieoaftobl fle foeis usie ky eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s tcft f``bw tcin

nifloldhu` faaiss tb pukòa sirvoais, tb pfrtoaopfti ol òhi fatovotois, fle tb

bpirfti bl fs a`bsi f ìvi` p`fyold hoiè fs pbssokì wotc aotozils lbt stroajil ky

eosfkoòty br sirobus o``liss. Tciiàcfors, siiold-iyi ebds, acinbtcirfpy, fle

nieoaf` nfromuflf fri f`` tcolds usie ky eosfkìe pibpì tb ìvi` tci p`fyold

hoiè. Tcoì aotois cfvi lb bkòdftobl tb prbvoei tcisi tcolds, tciy afllbt

eosaronolfti fdfolst tcbsi pibpì wcb, kiafusi bh sirobus o``liss br eosfkoòty,

ìvi` tci p`fyold hoiè tcrbudc tcior usi.

E. Wftoilts fri lbt riquorie tb hbridb f prisarokie br riabnnileie

triftnilt br foei sonp`y kiafusi flbtcir typi bh triftnilt br

foei os fvfo`fkì

Flfcion nostfjil`y fvirs tcft kiafusi pftoilts afl au`tovfti nieoaf`

nfromuflf bl tcior bwl br afl usi f eohhirilt nieoaftobl tcft nfy bhhir sbni

triftnilt br synptbn ri oih, tciri os lb eosaronolftobl. Oleiie, tci Aoty aotis

Arbweir v. Jotfdfwf (?tc Aor. 6??8) 36 H.1e 6537 fle abrriat`y stftis tcft tci


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qufrfltoli pbòay wfs fatuf``y afusold cfrn tb eosfkìe pirsbls. (B.K. ft 64.)

Eispoti fajlbwìedold tci qufrfltoli `fw ft ossui ol Arbweir wfs fatuf``y

afusold cfrn tb eosfkìe pirsbls, Flfcion `ftir pbstu`ftis tcft ots fenottie

NNE kfl prbsarokis nfromuflf hrbn ivirybli, lbt must eosfkìe pibpì=

Kut Fppi``flts cfvi lbt, cbwivir, bhhirie fly futcbroty hbr ots

prinosi tcft Flfcion's NNE kfl eosaronolftis fdfolst flybli. Uci

breolflai ebis lbt pirnot sbni pibpì tb bktfol nfromuflf wcoì

ixaùeold tcbsi wotc eosfkoòtois br nieoaf` ableotobls. [ftcir, lb bli

afl bktfol ot hrbn fl Flfcion NNE. Oh flytcold, tci breolflai os

abnpìti`y liutrf` bl ots hfai. (B.K. ft ;1.)

_it Flfcions kfl bl nieoaf` nfromuflf ab`ìatovis bpirftis tb cfrn tci

eosfkìe ol f nfllir sono`fr tb tci `fw ft ossui ol Arbweir. Uciri, tci

notodftobl usie ky tci p`foltohh wfs tci siiold-iyi ebd eiloie tb con kiafusi bh

tci stftis hfaof``y liutrf` qufrfltoli `fw. Uci aburt eoe lbt riquori tci

p`foltohh tb usi f cunfl duoei br f riltf` siiold-iyi ebd. [ftcir, fs f

prbtiatie oleovoeuf`, ci scbuè cfvi kiil fkì tb usi cos siiold-iyi ebd ol f

nfllir tcft ci`pie ìvi` tci p`fyold hoiè hbr con ol ridfre tb usi bh pukòa

sirvoais, òvold cos òhi, fle ilmbyold cos vfaftobl ol Cfwfoo. @oji tci p`foltohh ol

Arbweir, pftoilt Nfr`f Mfnis os fkì tb usi fle ilmby pukòa sirvoais,

pfrtoaopfti ol òhi, fle bpirfti bl f nbri ìvi` p`fyold hoiè wcil sci cfs

faaiss tb tci afllfkos nieoaftobl riabnnileie ky cir ebatbr. Qci os lbt

riquorie tb trfvi` `bld eostflais tb hole f p`fai wciri ab-bps fri lbt prbcokotie


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63

fs tci Aoty fle trof` aburt suddist. Lbr os sci riquorie tb au`tovfti cir bwl

nieoaftobl ol òdct bh tci `ftir ilfatie NNWF.

Uci pbsotobl tfjil ky Flfcion fdfol einblstrftis ots

nosuleirstfleold bh tci eosaronolftobl ft ossui ol tcos afsi wcil ot wrotis,

Zt^ci breolflai ebis lbt pirnot sbni pibpì tb bktfol nfromuflf wcoì

ixaùeold tcbsi wotc eosfkoòtois br nieoaf` ableotobls. Ub tci abltrfry, tci

breolflai afl bl`y ixaùei tcbsi wotc eosfkoòtois fle nieoaf` ableotobls hrbn

bktfolold nfromuflf kiafusi tcbsi fri tci bl`y pibpì uleir stfti `fw wcb afl

usi nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois wotc riabnnileftobls hrbn òailsie

pcysoaofls. (Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6)-(c)(6;), 6618;.449.) Ky

ixaùeold tcbsi pibpì hrbn faaissold tci nieoaftobl tcft f`ìvoftis tcior

synptbns fle tcft nfjis ot pbssokì hbr tcin tb bpirfti bl tci ìvi` p`fyold

hoiè rihirrie tb ky tci trof` aburt, tci Aoty os oleiie eosaronolftold fdfolst tci

tcbsi wotc eosfkoòtois fle nieoaf` ableotobls ot olsosts ot os triftold iquf``y.

Flfcion wbuè, ol hfat, ki triftold tci eosfkìe p`foltohhs iquf``y oh ot

sono`fr`y kfllie prbvoeirs bh lbl-afllfkos nieoaftobls tcft trift br f`ìvofti

ableotobls fssbaoftie wotc aflair, FOEQ, d`fuabnf, fle olsbnlof br, oh fs ot

suddists ol ots bppbsotobl kroih, ot hbraie ivirybli ol tci Aoty tb abltrfat

eosfkòld eosifsis fle sirobus nieoaf` ableotobls. Ysold tci Aotys hfu`ty

flf`ysos, ot os tcil tcft ivirybli ol Flfcion wbuè ki bl f ìvi` p`fyold

hoiè.


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6?

Flbtcir oleoaftbr bh tci Aotys nosuleirstfleold bh tci eosaronolftobl

ft ossui ciri os ots stftinilt tcft ots kfl bh nieoaf` afllfkos eospilsfrois os

hfaof``y liutrf`. Uci Aoty jlbws tcft fly ìdos`ftobl tfrditie ft nieoaf`

nfromuflf afl bl`y onpfat pftoilts f`` bh wcbn cfvi f eosfkoòty fs eiholie

uleir stfti `fw. Faabreold`y, eispoti ots fvirnilts tb tci abltrfry, ulòji tci

`fw ft ossui ol Arbweir, Flfcions eospilsfry kfl breolflai os hfaof``y

eosaronolftbry.

I. Uci rftoblf` kfsos iquf` prbtiatobl cbèold olCo`èbis lbt

fpp`y ol tcos afsi

Aotold Abulty bh @bs Fldiìs v. Co``(;766) 6?; Af`.Fpp.5tc 386, 383-8?,

Flfcion qubtis tci trof` aburts breir lbtold, Uciri os lb ulhittirie rodct

tb au`tovfti br eospilsi nfromuflf, fle eospilsfrois fri lbt sono`fr`y-sotuftie tb

pcfrnfaois uleir tci Iquf` Wrbtiatobl a`fusi. (B.K. ft 68-64.) Fdfol, tci

eosaronolftobl ft ossui ciri os lbt tci rodct bh f nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfry

bwlir tb eospilsi nfromuflf. @ojiwosi, tci ossui os lbt wcitcir nieoaf`

afllfkos eospilsfrois fle pcfrnfaois fri sono`fr`y sotuftie. Co``flf`yzis tci

iquf` prbtiatobl ossui hrbn f pirspiatovi bh f eospilsfry bpirftbr lbt hrbn

tci pirspiatovi bh pftoilts. (Oe. ft 38?.)

Ciri, tci ossui os lbt wcitcir pcfrnfaois fle eospilsfrois fri sono`fr`y

sotuftie, kut wcitcir tciy fri abnpfrfkì usishrbn tci pirspiatovi bh eosfkìe

pftoilts. Hbr f pftoilt wotc aflair, tci prbvoeirs bh Ufnbxohil (krfle lfni

Lb`vfeix), prisaroptobl bpofti-kfsie nieoaftobl, fle nieoaf` afllfkos fri,


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;7

hbr f`` oltilts fle purpbsis, tci sfni. Oh f aoty `fw kfls f`` Ufnbxohil

prbvoeirs aotold tci fkoòty bh pftoilts tb ixtrfat tci erud hrbn tci _iw trii fle

vortuf``y iviry surrbuleold aoty onpìnilts tci sfni typi bh ristroatobl, tci

fkoòty bh tci pftoilt tb trift tci aflair fle riturl tb tci ìvi` p`fyold hoiè os

sukstfltof``y onpforie br ihhiatovi`y iònolftie. Oh Ufnbxohil os lbt ihhiatovi

kut nieoaf` afllfkos os, tci sfni cbès trui. Ot hb``bws tcftCo`òs olfppòafkì

ol tcos afsi kiafusi ot ixfnolis oliqufòty hrbn f pirspiatovi bh f kusoliss

bwlir, lbt pftoilts wcb usi nieoaftobl prisarokie ky tcior ebatbrs ol breir tb

pfrtoaopfti nifloldhu``y ol òhi fatovotois, usi fle ilmby pukòa sirvoais, fle

bpirfti bl tci ìvi` p`fyold hoiè rihirrie tb ky tci trof` aburt.

OOO. UCI INW@B_NILU [I@FUIE FAABNBEFUOBL OQQYIQ

OL[BQQF[I OLFWW@OAFK@I CI[I

Fdfol aotold [bss, tci Aoty prbhhirs tcft tci inp`bynilt

faabnnbeftobl ossui ol tcft afsi riquoris tcft tci pftoilts ciri ki eiloie

riòih hrbn ots abltoluold eosaronolftobl. (B.K. ft 68,64,17,16.) Eispoti

Flfcions abltiltobls, tci[bsseiaosobl wfs ol `frdi-pfrt kfsie bl tci `faj bh

lbtoai tb inp`byirs ol vbtir pfnpcìts fevbaftold pfssfdi bh tci AYF fs wi``

fs bl stfti iablbnoa pbòay ri`ftie tb inp`bynilt. (I.d., [bss, 5; Af`.5tc ft

?;9-;8, Liotcir os inp`bynilt `fw niltoblie ol tci holeolds fle

eia`frftobls (Cif`tc & Qfh.Abei, 6618;.9, suke. (k)(`)(F)-(A) & (;)) tcft

priaiei tci Abnpfssoblfti Ysi Fats bpirftovi prbvosobls.) Tcoì


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;6

inp`bynilt `fw wfs lbt niltoblie ol tci AYFs holeolds fle eia`frftobls,

sirobus`y o` pftoilts wiri ripiftie`y. (Okoe.)

Lbtold tci eohhirilais kitwiil HICF fle btcir prbvosobls bh stfti

eosfkoòty fw, tci aburt ol To`sbl v. Nuro``b (;773) 681 Af`.Fpp.5tc 66;5 wrbti=

Ti kiòivi tci eossono`fr lfturi bh tci ri`ftoblscop kitwiil fl

inp`byir fle fl inp`byii hrbn tcft kitwiil f ristfurflt bwlir fle

pftrbl noòtftis fdfolst usold fl inp`bynilt eiholotobl bh fevirsi

fatobl hbr purpbsis bh istfkòscold f pronf hfaoi ritfòftobl a`fon ol f

pukòa faabnnbeftobl sittold. (Oe. ft 6619.)

Uci pbòay ablsoeirftobls ri`ftie tb tci inp`bynilt prbvosobls bhHICF fle

tci abnpìti `faj bh lbtoai tb inp`byirs ol tci AYFs holeolds fle

eia`frftobls eostolduosc [bss. Lbt bl`y os [bss eossono`fr hbr tcft rifsbl, tci

kfsos hbr ots eiaosobl f`sb ristie sukstfltof``y bl iablbnoa faabnnbeftobl

prolaopìs eosaussie ky tci pftoilts ol tcior bpilold kroih. Inp`bynilt

faabnnbeftobl os hfr eohhirilt tcfl eosaronolftobl ky f Aoty tcft scbuè ki

dovold niflold fle ihhiat tb stfti `fw ilfatie sbì`y hbr tci kilihot bh ots

sirobus`y o`` aotozils. Fs Flfcion wfs ol tcos afsi, f`` Afòhbrlof aotois wiri

fwfri bh tci pibpì hbr wcbn tci AYF fle NNWF wiri ilfatie kiafusi

tcbsi pibpì fri rihirilaie tcrbudcbut tcbsi `fws fle wiri ulfnkodubus`y

oeiltohoie ol tci vbtold nftirof`s suppbrtold pfssfdi bh tci AYF. Nbribvir,

tci oleipileilt stfti flto-eosaronolftobl `fws tcft prbtiat eosfkìe pibpì

wiri bpirftovi yifrs kihbri pfssfdi bh kbtc tci AYF fle NNWF. Ot hb``bws

tcft aoty kfls bh eospilsfrois, òji kfls bh abnpfrfkì usis òji nitcfebli


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;;

aòloas, FOEQ cbspoais, spiaof`ty nieoaf` aòloas, fle pcfrnfaois,

onpirnossok`y eosaronolfti fdfolst eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s.

OX. UCI WFUOILUQ CFXI IFAC KIIL LIDFUOXI@_

ONWFAUIE K_ UCI AOU_Q KFL BL WFUOILU D[BYWQFLE UCI[IHB[I CFXI QUFLEOLD UB FQQI[U A@FONQ

Fdfol nosstftold tci drfvfnil bh tci pftoilts HFA, Flfcion fssirts

tci p`foltohh pftoilts cfvi lb stfleold tb krold a`fons fdfolst tci Aoty=

Fs tci HFA os kfsie bl tci NNEs purpbrtie rodct tb eostrokuti

nfromuflf uleir tci AYF fle NNW, tci oleovoeuf` Fppi``flts eb lbt

cfvi stfleold tb siij f mueoaof` eitirnolftobl bh tci abltburs bh tcft

f`ìdie rodct. (B.K. ft p. 59.)

Fdfol, abltrfry tb tci Aotys fssirtobl, tci HFA os kfsie bl tci pftoiltsrodct

tb faaiss nieoaftobl, lbt f eospilsfrys rodct tb eostrokuti nfromuflf. Flfcion

scbuè cfvi rifòzie ft tcos pbolt tcos afsi os fkbut pftoilts a`fonold tci rodct tb

faaiss nieoaftobl ol breir tb ìvi` tci p`fyold hoiè, lbt fkbut f eospilsfry

bpirftbr siijold f `fle usi rodct uleir aoty `fw br tci rodcts bh lbl-pftoilts tb

usi nfromuflf. @oji f pfrfpìdoa pirsbl wcb ìvi`s tci p`fyold hoiè tcrbudc

usi bh f wciiàcfor, tcisi eosfkìe pftoilts usi nieoaf` nfromuflf sb tciy afl

ildfdi ol òhi fatovotois tciy fri btcirwosi ristroatie hrbn br ulfkì tb

pfrtoaopfti ol kiafusi bh tcior rispiatovi o` lissis fle eosfkoòtois. Ylòji afsis

olvb`vold pbsotovi faabnnbeftobl, ol tcos afsi tci Aoty liie lbt spile nbliy

tb kuoè wciiàcfor rfnps br woeil ebbrs. F`` ot nust eb os rihrfol hrbn

ilfatold fle ilhbraold eosaronolftbry `fws tcft bpirfti tb oltirhiri wotc br


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;1

privilt tci eosfkìe p`foltohhs hrbn kiold fkì tb, ol f nfllir sono`fr tb tcft

fvfo`fkì tb btcir sirobus`y o`` fle eosfkìe pibpì, faaiss tci notodftold

nieoaftobl, foeis, fle sirvoais tcft ci`p tcin tb ìvi` tci p`fyold hoiè.

Hurtcir frduold tci oleovoeuf` p`foltohhs ciri `faj stfleold, tci Aoty

abnpfris tcin tb scfricbèirs bh f abrpbrftobl. (B.K. ft 55.) Kfsie bl ots

nostfjil lbtobl tcft tcos afsi os fkbut eospilsfrois siijold tci rodct tb

eostrokuti nfromuflf, Flfcion frduis tcisi sb-af`ìe scfricbèirs cfvi lb

rodct tb krold fl fatobl bl kicf`h bh tci abrpbrftobl tb oleipileilt`y fevbafti

hbr ots rodct tb eostrokuti=

Uci ruìs dbvirlold abrpbrfti stfleold fri pirtolilt ciri. Kiafusi f

abrpbrftobl ixosts fs f sipfrfti idf` iltoty, tci scfricbèirs cfvi lb

eoriat afusi bh fatobl br rodct bh riabviry fdfolst tcbsi wcb cfvi

cfrnie ot. ZAotftobls bnottie.^ (B.K. ft 55) (inpcfsos feeie.)

Eispoti tci Aotys nosacfrfatirozftobl, tcos afsi os lbt fkbut cfrn tb f

abrpbrftobl, kut rftcir os fkbut tci eoriat cfrn afusie tb pftoilts risu`told

hrbn fatobls tfjil fdfolst tcior ab`ìatovi fle ifac bh tcin oleovoeuf` y. Hbr

ixfnpì, tci Aotys kfl fevirsi`y onpfats ifac pftoilt p`foltohh kiafusi ot cfs

fatuf``y risu`tie ol eilof` bh faaiss tb nieoaftobl hbr ifac bh tcin. Ol tirns bh

tci ab`ìatovi p`foltohh ol tcos afsi, tci acf`ìldi bh tci Aotys kfl os kfsie bl

tci onpfat ot cfs bl tci ab`ìatovis ninkirs fs eosfkìe pibpì.

Ucrbudcbut tci p`foltohhs HFA, tci f`ìdftobls eisaroki tci fevirsi

onpfat tci kfl cfs fatuf``y cfe bl tcin fs wi`` fs btcir pftoilt ninkirs bh tci

ab`ìatovi. (HFA ft p.;6,` .4-3, Uci cfrn suhhirie ky tci W`foltohhs olaùeis


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;5

`bss bh faaiss tb nieoaftobl hbr oleovoeuf`s suhhirold hrbn siviri pcysoaf`

eosfkoòtois fle sirobus/tirnolf` o``lissis: HFA ft p.6?,``.61-65, suac

ilhbrainilt afusis W`foltohhs tb suhhir pcysoaf`, niltf`, fle/br holflaof`

olmurois: HFA ft p.;7,` .68-;7, 67?. Ifac bh tci W`foltohh WFUOILUQ wo``

suhhir onnieofti fle orripfrfkì cfrn ,,, ol tcft tciy wo`` `bsi faaiss tb tcior

nieoaftobl, tciy wo`` ki eiloie fssbaoftobl wotc bli flbtcir fle tciy wo``

`bsi onnieofti faaiss tb pukòa sirvoais.)

Qolai tci onpfat f`ìdftobls ol tci HFA fri sukstfltof`, ot fppifrs tci

Aotys frdunilt tcft tci HFA `fajs hfatuf` f`ìdftobls rists bl fssunptobls tci

pftoilts nust cfvi sbni prbpirty oltirist br bwlirscop abltrb` bvir tci

ab`ìatovi fle tcft ifac nust fatuf``y òvi ol Flfcion. (B.K. ft 51.) _it tci

futcbroty aotie ky tci Aoty os olfppbsoti tb tcbsi fssunptobls. (B.K. ft 5;-51:

aotold, i.d., Abulty bh Qfl Eoidb v. Qfl Eoidb LB[N@ (;773) 689 Af`.Fpp.5tc

4?3, 365, Zf^t f nolonun, stfleold nifls f pfrty nust scbw tcft ci

pirsblf``y cfs suhhirie sbni fatuf` br tcriftilie olmury fs f risu`t bh tci

putftovi`y o`ìdf` ableuat bh tci eihileflt.) Ciri, tci pftoilts fri lbt suold

fs scfricbèirs fevbaftold hbr f abrpbrftobl. Ifac bh tcin cfs f`ìdie fatuf`

olmury afusie ky tci Aotys eosaronolftbry kfl ridfreìss bh bwlirscop fle

abltrb` br wciri tciy òvi. Faabreold`y, ifac cfs stfleold tb fssirt tci a`fons

olaùeie ol tci HFA.


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;9

Qtfleold hbr tci ab`ìatovi p`foltohh os lbt bl`y prbpir kfsie bl tci

olmurois tb ot f`ìdie ol tci HFA, kut os f`sb prbvoeie tcrbudc tci ixpòaot

prbvosobls bh ;3 A.H.[. 19.617(d), pfrt bh tci FEFs onpìniltold

ridu`ftobl=

F pukòa iltoty scf`` lbt ixaùei br btcirwosi eily iquf` sirvoais,

prbdrfns, br fatovotois tb fl oleovoeuf` br iltoty kiafusi bh tci jlbwl

eosfkoòty bh fl oleovoeuf` wotc wcbn tci oleovoeuf` br iltoty os jlbwl tb

cfvi f ri`ftoblscop br fssbaoftobl.

Ucos pfrt bh tci FEFs onpìniltold ridu`ftobl dovis, hbr ixfnpì, f

nitcfebli aòloa stfleold tb krold f eosaronolftobl a`fon hbr tci eosfkìe

oleovoeuf`s ot sirvis. (QiiFeeoatobl Qpiaofòsts, Ola. v. Ubwlscop bh Cfnptbl (1e

Aor.;779) 566 H.1e 1??, 579-74.) Uci stftis NNWF rihirs spiaohoaf``y tb

ab`ìatovis fs fssbaoftobls bh pftoilts fle afridovirs ol Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei

6618;.449. Dovil nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois afl bl`y ablsost bh sirobus`y

eosfkìe pftoilts fle tcior futcbrozie afridovirs (Wibpì v. Cbacflfei`(;77?)

648 Af`.Fpp.5tc ??4, 677;-6771), tci Aoty jlbws ninkirs bh eospilsfrois fri

eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s. (B.K. ft 8, i.d. Ol 6??8, prbpblilts bh tci usi bh nieoaf`

nfromuflf sbudct tb prbvoei ìdf` prbtiatobl tb sirobus`y o`` Afòhbrlofls wcb

pbssissie br au`tovftie nfromuflf hbr idotonfti nieoaf` purpbsis.)

@oji Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a) olabrpbrfti ky rihirilai tci

prbtiatobls bh rodcts olaùeie ol tci FEF, tciy f`sb olabrpbrfti ;3 A.H.[.

19.617(d) tb tci ixtilt tcft suksiatobl dovis stfleold tb iltotois br fssbaoftobls

kiafusi tci ridu`ftobl ebis lbt arifti f rodct butsoei tci sabpi bh tci


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;8

uleir`yold stftutbry sacini. (Ilyfrt v. Lft'` Ablhirilai bh Kfr Ixfnolirs, Ola.

(?tc Aor. ;766) 817 H.1e 6691, 668;.) Uci fllbulaie dbf` bh tci @idos`fturi tb

ilsuri Afòhbrlofs `fws fri nbri prbtiatovi bh eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s tcfl tci

FEF (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8.6(f)) suddists tcft olaùsobl bh FEF prbtiatie

rodcts scbuè f`sb olaùei abnpòniltfry pfrts bh tci hieirf` `fws

onpìniltold ridu`ftobl fonie ft facoivold lbleosaronolftobl. Hurtcir

suppbrtold olaùsobl, tci onpìniltold ridu`ftobl otsi`h ebis lbt arifti rodcts

lbt f`rifey prbtiatie ky tci FEF (i.d. ixaùsobl br eilof` bh iquf` sirvoais,

prbdrfns, br fatovotois). Bl tci btcir cfle, oh tci onpìniltold ridu`ftobl os

lbt olaùeie, eosfkìe oleovoeuf`s sukmiat tb eosaronolftobl abuè ki ìht

wotcbut rieriss. Faabreold`y, abltrfry tb tci Aotys suddistobl, tci olaùsobl

bh tci rodct ablviyold iltoty stfleold abltfolie ol ;3 A.H.[. 19.617(d) os

fpprbprofti ol tcos afsi.

X. UCI[I OQ LB HO[QU FNILENILU [ODCU HB[ AOUOIQ UB

YQI UFSWF_I[ NBLI_ UB UCTF[U QUFUI @FT UCFU

EOHHI[Q H[BN, KYU OQ LBU W[IINWUIE K_, HIEI[F@

@FT BL UCI QFNI QYKMIAU

Ol ots bppbsotobl, tci Aoty fssirts tci fppi``flts abnp`fol tcft tci Aoty

os abbpirftold wotc tci Hieirf` Dbvt. ol ots ilhbrainilt bh hieirf` `fw. (B.K.

ft 96.) Ot tcil aotis afsis cbèold tcft aoty bhhoairs nust cblbr hieirf` `fw fs

wi`` fs afsis tcft prbcokot aotois hrbn eia`frold wfr bl tci hieirf` Ablstotutobl.

(B.K. ft 96-91.) Ot abltoluis,


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Fppi``flts rife stfti `fw fs lu`òhyold tci hieirf` AQF sb tcft Zaoty

pirsblli` fri^ lbt ivil pirnottie tb abltfat hieirf` futcbrotois

ablairlold hieirf` AQF vob`ftobls bh wcoac tciy fri fwfri. (B.K. ft

91.)

Uci p`foltohhs ol tcos afsi cfvi lbt rife stfti `fw fs lu`òhyold eohhirold

hieirf` `fw ol tci frif bh nfromuflf. Lbr os ot tcior pbsotobl tcft aoty pirsblli`

afllbt abltfat hieirf` futcbrotois tb ripbrt suspiatie br fatuf` hieirf` aronis.

Ot os tcior pbsotobl, cbwivir, tcft aoty pirsblli` afllbt usi aoty tfx eb``frs tb

eosabvir, olvistodfti, fle ripbrt nfromuflf fatovotois tcft tciy jlbw fri lbt

vob`ftobls bh stfti fw.

Flfcion f`sb aotis tci Horst Fnilenilt fs prbvoeold tci kfsos hbr ots

bhhoairs tb ripbrt hieirf` vob`ftobls tb hieirf` futcbrotois. (B.K. ft 99.) _it

lbwciri ol ots kroih ebis ot feeriss tci ixpileoturi bh stfti tfxpfyir eb``frs ot

cfs usie tb eosabvir, olvistodfti, fle tcil ripbrt tcbsi hieirf` vob`ftobls ot

jlbws fri ixaiptie hrbn òfkoòty uleir stfti `fw. Ot ebis lbt sfy flytcold ol

ots kroih fkbut tci tcbusfles bh pirsblli` cburs spilt olvistodftold fle

ripbrtold stfti abnpòflt nieoaf` nfromuflf ab`ìatovis tb tci Y.Q. Fttbrliy

fle EIF. Lbr ebis ot ti`` tci aburt ot cfs suksiquilt y ripbrtie tcbsi cburs tb

tci Y.Q. Eipfrtnilt bh Mustoai ol riquists ot cfs nfei tb ki pfoe 37% bh

prbaiies dilirftie tcrbudc tci sfì bh prbpirtois tci hieirf` sbviriodl os

hbrhiotold sonp`y kiafusi tci `fle`bres bh tcbsi prbpirtois ìfsie spfai tb stfti

abnp`folt nieoaf` nfromuflf ab`ìatovis.


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;3

Eispoti Flfcions frdunilt, ot os tci p`foltohhs pbsotobl ol tcos afsi

tcft tci Aoty, fs f arifturi bh stfti dbvirlnilt, nust dovi niflold fle

ihhiat tb stfti `fw tcft eohhirs hrbn, kut tcft os lbt priinptie ky, hieirf` `fw bl

tci sfni sukmiat. Fs tci Aoty sb fpt`y lbtie ol ots kroih, Afòhbrlof os hrii tb

arifti f lfrrbw ixaiptobl tb tci Zstfti's^ aronolf` `fw ol tci frif bh nieoaf`

nfromuflf. (B.K. ft 91.) Ucbsi ixaiptobls eb lbt prbtiat ab`ìatovis br

oleovoeuf`s fri lbt ol abnpòflai wotc stfti `fw. Fs ot suddistie ol ots

bppbsotobl kroih, ab`ìatovis f``bwold tci eovirsobl bh nieoaf` nfromuflf tb

tcbsi lbt qufòhoie tb usi ot scbuè ki sukmiat tb ilhbrainilt fatobl. (B.K. ft

98.) Ol suac afsis, tci Aoty otsi h afl ilhbrai stfti `fw. Cbwivir, fs tci Aoty

fenots ol ots kroih, ot olstife af`ìe ol tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt. (B.K. ft 98.)

Olstife bh ilhbraold stfti `fw tb iònolfti ab`ìatovis f``bwold tci eovirsobl bh

nieoaf` nfromuflf tb tcbsi lbt qufòhoie tb usi ot, tci Aoty bptie tb spile

tfxpfyir eb``frs tb eosabvir, olvistodfti, fle ripbrt tb tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt

fatovotois bh f`` nieoaf` nfromuflf ab`ìatovis ol tci Aoty, tci nfmbroty bh wcoac

abnp`y wotc stfti fw.

Ol tci nfly pfdis bh frdunilt olaùeie ol ots bppbsotobl eieoaftie tb

prisirvold ots rodct tb abltolui abbpirftold wotc tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt,

Flfcion lbt blai feerissis tci ixpileoturi bh tfxpfyir eb``frs. Uci p`foltohhs

ol tcos afsi cfvi lbt f`ìdie aoty bhhoaof`s fri kfrrie hrbn abnnuloaftold wotc

tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt. Lbr cfvi tciy suddistie pibpì wcb wbrj hbr tci Aoty


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;?

afllbt vbùltiir tcior bwl toni fle risburais tb ci`p tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt

iònolfti f`` nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois ridfreìss bh stfti abnpòflai.

Uoni spilt wcoì wbrjold hbr tci Aoty ky pirsblli` fle bhhoaof`s wcb

riaiovi abnpilsftobl risu`ts ol tci ixpileoturi bh tfx eb``frs. F scbrt pcbli

af`` nfei hrbn f Aoty pcbli br i-nfo` silt usold f Aoty oltirlit ablliatobl os

pfoe hbr ky tfxis. Ot os tci p`foltohhs pbsotobl ol tcos afsi tcft suac ixpileoturis

nfei ky f Aoty tb ilhbrai hieirf` stftutis tcft eohhir hrbn, kut tcft eb lbt

priinpt, stfti `fw bl tci sfni sukmiat ol fl ihhbrt tb prbsiauti br btcirwosi

cfrn (o.i. tcrbudc hieirf` hbrhioturi, ita.) pibpì ol abnpòflai wotc stfti `fw

vob`fti AAW 9;8f.

[ispiathu``y suknottie bl Batbkir ;, ;761=

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Nfttciw Wfppfs, QKL= 646387


37/38

17

AI[UOHOAFUI BH ABYLQI@

Abulsi` hbr Fppi``flts ciriky airtohois tcft, pursuflt tb [uì 65(a)(6) bh

tci Afòhbrlof [uìs bh Aburt, tci ila`bsieFWWI@@FLUQ [IW@_ K[OIH wfs

prbeuaie usold 61-pbolt Uonis prbpbrtoblf` hblt fle abltfols fpprbxonfti`y

4,665 wbres ixaùeold tci tfkì bh abltilts, tfkì bh futcbrotois, abvir pfdi, fle

tcos airtohoafti. Ol frrovold ft tcos istonfti, abulsi` siìatie tci pfrts bh tci

ebaunilt ixaùeold tci fhbriniltoblie tfkìs fle abvir pfdi fle ritroivie tci

abult bh wbres prbvoeie ky tci Noarbsbht Tbre ;767 wbre prbaissold sbhtwfri

usie tb prbeuai tci ebaunilt.

O ciriky airtohy tci fhbriniltoblie airtohoaftobl os trui fle abrriat uleir

pilf`ty bh pirmury uleir tci `fws bh tci stfti bh Afòhbrlof.

EFUIE= Batbkir ;, ;761=

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRNfttciw Wfppfs


38/38

W[BBH BH QI[XOAI K_ NFO@

O, Xoatbrof Wfppfs, fn f aotozil bh tci Ylotie Qtftis fle risoeilt bh NossoblXoimb, Afòhbrlof. Ny feeriss os ;;48; Fspfl Qt., #;7;-674, Afòhbrlof. Bl Mu`y 64,;761, O sirvie tci Fppi``flts [ip`y Kroihbl tci oltiristie pfrtois ol tcos afsi scbwlki`bw ky eipbsotold sipfrfti ilvi`bpis feerissie tb ifac bh tcin ol wcoac tcifhbriniltoblie ebaunilts wiri ila`bsie fle pbstfdi pfoe fle fhhoxie oltb tci Y.Q.Nfo` ft @fji Hbrist, Afòhbrlof=

Nbsis Mbclsbl, OXFsst. Aoty FttbrliyFlfcion Aoty Fttbrliy;77 Q. Flfcion K`ve., Quoti 198Flfcion, AF ?;379

Aìrj bh tci Brfldi Abulty Qupirobr AburtHbr= Cbl. Efvoe Acfhhii477 Aovoa Ailtir Erovi Tist

Qfltf Flf, AF ?;476

Af. Quprini Aburt Xof I-Qirvoai (A[A 3.;6;(a)(;))197 NaF`òstir QtriitQfl Hrflaosab, AF ?567;-54?4

Bhhoai bh tci Afòhbrlof Fttbrliy Dilirf`6177 O QtriitW.B. Kbx ?55;99Qfarfniltb, AF ?5;55-;997

O eia`fri uleir pilf`ty bh pirmury uleir tci `fws bh tci Ylotie Qtftis fle tci`fws bh tci stfti bh Afòhbrlof tcft tci fhbriniltoblie os trui fle abrriat=

ISIAYUIE tcos ;leefy bh Batbkir, ;761 ft @fji Hbrist, AF, Ylotie Qtftis

bh Fniroaf.

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRXoatbrof Wfppfs

G048303 (Reply Brief - Patients) Modiano v. City of Anaheim (California Disabled Persons Act)...

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Transcript of G048303 (Reply Brief - Patients) Modiano v. City of Anaheim (California Disabled Persons Act)...