G. Satish, IFS Chief Editor

Department of Sericulture, Government of Karnataka Commissionerate of Sericulture, 5th Floor, Multistoried building, Bangalore-560001

and

Karnataka State Sericulture Research & Development Institute Thalaghattapura, Bangalore-560062

2

Pure Mysore Silkworm Race: Protocol for maintenance and multiplication

KSSRDI Technical Publications No.

Published by: Sri G.Satish, IFS, Commisioner for Sericultural Development And Director of Sericulture, 5th Floor, Multistoried building Dr. Ambedkar Road, Bangalore 560001

© 2015 Department of Sericulture Government of Karnataka

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Foreword

Silkworm seed is the sheet anchor of sericulture

industry. During the early twentieth century, the industry was

unorganized and mainly pure races were exploited for

commercial silk production. Unlike other agriculture

commodities wherein traditionally the producer can keep a

part of his produce as seed material, in sericulture industry

the commercial silkworm rearer has to procure fresh eggs

every rearing . Hence, the quality of the fresh silkworm seed

assumes importance in the production of ultimate end product the silk. The ruling hybrid in

Karnataka is a cross breed of Pure Mysore and a bivoltine accounting for more than 90 %

production. This involves maintenance of two pure races as seed material.

The state has adopted 4 tier seed multiplication system. The multiplication of the seed

from P4 to P1 is taken care by Department of Sericulture. It is essential to maintain the breed

purity and disease freeness at each level through stringent selection procedures, so as to

obtain highest hybrid vigor expression. The functioning of Seed Area in Karnataka is time

tested and on scientific basis.

The efforts of Officers of the Department of Sericulture, Scientists of KSSRDI and

Central Silk Board are commended for bringing out a detailed protocol for maintenance and

multiplication of Pure Mysore in the Seed Area. I am confident that this document on scientific

procedures in maintenance and multiplication of Pure race without losing its vigor and purity

will be a working model at global level.

Sri Rajeev Chawla, IAS Principal Secretary to the Government

Department of Horticulture and Sericulture

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Preface

Pure Mysore, Mysore, local, MSC (Mysore Seed Cocoon) are some of the synonyms of the famous polyvoltine silkworm race of Karnataka. It has a glorious history of more than two centuries. It has been the foundation for sericulture development not only in Karnataka but also in the other Southern States. At present, more than 90% of the raw silk produced in South India is by Pure Mysore x bivoltine cross-breed combination.

Realizing the importance of Pure Mysore local race (PM) the erstwhile sericulture proponents have carved out an exclusive geographical location comprising Kunigal, Magadi and Hebbur hobli of Tumkur taluk as Pure Mysore Seed Area and same has been notified under the provisions of the Karnataka Silkworm Seed, Cocoon and Silk yarn (Regulation of production, supply, distribution and sale) Act 1959. The manual of the Department of Sericulture elaborated the various aspects of seed activities.

However at operational level no comprehensive documentation is readily available. Several protocols have been developed and imbibed into day to day seed area operations out of experience and observation. Some of them are available as circulars / instructions. Several other significant seed area activities have been standardized and adopted by the illustrious, experienced departmental officers, officials and scientists, on need basis. There is a need to compile all these efforts and systematic activity protocols scattered in circulars, conventions and local knowledge of officials of seed area into a standard protocol documents.

A huge quantity of 6,000 lakh Pure Mysore seed cocoons are produced annually, on daily basis, continuously on all the 365 days in a year by this unique system called Seed Organization. This documented protocol will help in preserving the institutional mechanism. Seed area protocol also helps for future generation and to other States and countries as a reference material and model.

I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to all the Officers and Scientists of Department of Sericulture, Government of Karnataka and Central Silk Board, for their meticulous efforts in bringing out this Protocol Document.

G.Satish, IFS Commissioner for Sericultural Development And Director of Sericulture Government of Karnataka

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Editorial Board

Chief Editor

Sri G. Satish, IFS Commissioner for Sericultural Development And Director of Sericulture

Associate Editors

Dr. Prakash HS Commissionerate of Sericulture

Dr. Rajendra Mundkur Scientist, KSSRDI Dr. Prasad NR Scientist, KSSRDI Dr. Sukumar J Scientist, KSSRDI Dr. Muniraju E Scientist, KSSRDI Sri Ravi KN Mysore Seed Area, Kunigal Department of Sericulture

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Contributors

1. Annaji Rao A, Assistant Director of Sericulture, Huliyur Durga, Kunigal taluk.

2. Balakrishnappa YK, Assistant Director of Sericulture, Tumkur Division, Tumkur.

3. Balavenkata Subbaiah M, Scientist-D, CSRTI, Mysore.

4. Basavaraja HK, Scientist-E (Former), CSB and Consultant, APSSRDI.

5. Chikkanna , Scientist-D, Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Mysore.

6. Eshwar Rao MS, Scientist-B, Karnataka State Sericulture Research & Development Institute.

7. Kumar Subramanya, Assistant Director of Sericulture, Kunigal Seed Area.

8. Malreddy N, Scientist-D, Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Mysore.

9. Muniraju E, Scientist-B, Karnataka State Sericulture Research & Development Institute.

10. Parthasarathy BA, Scientist-D, Silkworm Seed Production Center, Bangalore.

11. Prasad NR, Scientist-C and Division Chief (Seri), KSSRDI, Bangalore.

12. Rajanna GS, Scientist-C, Karnataka State Sericulture Research & Development Institute.

13. Rajendra Mundkur, Scientist-C, Karnataka State Sericulture Research & Development Institute.

14. Raju HV , Scientist-D, Silkworm Seed Production Center, Kunigal.

15. Ravi KN, Assistant Director of Sericulture, Kunigal Division.

16. Sukumar J, Scientist-D and Division Chief (Mori), KSSRDI, Bangalore.

17. Thimmareddy H, Scientist-C, Karnataka State Sericulture Research & Development Institute.

18. Thippeswamy T, Scientist-D, Central Sericulture Research & Training Institute, Mysore.

19. Vemananda Reddy , Scientist-D, Central Seed Technological Lab, Kodathi, Bangalore.

20. VijayKumar DB, Assistant Director of Sericulture, Kunigal Seed Cocoon Market, Kunigal.

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Contents

Chapters Page

1. Introduction 8

2. The Pure Mysore Race 10

3. Key factors of Seed multiplication 11

4. Process flow of PM multiplication 16

5. Protocol for PM maintenance and multiplication 17

6. Marketing of seed cocoons 29

7. Package of practices for mulberry garden maintenance 35

8. Package of practices for seed crop rearing 48

9. Egg production 59

10. Disease monitoring 65

11. References 86

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Chapter-1 Introduction

It is believed that this world famous race is brought by King Tippu Sultan during 1780-90 from Canton of China to Mysore. There are several evidences which indicate that Pure Mysore originated in the foothills of Himalaya and native to India. After the era of Tippu Sultan, Mysore Maharaja Krishna Raja Wodeyar-III, gave new impetus to Karnataka Sericulture. He donated land near Mogenahallly near Channapatna to the Contractor of the Palace, Sri Peer Mohammad to start sericulture industry from mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and reeling. Thus Sericulture rejuvenated in Mogenahally during 1810-20. In 1820, Sri Peer Mohammad shifted to Channapatna from Mogenahally. Thus Channapatna became the epicenter of sericulture industry of the then Mysore State. As the sericulture became popular, the demand for silkworm seed increased. In 1926, Mysore Government established 10 cooperative societies in Mangalvarpet, Malurpatna, Chakkere, Mogenahally, Closepet (=Ramanagar), Shidlaghatta, Thimmasandra, Koodlur, Mugur and Karohatty. These societies were preparing silkworm eggs. The first Government aided private grainage was established in Mogenahally by Sri M. Channappa on 20-June-1928. The second was by Sri M.Shankarappa in Shidlaghatta on 8-July-1929. By 1934, the number of aided private grainages increased to 21. The Cooperative societies and aided grainages produced about 1,89,000 commercial layings in 1933-34. To produce these many layings, enormous quantity of seed cocoons were required. In those days, the production of seed cocoons were not scientific. Most of the commercial races were pure races. The farmers who rear commercial crop, keep aside a portion of the cocoons as seed cocoons and produce the commercial layings. Some of the grainages used to buy seed cocoons from the commercial markets and produce layings. The crops reared from such layings were not successful. In such a situation some of the middle men started a venture of supplying only seed cocoons. They identified farmers of isolated area in Bidadi (Ramanagar District), Kunigal and Magadi (Tumkur District) area and got the seed crop reared by them. The produced seed cocoons were considered to be “Pure”, as against the seed cocoons purchased from the commercial markets which were considered as ‘Mixed’. Gradually the Mysore race which was reared in this isolated area got the permanent name as “Pure Mysore”. This is the beginning of Seed Area and Seed organization concept. In 1920, Government established Kunigal seed Farm to maintain the Pure Mysore race.

The Government simultaneously started the systematic distribution of seed cocoons to the grainages. This was called “Seed Campaign”. During 1940-41, Government established four seed campaigns in Kunigal, Bidadi, Doddaballapura and Malavally. These seed campaigns later called seed markets.

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In this way the systematic production and supply of Mysore seed cocoons were established. Government strengthened the system by series of regulations and Acts such as;

The Mysore Silkworm Diseases Control Act in 1943 The Mysore Silkworm Seed (Control and Distribution) Act in 1952, and The Karnataka Silkworm Seed, Cocoon and Silk Yarn (Regulation of Production, Supply,

Distribution and sale) Act 1959. On 18th April 1960, the Government notified Magadi Taluk of Ramanagar Distrcit, Kunigal Taluk and Tumkur Hobli of Tumkur District as Kunigal seed area (Fig-1).

Fig-1. Pure Mysore Seed Area location map.

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Sl. No. Parameters Value 1 Egg color Pale yellow 2 Chorion color Colorless 3 Larval markings Plain 4 Cocoon color Greenish yellow 5 Cocoon Shape Spindle 6 Larval period (days) 26-30 *7 Pupation rate (%) 90-95 8 Fecundity (number) 450-475 9 Single Cocoon Weight (g) 1.10-1.20

10 Cocoon shell weight (g) 0.145-0.165 11 Cocoon Shell % 13-15 12 Cocoon filament length (m) 280-300

Chapter-2 The Pure Mysore Race

Pure Mysore (PM) race is an indigenous polyvoltine silkworm and very popular among the farmers of South India for commercial usage. 1. Parentage:

• Indigenous race 2. Characters :

Table-1. Characters of Pure Mysore.

* During winter, the larval period extends upto 35 days. 3. Special Characters:

• Universal combiner (with any bivoltine). • Bimodal emergence. • Longer larval period. • Highly tolerant to vagaries of environmental conditions. • Has characteristic lustre which is expressed in its hybrids also.

Fig-2. Different stages of Pure Mysore silkworm race.

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Chapter-3

Key Factors in Seed Multiplication

Contents

1. Maintenance of Purity and vigor 2. Timely supply of quality and required quantity of seed cocoons 3. Disease control.

The major three key factors in the seed multiplication are (i) Maintenance of Purity and vigor of Pure Mysore race (ii) Timely supply of quality and required quantity of seed cocoons to the seed producers and (iii) Pebrine disease control. 1. Maintenance of purity and vigor in Pure Mysore

It has tremendous combining ability with bivoltine breeds and produce higher cocoon yield. In India, more than 90 % of the Indian silk is being produced by existing polyvoltine breed PM with CSR2. The PM, a gift for Indian sericulture, has a unique character of bimodal emergence in which the male moths will emerge first followed by female moths. It will facilitate to prevent the selfing while preparation of cross breed dfls. So, utmost care has to be taken during maintenance and multiplication of PM. Silkworm breed/strain maintenance and multiplication plays a pivotal role in maintaining the purity of breeds, which in turn facilitates cocoon uniformity in the F1 hybrids with consistent hybrid vigour. To maintain the purity and vigour of the basic stocks 4 tire multiplication (P4 – P1) is being practiced. For ideal maintenance and multiplication, P3 layings from P4 centre; P2 layings from P3 and P1 layings from P2 centre are obtained. This practice facilitates the maintenance of both qualitative and quantitative traits and realizes the maximum hybrid vigour in F1 hybrids and stabilized performance at farmer’s level.

Mysore seed female cocoons are retained for crossbreeding with bivoltine males to produce commercial layings. Such commercial layings are supplied to rearers for producing commercial cocoons which are marketed in markets, outside the seed area for reeling. Thus, the demand for Mysore seed cocoons has a direct relationship with the silk production in the State. The male Mysore seed cocoons are disposed of after emergence as pierced cocoons. Some of the characteristic features of PM have changed substantially during course of time.

The improvement in various characters may attributed to different selection methods and intensity applied at different levels of multiplication, the breeds with different genetic potential are found to exhibit variability in the expression of commercial traits in different seasons and also in the same season. It can be seen that cocoon weight and yield per 100 Dfls has improved and the present generation of Mysore seed cocoons have weights compared to earlier. The female moth is laying more eggs, which may have a direct impact on the cocoon yield. Overall, the adoption of technologies by new mulberry varieties, single stump system,

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disease control, fertilizers and other improved practices has had a positive impact in improving quality and productivity of the Mysore seed cocoons.

2. Timely supply of quality and required quantity of seed cocoons

Most critical issue of the seed area is the timely supply of P1 seed cocoons of required quality and quantity. This is done by drawing annual action plan in advance. Each year the requirement of P1 cocoons may vary, accordingly, the action plan also varies.

(1) Calculation of the annual P1 brushing

Table-2 explains the calculation of requirement of P1 seed cocoons and hence the quantity of P1 layings to be brushed in seed area. The requirement also depends on various extraneous factors like environment, arrival of monsoon, number of wet days in a year etc. Therefore sufficient buffering has to considered while calculating the requirement. Certain unpredictable situations like arrival of monsoon, number of rainy days, rain in seed area but draught in other areas and vice-a-versa, compels to keep the buffer at 20%. The Government takes the burden of producing extra cocoons for the sake of stakeholders of the industry. In this example the annual requirement is about 19.43 lakh P1 dfls.

Table-2. Forecast calculation of annual P1 brushing.

(2) Annual brushing program of P4 and P3 layings

Table-3. Annual P4 and P3 brushing program

Sl. No. Details Basis Quantity1 Mulberry area (ha) Previous year data 808732 Mulberry area of Seed areas (ha) 25003 Mulberry area of hybrid area (Ha) 783734 Layings consumption per ha (No) 15505 Requirement of hybrid layings (Lakh) Cons x area 1214.786 Requirement of Pure Mysore seed cocoons/yr (Lakh) @ 25% egg recovery 4859.1087 Extra Buffer cocoons required (Lakh) 20% buffer 971.8228 Total PM seed cocoons required (Lakh) 5830.9309 P1 Dfls to be brushed (Lakh)/ year @ 300 cocoons /dfl 19.4364

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ∑

1 Basic Seed Farm, Kunigal

10 10 10 10 40

2 P4 Bilidevalaya 10 10 10 30

3 P3 Bilidevalaya 10 10 20

4 P3 Hebbur 10 10 20

5 P3 Seegehally 10 10

6 P3 Santhemavathur 10 10

7 P3 Kempanahally 10 10

8 P3 Huliyurdurga 10 10

9 P3 Magadi 10 10 20

10 P3 Solur 10 1010 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 110

30 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 180* 2014-15

Silk FarmDate

P3 Sum

Grand Sum

Annual Program of P4 and P3 Brushing*

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Sl. No.

Government Grainages

Apr-14 May-14 Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 ∑

1 P3 Bilidevalaya 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 500 500 500 500 500 500 12000Total P3** 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 500 500 500 500 500 500 12000

2 P2 Bilidevalaya 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 840003 P2 Huliyurdurga 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 360004 P2 Magadi 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 66000

21000 21000 21000 21000 21000 21000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 1860005 P1 Kunigal 7000 7000 7000 7000 8000 8000 10500 10500 8500 7500 7500 9500 980006 P1 Chikka malalavadi 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 6000 550007 P1 Hebbur 8000 8000 8000 8000 6000 7000 6000 5000 4000 6000 7000 7000 800008 P1 Naagavalli 7500 9000 9000 9000 9000 7000 8250 7750 7250 4750 6750 7250 925009 P1 Huliyurdurga 42500 47000 56000 60000 50000 48000 50750 43250 40750 38250 40250 40750 557500

10 P1 Chowdanakuppa 26000 26000 26000 26000 21000 26000 27000 27000 19000 19000 17000 22000 28200011 P1 Kempanahally 26000 26000 27000 30000 30000 28000 29500 28500 24500 23500 23500 24500 32100012 P1 Santhemavathur 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 120000

131000 137000 147000 154000 138000 138000 147000 137000 119000 114000 117000 127000 160600013 P1 Magadi 10000 9500 7000 7000 8000 9500 8600 7600 8100 10100 11100 10100 10660014 P1 Mathikere 10000 9500 7000 7000 8500 10000 8700 7200 8200 10700 12700 9700 10920015 P1 Solur 8000 10000 10000 8000 9000 8000 10600 8600 8600 8600 9600 10600 10960016 P1 Kudur 8500 8000 8500 8500 8500 8500 8600 7600 7100 6600 7100 8100 95600

36500 37000 32500 30500 34000 36000 36500 31000 32000 36000 40500 38500 421000167500 174000 179500 184500 172000 174000 183500 168000 151000 150000 157500 165500 2027000190000 196500 202000 207000 194500 196500 194000 178500 161500 160500 168000 176000 2225000

* example given for 2014-15** P3 excess layings are districulted as P2 layings

Annual Egg Production Program *

Kunigal Division

Magadi DivisionTotal P1 dflsTotal Seed area

Total P2

P4 and P3 levels are completely managed by the Department of Sericulture. Table-3 explains the brushing program drawn based on the annual requirement. Day-wise program is drawn to brush about 180 dfls in P4 and P3 Farms. Excess of Basic seed cocoons are also considered as P2 cocoons.

(3) Annual program of the production of P3, P2 and P1 dfls

As per the Table-2, about 19.43 lakh P1 dfls are required to be brushed annually in seed area on daily basis. This requirement is back calculated and program is drawn to produce the required P1 layings. Table-4 shows the plan of production at P3, P2 and P1 grainage levels. Pure Mysore seed area has one P3 grainage, 3 P2 grainages and 12 P1 grainages. At each level sufficient layings are produced. Excess of P3 layings are distributed as P2 layings. The source seed cocoons are not generally issued to a single grainage. They are allotted to different grainages to monitor the disease incidence.

Table-4. Annual P3, P2 and P1 egg production action plan

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Sl. No. TSC Apr-14 May-14 Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 ∑1 Kunigal 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 500 500 500 500 500 500 21000

Weekly 750 750 750 750 750 750 125 125 125 125 125 125Daily 97 97 97 97 97 97 16 16 16 16 16 16

2 Yediyur 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 36000Weekly 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 500 500

Daily 129 129 129 129 129 129 65 65 65 65 65 653 Hebbur 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 500 500 9000

Weekly 250 250 250 250 250 250 125 125 125 125 125 125Daily 32 32 32 32 32 32 16 16 16 16 16 16

4 Naagavalli 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 500 500 9000Weekly 250 250 250 250 250 250 125 125 125 125 125 125

Daily 32 32 32 32 32 32 16 16 16 16 16 165 Kempanahally 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 500 500 9000

Weekly 250 250 250 250 250 250 125 125 125 125 125 125Daily 32 32 32 32 32 32 16 16 16 16 16 16

6 Huliyurdurga 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 18000Weekly 750 750 750 750 750 750 0 0 0 0 0 0

Daily 97 97 97 97 97 97 0 0 0 0 0 015822.58 15823 15823 15823 15823 15823 5129 5129 5129 5129 5129 5129 102000

7 Magadi 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 400 400 400 400 400 2000 16000Weekly 500 500 500 500 500 500 100 100 100 100 100 500

Daily 65 65 65 65 65 65 13 13 13 13 13 658 Mathikere 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 400 400 400 400 400 1000 9000

Weekly 250 250 250 250 250 250 100 100 100 100 100 250Daily 32 32 32 32 32 32 13 13 13 13 13 32

9 Solur 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 400 400 400 400 400 2000 16000Weekly 500 500 500 500 500 500 100 100 100 100 100 500

Daily 65 65 65 65 65 65 13 13 13 13 13 6510 Kalya 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 400 400 400 400 400 2000 16000

Weekly 500 500 500 500 500 500 100 100 100 100 100 500Daily 65 65 65 65 65 65 13 13 13 13 13 65

11 Kudur 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 400 400 400 400 400 1000 9000Weekly 250 250 250 250 250 250 100 100 100 100 100 250

Daily 32 32 32 32 32 32 13 13 13 13 13 329975.806 9976 9976 9976 9975.8 9976 2452 2452 2452 2452 2452 9976 6600025798.39 25798 25798 25798 25798 25798 7581 7581 7581 7581 7581 15105 168000

* Example given is for 2014-15** Source of layings are from P2 grainages and excess of P3 layings

Total**

Annual P2 Brushing progam *

Kunigal Division

Magadi Division

(4) Annual program of brushing of P2 dfls

P2 layings are reared by selected P2 farmers. Elite farmers with sufficient facilities are identified as P2 farmers. There are about 900 P2 farmers who belong to 11 TSCs. Table-5 explains the TSC-wise, Month-wise, week-wise, and day-wise brushing program planned in advance.

Table-5. Annual, monthly, weekly and daily P2 brushing program.

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(5) Annual program of brushing of P1 dfls.

Table-6 explains program drawn for annual, monthly, weekly and daily P1 layings brushing in Mysore seed area.

Table-6. Annual, monthly, weekly and daily P1 brushing program.

3. Disease control

Stringent disease control measures are taken in the seed area. This aspect is discussed in details in the Chapter 10.

Sl. No. TSC Apr-14 May-14 Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 ∑

1 Kunigal 9000 9000 9000 10000 10000 10000 12500 9500 8500 8500 10500 10500 117000Weekly 2250 2250 2250 2500 2500 2500 3125 2375 2125 2125 2625 2625

Daily 290 290 290 323 323 323 403 306 274 274 339 3392 Yedeyur 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 36000

Weekly 500 500 500 500 500 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000Daily 65 65 65 65 65 65 129 129 129 129 129 129

3 Hebbur 8000 8000 8000 8000 6000 7000 6500 5500 4500 6500 7500 7500 83000Weekly 2000 2000 2000 2000 1500 1750 1625 1375 1125 1625 1875 1875

Daily 258 258 258 258 194 226 210 177 145 210 242 2424 Naagavalli 5000 5000 5000 5000 4000 4000 3500 3500 2500 3500 3500 4500 49000

Weekly 1250 1250 1250 1250 1000 1000 875 875 625 875 875 1125Daily 161 161 161 161 129 129 113 113 81 113 113 145

5 Kempanahally 11000 11000 12000 10000 10000 12000 12500 11500 10500 10500 10500 10500 132000Weekly 2750 2750 3000 2500 2500 3000 3125 2875 2625 2625 2625 2625

Daily 355 355 387 323 323 387 403 371 339 339 339 3396 Santhemavathur 25000 26000 28000 30000 28000 27000 26000 24000 23000 23000 24000 26000 310000

Weekly 6250 6500 7000 7500 7000 6750 6500 6000 5750 5750 6000 6500Daily 806 839 903 968 903 871 839 774 742 742 774 839

7 Huliyurdurga 26000 35000 39000 30000 28000 28000 23000 21000 19000 19000 19000 23000 310000Weekly 6500 8750 9750 7500 7000 7000 5750 5250 4750 4750 4750 5750

Daily 839 1129 1258 968 903 903 742 677 613 613 613 7428 Nidasale 17000 17000 17000 16000 17000 17000 17000 17000 17000 18000 18000 18000 206000

Weekly 4250 4250 4250 4000 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4500 4500 4500Daily 548 548 548 516 548 548 548 548 548 581 581 581

9 Chowdanakuppe 26000 26000 26000 21000 26000 26000 27000 19000 18000 17000 22000 27000 281000Weekly 6500 6500 6500 5250 6500 6500 6750 4750 4500 4250 5500 6750

Daily 839 839 839 677 839 839 871 613 581 548 710 871158073 170895 179871 163331 160637 163202 161637 142097 132121 136250 146379 160355 1524000

10 Magadi 6500 7500 7000 6000 5500 7000 9100 7100 6100 6600 7600 7600 83600Weekly 1625 1875 1750 1500 1375 1750 2275 1775 1525 1650 1900 1900

Daily 210 242 226 194 177 226 294 229 197 213 245 24511 Mathikere 6500 9000 7500 6000 6000 6500 7600 6600 5600 5600 7100 7600 81600

Weekly 1625 2250 1875 1500 1500 1625 1900 1650 1400 1400 1775 1900Daily 210 290 242 194 194 210 245 213 181 181 229 245

12 VG Doddi 3000 3000 3000 2000 3000 3000 3000 2500 2000 2000 2500 3000 32000Weekly 750 750 750 500 750 750 750 625 500 500 625 750

Daily 97 97 97 65 97 97 97 81 65 65 81 9713 Solur 9000 8000 10000 10000 8000 9000 9600 10600 8600 8600 8600 8600 108600

Weekly 2250 2000 2500 2500 2000 2250 2400 2650 2150 2150 2150 2150Daily 290 258 323 323 258 290 310 342 277 277 277 277

14 Kalya 3000 3000 3000 2500 3000 3000 5600 4100 3600 4100 4600 5100 44600Weekly 750 750 750 625 750 750 1400 1025 900 1025 1150 1275

Daily 97 97 97 81 97 97 181 132 116 132 148 16515 Kudur 4500 6000 6500 6000 5000 5500 7100 5600 5100 5100 5600 6600 68600

Weekly 1125 1500 1625 1500 1250 1375 1775 1400 1275 1275 1400 1650Daily 145 194 210 194 161 177 229 181 165 165 181 213

40403 45109 45609 39980 37698 42044 51851 45222 38310 39593 44581 47504 419000198476 216004 225480 203310 198335 205246 213488 187319 170431 175843 190960 207859 1943000

* Example given is for 2014-15** Source of layings are from P1 grainages

Total**

Annual, Monthly, Weekly and Daily P1 Brushing progam *

Kunigal Division

Magadi Division

16

Chapter-4 Process Flow of Seed Multiplication

Based on the mulberry area, the expected requirement of cross-breed layings is calculated. Also taking into consideration of the additional requirement, the Annual Action Plan is drawn manually. Based on the annual plan, monthly, weekly and daily brushing plan is drawn. Fig. 3 graphically represents the process flow of the seed multiplication.

Basic Line maintenance, P4 and P3 level of multiplication is done by Government. P2 and P1 level multiplication is done with the participation of selected farmers. Basic lines are maintained at Government Silk Farm, Kunigal.

Fig-3. Graphical representation of PM seed organization

For more than 50 years, the Pure Mysore is maintained and multiplied in the seed

area. In many of the experiments in silkworm race improvement, Pure Mysore is one of the parents or check races. All the Research Institutes maintain Pure Mysore as stock race. However, for multiplication of the race, basic stock maintained at Kunigal is the source.

17

Chapter-5 Protocol for Pure Mysore Race Maintenance and

Multiplication

Contents 1. Objectives of Pure Mysore race maintenance 2. Selection Norms 3. Maintenance of Pure Mysore race 4. Creation of a Line 5. First Screening of Observation Line 6. Second Screening of Observation Lines 7. First generation of Basic Line maintenance 8. Second to 12th generation of Basic Line maintenance 9. Seed cocoon multiplication 10. P4 Silk Farm Bilidevalaya 11. P3 Grainage, Bilidevalaya 12. P3 Silk Farms 13. P2 Grainage 14. P2 Seed Rearers 15. P1 grainages 16. P1 seed farmer

a. Fitness certificate b. Fitness certificate Format in the pass book c. FIR Format-1 d. FIR Format-2 e. FIR Format-3

17. Selection process at P4 and P3 levels 18. Indent of layings 19. Supply of layings by Government Grainages( GG) 20. Reporting of brushing 21. Weekly report 22. Issue of Fitness certificate 23. Marketing of Seed Cocoons 24. Protection for the seed farmers

a. Incentive b. Bonus

1. Objectives of Pure Mysore race maintenance The characters of the race is to be maintained in a systematic way.

• To maintain the racial characters, • To maintain the vigor of the race,

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Sl.No. Parameters P4 P3 P2 P11 Fecundity (no.) * 450-475 450-475 425-450 425-4502 Single cocoon weight (g) 1.10-1.20 1.10-1.20 1.10-1.20 1.10-1.203 Single shell weight (g) 0.145-1.165 0.145-1.165 0.145-1.165 0.145-1.165

4 Cocoon shell % 13-15 13-15 13-15 13-155 Pupation rate (%)* 95 95 90 80-90

• To maintain the purity and disease-freeness of the race.

2. Selection Norms Table-7. Selection norms at different levels

* For Fecundity and Pupation rate, higher values preferred

3. Maintenance of Pure Mysore race The silkworm race, Pure Mysore has evolved and stabilized over more than 200 years in the natural conditions. There is no Breeders’ stock for Pure Mysore. However, all the silkworm Research Institutes maintain the stock of Pure Mysore for experimental purpose. In the Seed area, a unique system of maintenance is scrupulously followed. Six basic lines of Pure Mysore are maintained at Kunigal Silk Farm. These lines are named after their source, as Kunigal, Hebbur, Yediyur, Santhemavathur Kudur and Solur lines.

4. Creation of a Line From the P1 cocoons produced by seed farmers the parental cocoons are selected. For example to select Kunigal Line, a team of Seed Area Officers headed by the Assistant Director of Sericulture go to the Kunigal seed cocoon market and identify the best lot of P1 cocoons which has arrived at the market based on the disease-freeness and original characters of Pure Mysore race. They select 100 P1 cocoons from the identified lot. The same team goes to Hebbur seed cocoon market and repeat the same exercise as in Kunigal market and select 100 P1 seed cocoons. They label the cocoons and bring them to P4 grainage, Kunigal. At P4 grainage Kunigal, females of Kunigal cocoon are crossed with the males of Hebbur cocoons. The resulting disease free layings are called Kunigal Line. 10 dfls are issued to Kunigal basic seed farm and 10 dfls are retained at P4 grainage Kunigal as stand by buffer stock. Likewise all the six lines are synthesized. Table-8 describes the female and male components of each line. Table-8. Parental sources for line creation

No. Name of the Line Females selected from Males selected from1 Kunigal Kunigal Hebbur2 Hebbur Hebbur Kudur3 Yediyur Yediyur Solur4 Santhemavathur Santhemavathur Kunigal5 Kudur Kudur Yediyur6 Solur Solur Santhemavathur

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Note: Source of males may vary.

For two generations these lines are called ‘Observation lines’ during which period, their racial characters and disease-freeness are confirmed. Once they pass these tests, they are inducted as the Basic lines. Each line is maintained for 12 generations. Then they are replaced by new lines in the same name. When the basic line is at 10th generation, exercise for the creation of new line will begin. For example, When Kunigal Basic Line is in 10th generation, cocoons will be selected from Kunigal and Hebbur seed cocoon markets and ‘Observation lines’ are created. For two generations (11th and 12th ), the main Kunigal basic line and the Kunigal Observation line will be reared together. After that, The main Kunigal line which has passed 12 generations will be discarded and the Kunigal Observation line will be continued as Kunigal Basic Line, generation number 1. Thus, in total a single line completes 14 generations.

5. First Screening of Observation Line

• Cellular method of rearing is followed. • 10 beds in each observation line are maintained. • Standard Pure Mysore rearing practices are followed. • 300 larvae are retained per bed after III moult. • On 5th day of V age, larval weight is recorded. • In case microsporidia are observed in any one larva, all the 10 beds of that particular

line are rejected and larvae are burnt. And immediately disinfection measures are undertaken.

• When a line is discarded for any reasons, the same line is continued from the buffer stock of layings of the same line maintained at P4 grainage, Kunigal.

• At P4 grainage, buffer stock of layings are maintained in the cold storage till the cocoons of next batch arrives at the grainage. Thereafter they are discarded.

• After cocoon harvest, cocoons are kept in separate trays in a single layer. • Bed selection is based on Visual examination and Analytical examination. • Visual examination: Color and shape of the cocoons should conform to the racial

characters and should have uniformity more than 80%. • Based on the visual examination, 4-5 beds are selected out of 10 beds. • Calculate the mean performance of all the 10 beds and select the cocoons mean and

above mean values of the visually selected beds. • Analytical examination: Total cocoon weight is recorded. • On 5th day of spinning, 25 cocoons are selected from each bed. The following

parameters are recorded o Single cocoon weight, o Single shell weight, o Cocoon shell percentage,

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o Average cocoon weight, o Pupation rate.

• Mean of each parameter for all the 10 beds including selected beds are calculated. • Four to five beds to be selected above or nearer to mean values. • Rest of the beds which may be higher or lesser than the mean values are rejected. • 100 cocoons out of 4-5 beds are selected and sent to P4 grainage Kunigal for the

preparation of basic seed. • Rest of the cocoons are sent to cocoon market, stifled and sent for reeling. • At P4 grainage, 20 dfls are prepared, 10 are sent back to Kunigal for second screening

and 10 are retained as buffer stand-by stock in the cold storage. • The buffer stock of layings are discarded when the cocoons of the second screening

batch arrive at the P4 grainage. 6. Second Screening of Observation Lines

• 10 dfls received from P4 Kunigal are reared in cellular method. • 100 cocoons are selected in the same way as done during first screening and sent to P4

grainage. • 20 dfls of basic line are prepared, 10 sent back to Kunigal silk farm and 10 retained as

buffer stock 7. First generation of Basic Line maintenance

• 10 cellular beds are maintained as in case of screening batch. • 100 selected cocoons are sent to P4 grainage Kunigal. • 30 dfls are prepared at P4 grainage Kunigal, 10 for Kunigal silk farm for continuation of

the basic line, 10 kept as buffer and 10 dfls are sent to P4 Silk Farm Bilidevalaya for multiplication.

8. Second to 12th generation of Basic Line maintenance • Similar to First generation, the line is maintained upto 12th generation. • During 10th generation new line is prepared. • After 12th generation, the line is discontinued and the new line is inducted. Table-9. Brushing program of basic lines.

Note: The date of brushing is fixed; however, source of lines may vary. 9. Seed cocoon multiplication

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• Pure Mysore seed cocoons are multiplied in 4 steps, P4, P3, P2 and P1. • P stands for parental generation.

10. P4 Silk Farm Bilidevalaya

• 10 dfls are received from P4 grainage Kunigal. • 10 cellular beds are maintained as explained in first screening of observation line. • Disease-freeness is confirmed. • In case of microsporidian occurrence, larvae of all the 10 beds are rejected and burnt. • 2250 cocoons are produced from 10 beds. • As described, all the data are recorded. • Cocoons are sent to P3 grainage Bilidevalaya, bed-wise.

Fig-4. Flow chart of basic seed maintenance.

11. P3 Grainage, Bilidevalaya

• 2250 Cocoons are supplied from P4 silk farm, Bilidevalaya. • Bed-wise cocoons are kept separately. • Inter bed crossing is carried as represented in Table-10. • P3 layings are prepared and supplied to 8 P3 Silk farms as per the requirement. • Rest of the layings are kept as buffer in cold storage till the original batches produce

disease free cocoons and then discarded. • Individual mother moth examination is to be followed as explained in Chapter-10.

Table-10. Inter-bed crossing pattern.

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12. P3 Silk Farms

• Eight P3 silk farms: Bilidevalaya, Seegehally, Hebbur, Kempanahally, Santhemavathur, Huliyurdurga, Magadi and Solur.

• One or 2 batches per month (Table-11). • Effectively, non-overlapping brushing is done in eight silk farms. • The P2 cocoons are supplied to P2 grainages.

Table-11. Action plan for P3 silk farms

13. P2 Grainage

• Three P2 grainages in Bilidevalaya, Huliyurdurga and Magadi (Table-12). • P2 dfls are prepared by following standard grainage procedures. • Interbed crossing method is employed. • P2 layings are distributed to identified P2 seed farmers. Table-12. Action plan for P2 grainages.

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14. P2 Seed Rearers

• Technical Service Center wise P2 seed rearers are identified. • The list of identified P2 seed rearers may change from time to time. • P2 seed rearers should have small holdings of mulberry garden, disinfectable separate

rearing house and rearing equipment. • Their capacity of rearing should not exceed 150 dfls per batch. • Two times disinfection is carried out compulsorily, once before starting the crop and

second time, soon after the crop is harvested. • Larval examination is done during all the larval stages and recorded compulsorily. • If larval examination reveals microsporidia, immediately the crop is discarded by

burning and steps are taken to disinfect the rearing house, rearing equipment and surroundings.

• P2 cocoons are sold only in identified seed cocoon markets. 15. P1 grainages

• The Government has established 12 P1 grainages in Seed area (Table-13). • They are at Kunigal, Chikkamalalavadi, Hebbur, Nagavalli, Kempanahally,

Santhemavathur, Huliyurdurga, Chowdanakuppe, Kudur, Solur, Magadi and Mathikere. • P1 layings are distributed to RMSCP (Registered Multivoltine Seed Cocoon Producers).

Table-13. Action plan for P1 grainages.

* Number of farmers may get added. 16. P1 seed farmers

• They are also called RMSCP (Registered Multivoltine Seed Cocoon Producers) • Government has established 15 Technical Service Centres in Seed Area to monitor and

caters the demand of Seed Farmers • Two times disinfection is compulsorily done, once before starting the crop and again

once soon after the crop is harvested.

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• Larval examination is done during all the larval stages and recorded compulsorily. • If larval examination reveals microsporidia, immediately the crop is discarded by

burning and steps are taken to disinfect the rearing house, rearing equipment and surroundings.

• P1 cocoons are sold only in identified seed cocoon markets for the use of preparing commercial cross-breed layings by Government Grainages (GG) or Registered Seed Producers (RSP).

• Classify as Fit for seed/unfit for seed. • Range Officer issues ‘Fitness Certificate’ to the eligible batch (As per format)

Government of Karnataka

Mysore Silkworm Seed Area

Fitness Certificate of Silkworm Seed Crop Sl.No: Code No: This is to certify that the Puremysore seed cocoons produced by Mr/Mrs………………………………….S/O, W/O………………………..of village ……………………….. and range………………………………..of batch No……………. Dfls……………….is inspected at 1/2/3/4/5th stage. This crop was spun the cocoons on……..and expected cocoon harvest from this batch is……………….(No./kg). The larval examination was conducted at 1/2/3/4/5th stage and the cocoons of this batch were free from Grasserie/Facherie/Muscardine/Pebrine and Uzi infestation and fit/not fit for seed. It is also certified that the cocoons produced by this rearer during earlier crops were legally transacted and it has been documented in the related registers. Cocoon transaction date

Signature of the Range officer

Government of Karnataka Mysore Silkworm Seed Area

Registered Multivoltine Silkworm Cocoon Producer

Pass Book (Front Cover page)

1. Name of the seed producer:_______________________ 2. Father/Husband Name: ________________________ 3. Address: _______________________________________ 4. Village panchayath: ______________________________ 5. Thaluk : ____________________________________ 6. District: ________________________________________ 7. Bank Account No.& Branch:______________________ 8. Identification/Registration No. ____________________ 9. Area of Mulberry garden(acre/hectare):______________ 10. Rainfed/Irrigated: ________________________________ 11. Mulberry Variety:_________________________________ 12. Mobile/Phone No:_________________________________

Signature of Seed Rearer: Signature of Dept. Officer

Photo of RMSCP

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Fitness Certificate Format

(Passbook inner pages)

Crop No

Lot No. & Source of DFls/Chawki.

Race & Date of laying

No.of DFls & Date of brushing

Details of inspection of silkworm crop and estimated harvest of the final stage & signature of the officer.

1 2 3 4 5

Date of Spinning

Date of Cocoons harvested

Quantity of Cocoons harvested and sold

Name of the cocoon market where cocoons sold

Rate/kg

Total value of cocoons

Name and address of the buyer of cocoons

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Signature of the market officer with seal

Remarks

13 14

• Follow the procedure for the cocoons which are fit but sent to reeling. • Tracking and monitoring of disease incidences • All levels of multiplication of basic lines i.e., P4, P3, P2 and P1 are equally important as

far as disease monitoring is concerned. • If microsporidian incidence is noticed at any stage, immediately First Information

Report (FIR) has to be sent as per the prescribed Formats. • The concerned Institutional heads submits the FIR to the higher officers • The Grainage Officer, sends the FIR to the Cocoon markets where the bifurcated lots

have been issued. • The TSC Officers trace the farmers to whom the bifurcated batches have been issued

and discard the crop by burning, followed by disinfection.

FIR-Form 1 First Information Report on occurrence of Pebrine incidence

at Grainage level Name of the Grainage

FIR Number

Date Sl.No. Particulars Details

1 Lot Number 2 Name of the Seed Farmer/Silk Farm 3 Lot Number of Source of seed 4 Date of Spinning 5 Date of supply 6 Quantity of seed cocoons supplied 1

(Details of bifurcated Lots) 2 3 Total

7 Date of Pupal Examination 8 Pupa Examination Result

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9 Date of Moth emergence 10 Dates of Moth examination 11 No. of moths in which P revealed 12 Serial Number of egg sheets 13 Number of pairs obtained: Percentage of pairs: 14 Number of dfls obtained: Percentage of dfls: 15 Number of rejected layings: Percentage of rejected layings: 16 Pebrine identified by (Name) 17 Designation 18 P counter checked by (name) 19 Designation 20 Measures taken after P revealed 21 Incidence of Pebrine DM

UEM No. GG/…../P Date: Report submitted to:

1 Assistant Director of Sericulture.. 2 Market Officer….. 3 Sericulture Extension Officer, TSC/GSF 4 Grainage Officer….. 5 Deputy Director/Joint Director, Bilidevalaya

Signature: Grainage Officer: Name of the Grainage:

FIR-Form 2

First Information Report on occurrence of Pebrine incidence

at Government Silk Farm

Name of the Silk Farm FIR Number Date Sl.No. Particulars Details

1 Crop Number 2 Lot Number 3 Lot Number of Source of seed 4 Laid /Released on 5 Date of brushing 6 Number of layings supplied 1

(Details of bifurcated Lots) 2 3 Total

7 Date of Larval Examination 8 Larval Examination Result 9 Bed No. in which P revealed

10 Number of beds rejected 11 Pebrine identified by (Name) 12 Designation 13 P counter checked by (name) 14 Designation 15 Measures taken after P revealed 16 Incidence of Pebrine DM

UEM No. GSF/…../P

Date:

Report submitted to:

1 Assistant Director of Sericulture.... 2 Sericulture Extension Officer, TSC/GSF....

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Above Average Average Below AverageFecundity (No.) Select Select RejectHatching % Select Select RejectPupation Rate (%) Select Select RejectSingle cocoon weight (g) Reject Select RejectSingle shell weight (g) Reject Select RejectCocoon-Shell % Reject Select Reject

ParameterNorms

17. Selection process at P4 and P3 levels Table-14. Selection process at P4 and P3 levels.

18. Indent of layings

The RO places day wise indent for P2 and P1 layings about 15 days prior to brushing date with SEO during weekly meeting.

19. Supply of layings by Government Grainages( GG) i. Grainage Officers attend SEO meeting and takes day wise weekly indent. ii. GG consolidates indents. iii. GG allots day wise layings to ROs and informs SEO.

3 Grainage Officer….. 4 Deputy Director/Joint Director, Bilidevalaya

Signature:

Sericultural Extension officer

Name of the Government Silk Farm

FIR-Form3 First Information Report on occurrence of Pebrine incidence

at Seed Farmers' level

Name of the TSC FIR Number Date Sl.No. Particulars Details

1 Name of the farmer (RMSCP) 2 Village 3 Lot Number of Source of seed 4 Laid /Released on 5 Date of brushing 6 Number of layings supplied 7 Stage of Larva I II III IV V 8 Date of Larval Examination 9 Larval Examination Result

10 Pebrine identified by (Name) 11 Designation 12 P counter checked by (name) 13 Designation 14 Measures taken after P revealed 15 Incidence of Pebrine DM

UEM No. TSC/…../P

Date:

Report submitted to:

1 Assistant Director of Sericulture.. 2 Grainage Officer….. 3 SEO, TSC……………. (bifurcated lot)

4 Deputy Director/Joint Director, Bilidevalaya

Signature:

Sericultural Extension officer

Technical Service Center

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iv. RO lifts incubated, black-boxed layings to RMSCP’s house. 20. Reporting of brushing

RO/SEO submits day wise brushing report on weekly basis. 21. Weekly report

4 times a month: RO, SEO submits weekly report 4 times a month 22. Issue of Fitness certificate

RO issues FC after verification of chandrike in a letter format

23. Marketing of Seed Cocoons Govt. Grainages, NSSO, RSPs and other States come to market and participate in transaction (Table-15).

Table-15. Seed cocoon markets.

24. Protection for the seed farmers

a. Incentive i. Rs 20 per kg. ii. Criteria : 35 kg cocoon yield/100dfls and less than 900 cocoons per kg.

b. Bonus i. Rs. 150 per kg. ii. Criteria: 32 kg/100 dfls, not more than 1000 cocoons per kg.

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Chapter-6 Marketing of seed cocoons

Contents

1. Process flow at seed Market 2. Cocoon Harvesting and Transportation RMSCP 3. Preparation for Cocoon transaction 4. Pebrine test 5. Cocoon assessment:

a. Counting of Cocoons b. Cocoon yield analysis

6. Cocoon cleaning and sorting 7. Guidance Price fixation by negotiation 8. Indent and allotment of cocoons to RSP 9. Weighing of cocoons 10. Disposal of Excess and unfit cocoons 11. Measures to be taken for smooth function of cocoon transaction 12. Cocoon stifling

1. Process Flow at seed market

Fig-5. Seed cocoon markets flow chart.

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2. Cocoon Harvesting and Transportation (RMSCP)

• Harvest cocoons on 4th day(Summer and Rainy Season)/on 5th day (winter Season) from the day of mounting

• Clean the cocoons by removing litter, melt and flimsy cocoons • Transport the cocoons on 5th/6th day for marketing, during cooler hours, (before

8.30 AM) • Use plastic crates/bamboo baskets /thin netted cloth bags for cocoon

transportation • Pack about 10kg of cocoons in each plastic crate/bamboo basket/thin netted cloth

bag and allow good aeration during transportation.

3. Preparation for Cocoon transaction • Verify the Pass book and Fitness certificate issued by the concerned local area

competent authority. • Ascertain the disease freeness (larval stage) and spinning date from the Fitness

certificate. • If lot is diseased send it for open auction for reeling followed by cocoon stifling • Weigh fit cocoons along with the plastic crate/bamboo basket /thin netted cloth bag

and record the readings. • Spread the cocoons in the bins for good aeration. • Issue a bidding slip to the RMSCP in the prescribed format (Form 17) after

indicating the lot number and other required details.

4. Pebrine test To ascertain disease freeness of multivoltine seed cocoons Pebrine test of the lot is mandatory.

a. Sample size selection Table-16. Sample selection for Pebrine test.

b. Selection of pupa for Pebrine testing • Based on the quantity of each lot, select flimsy, melted, deformed, stained and

cocoons randomly for testing as shown in the Table-16. c. Preparation of pupal homogenate for testing • Cut open each sample of cocoons and collect all the 10 pupa of the sample

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• Place them in a mixi Jar along with 90ml of 0.6% potassium carbonate solution (6 gram of potassium carbonate in 1 liter of distilled/RO/filtered water).

• Homogenize them in 10000 rpm for 2 minutes in a mixi, this helps to squeeze out the Pebrine spores from the pupal tissue.

• Collect the homogenate in 250ml beaker and allow it for settling, this helps in floating of pupal debris.

• Filter the supernatant solution into 100 ml centrifuge tubes (even numbers like 2 or 4 or 6 tubes) using filter paper (cotton or 4 fold muslin cloth can also be used for filtration).

• Equalize the homogenate level in the centrifuge tubes using 0.6% potassium carbonate solution.

• Centrifuge the homogenate at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes, during the process Pebrine spores settle in the sediment.

• Decant the supernatant slowly without shaking the sediment. • Add 2 -3 drops of 0.6% potassium carbonate solution to each centrifuge tube and

mix the sediment uniformly. • Take a drop of the sediment mix using clean glass rod on to a glass slide, prepare

uniform smear, and put a cover slip on top of it. • Prepare 3 such smears in ‘V’ shape on one glass slide. • • Examine the slide under the microscope with 600 magnification (Eyepiece 15 X

and objective 40X). • Examine each smear in 5 places as indicated below(Middle of the smear followed

by 3, 6, 9 and 12 ‘O’ clock positions) (Fig-6).

Fig-6. Location of Five fields to be observed under microscope

• Examination by two persons for confirmation is mandatory. • If the Pebrine is confirmed, send the cocoons for open auction for reeling followed

by stifling. • Test reports should be documented in the Pupa Test Ledger by Sericulture

Inspector/Expert and certified by the market Officer. • Dip all the materials used for pupal examination in 0.2% bleaching powder

solution for 10 minutes for through disinfection and then wash it in plain water.

1 4 2

3

5

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• Swab examination table, room and other equipments used for examination using 0.2% bleaching powder solution.

5. Cocoon assessment

Cocoon assessment is done to classify the cocoons as fit for seed or not. a. Counting of Cocoons

• Collect one kg of cocoons from each lot and count the number. • Count defective cocoons and calculate percentage. • Assess pupation rate. • If the cocoon number is >1000/kg, the lot should be rejected for seed and sent

for reeling. b. Cocoon yield analysis

• Use the formula for cocoon yield analysis Cocoons harvested (Kg) × 100 = Yield /100 Dfls brushed No. Dfls brushed

• If the cocoon yield is <32 kg/100 dfls, the lot should be sent for reeling. • Document the information in Cocoon Assessment Register. • Information on No. of dfls brushed to be taken from the fitness certificate issued

by the concerned area Field Officer (Nodal/Range officers). • Information on actual cocoon yield is obtained by weighing the total quantity of

cocoons in a lot.

6. Cocoon cleaning and sorting The following categories of cocoons are to be sorted out from the batches before transacting in the market,

• Cocoons that do not have racial characters • Fecal pellets • Flimsy cocoons • Melt Cocoons • Deformed Cocoons • Uzi infested cocoons

7. Price fixation • Guidance price for seed cocoons has to be fixed by the Dept. of Sericulture from

time to time. • Based on the demand and supply the price will be negotiated between the RMSCP

and RSP in presence of the Market Officer. • The mutually agreed price has to be documented in the related Register with the

signature/thumb impression of both the parties. • Mutually agreed price of a particular lot will apply to all the transacting parties of

that lot.

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8. Indent and allotment of cocoons to RSP • After inspection of available lots of seed cocoons, RSP has to place an indent for

allotment clearly indicating the lots of cocoons in the order of preference in the prescribed format.

• By observing the demand, marketing officer has to allot cocoons to the indenting RSP in different lots with the maximum of 20 kg from the individual indented lot.

9. Weighing of cocoons • Approximate weight of the cocoons has to be taken when the seed rearer brings

the cocoons for transaction • Final and accurate weight of cocoons has to be taken using electronic scale.

10. Disposal of Excess and unfit cocoons • Through open auction. • Or sending the cocoons to other markets after stifling.

a. Open auction of Excess and unfit cocoons for reelers • All the lots of unfit cocoons are auctioned by the staff. While conducting the auction

the highest bid offered by the buyers and accepted by the rearers shall be recorded in the respective bidding slip and considered as acceptance, signature of both are obtained.

• After the auction is completed, all the cocoons in individual lots shall be weighed using electronic scale in the presence of the rearer and the buyer, in standard uniform containers. The value of cocoons of each individual rearers (individual lot) has to be calculated taking into account the highest rate offered and the net weight of cocoons. The value arrived at is recorded into the respective bidding slip.

• The entire transaction has to be recorded in the transaction register. • The rate recorded, the quantity recorded and the value arrived at has to be checked

before one copy of the bidding slip is passed on to the rearer, and another copy to the buyer, a third copy being retained for office reference. The market Officer receives the value of cocoons so arrived at in each individual lot from the buyer and make payment to the rearer.

• The lots bought by the individual buyer have to be grouped and the total value of the cocoons so bought has to be arrived at and the market fee at 1 per cent of the total value is received and a cash receipt for such amount is issued.

• The daily, weekly and monthly returns and reports indicating the transactions of the concerned markets have to be sent to the officers at the divisional and zonal levels and the Directorate.

• Malpractices that may take place in the market are to be checked and the entire transaction has to be completed under strict supervision.

• Mixing of inferior cocoons with good quality cocoons, impersonation, nonpayment in cash of the entire value of cocoons, verification of the identity of the rearers and the buyers have to be attended to by the staff.

b. Sending cocoons to other commercial markets

Farmers have the option to take the cocoons to any market to sell as reeling cocoons. 11. Measures to be taken for smooth function of cocoon transaction

The following measures are taken by the Market Officer.

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• Posting of a responsible official either in the cadre of inspector/Demonstrator throughout day and night on shift/rotation basis to avoid entry of unauthorized and unlawful persons inside the cocoon market.

• The assignment of such duties shall be recorded in a register to be maintained for the purpose and such assignments shall be got attested by the shift duty officials and attested by the Market Officer. This shall be produced to the Inspecting Officers during their visits without fail.

• Entry inside the cocoon Market premises should be restricted to only for the following. a. Officials and Officers on duty. b. The rearers or his authorized representative along with his cocoons and Pass

Books. c. The reeler or his authorized representative with his valid identity. d. Visitors who are permitted by the Director, Joint Director and Deputy Directors.

• It is necessary to issue badges/identity cards to all the Officers/Staff with their phots. • No unauthorized persons should be allowed to enter into the premises of the cocoon

market. • Rearer or his authorized representative shall be allowed for transaction of cocoons in

market only with a valid Pass Book. • The transaction particulars shall invariably be entered with the attestation of the Market

Officer. Similarly, no reeler or his representative shall be allowed for purchase of cocoons without valid identity.

• At the end of the day’s transaction, the quantities of cocoons purchased by a particular reeler shall be entered in the pass book. Such entries shall also find a place in a separate register maintained.

• No persons without a valid identity for reeling and purchase of cocoons shall be allowed even for transaction of flimsy cocoons.

12. Cocoon stifling: • Reeling cocoons auctioned should be stifled before disbursement from the market. • For the process Steam stifling or Hot air drying methods may be followed • For hot air drying method, cocoons to be kept in hot air dryers at 600C for 15-20

minutes (ascertain the death of pupa) • In steam, stifling bamboo basket filled with reeling cocoons covered with gunny cloth

and auctioned for reeling as to keep on the wide mouthed boiling water drum for 10-15 min and to ascertain the death of pupa.

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Chapter-7 Package of Practices for

Mulberry Garden Maintenance Contents

1. Introduction 2. Status of mulberry gardens in seed areas 3. Soil fertility status 4. Packages of practices for sustainable mulberry production

a. Suitable soil and soil testing b. Time and site of soil sampling c. Collection of soil samples d. Preparing a composite sample

5. Rising of saplings a. Recommended mulberry varieties b. Varietal characteristics c. Production of seed material d. Selection of shoot for cutting preparation e. Preparation of cuttings f. Pre treatment of cuttings g. Preparation of nursery bed h. Use of VAM i. VAM application and planting of cuttings j. Harvesting the saplings

6. Establishment of new garden a. Land preparation b. Management after planting

7. Manurial and Fertilizer dosages 8. Schedule of agronomical practices to be followed for Leaf picking method 9. Schedule of agronomical practices to be followed for shoot harvest method 10. Fertilizer combinations for use in seed gardens 11. Disease management

a. Powdery mildew b. Leaf rust c. Bacterial leaf blight d. Stem canker (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) e. Root rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) f. Root Knot (Meloidogyne incognita)

12. Pest management a. Leaf roller (Diaphania pulveralentalis) b. Tukra (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) c. Bihar hairy caterpillar(Spilosoma obliqua) d. Thrips (Pseudodendrothrips mori) e. Leaf hopper (Empoasca flavescens) f. Mites (Tetranichus tilerius)

13. Secondary level multiplication method of Seri-Bioguard/Seri-Nematoguard biocontrol agents

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14. Preparation of spray solution

1. Introduction Growth and leaf yield of mulberry decides the amount of layings brushed/unit area and

the cocoon yield. Unscientific manner of nutrient management as is in vogue results in poor health of the plant and also silkworms that feed on it. The unbalanced application of fertilizers and reduced organic input is posing major problems. Application of high doses nitrogenous fertilizers especially urea, a common practice in PM seed area predisposes the plants for disease and insect pest attack. Similarly, high amounts of unconverted nitrogen in leaves coupled with low quality leaves consumed by silkworms is a predisposing factor for fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, melting of pupa in cocoons etc. Hence, there is an urgent need to create awareness among the rearers on nutrition management for mulberry in pure Mysore seed area which is the basic seed material for hybrid laying preparations.

The major factors that govern the mulberry growth, leaf yield and quality are soil moisture and nutritional status of the soil, genetic potential of the variety and its adaptability. Of these, soil moisture and nutritional status assumes importance, because these are recurring inputs which determine the cost of leaf production and in turn the economy. Hence the agronomical operations must always aim at maximizing leaf productivity and quality per unit area at a minimum cost. In general, the gap between the existing level of productivity and the potential in terms of leaf yield and quality is very wide and the major limiting factors are: 1. Mulberry variety 2. Soil moisture 3. Organic matter content of the soil 4. Production and supply of improved seed material 5. Spacing and pruning practices 6. Soil nutrition management 7. Pest and disease management. 2. Status of mulberry gardens

The seed area has 15 TSCs with 47 ranges and 10 cocoon markets under two divisions, Magadi and Kunigal. Mulberry gardens are average in condition and a lot of scope exists for the vertical improvement of leaf yield and quality which is the need of the hour. The Average land holding under mulberry ranges from 20-30 guntas covering small and marginal farmers. More than 90% of the gardens are with V-1 variety. Most of the farmers have adopted 4’ x 3’ & 4’ x 4’ spacing.

Furrow irrigation is the most common practice. However, drip irrigation system is adopted by a few, where there is scarcity of water. Common pests observed are mealy bugs, leaf roller, thrips and leaf hoppers while bacterial leaf blight and powdery mildew are common among the leaf diseases. Of late, root rot has made its entry in some gardens in Magadi taluk. Papaya mealy bug and giant African snails have also been noticed in some areas.

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3. Soil fertility status The soil fertility analysis carried out by KSSRDI in this area has revealed that the soil

pH in majority of the mulberry gardens varied from moderately high (7.3-8.3) in 53% and high (>8.3) in 40% and low in 07% of soils. The organic carbon content ranged from low (<0.5%) in 73% and medium (0.5-1%) in 27% of soils. The available phosphorus was low (<9 kg/ac) in 55% and medium (9-22 kg/ac) in 38% and high in 7% (>22kg/ac) soils. The potassium content was medium in 52% (50-120 kg/ac) and high in 40% (>120 kg/ac) and low (<50 kg/ac) in 8% of the soils. The available zinc was deficient (<2 ppm) in 90% of the soils. The soil texture in most of the mulberry gardens varied from red sandy loam to red sandy clay loam.

Fig-7. Pie charts showing the soil status.

4. Package of Practices for sustainable mulberry production

(a) Suitable soil and soil testing Mulberry thrives well in red loamy or red sandy clay loam soils. Prior to raising the

garden, soil should be tested for the fertility status, corrective measures and application of suitable quantity and combination of manures and fertilizers.

(b) Time and site of soil sampling For effective management of soil fertility and productivity, the soils should be tested at least once in 2 years. The collected soil samples should represent whole of the garden soil. Best period to draw samples is from December up to May. While collecting the samples care must be take to avoid sloppy regions, near bunds, fencing, under trees, near manure

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storage pits/heaps, irrigation canals. Samples must be collected from 5-6 places/acre and in between the rows in established gardens.

(c) Collection of soil samples

In the identified sampling spot the surface litter has to be removed. Pits measuring 1’x1’x1’(one cubic foot) should be dug and the soil removed. From the sides of the pit an inch thick slab of soil from top to bottom has to be sliced and collected in clean tray/bucket/pan. Alternatively, a pit in the shape of ‘V’ can be dug and sample collected as suggested for the pit method of sampling.

(d) Preparing a composite sample The soil sample collected from 5-6 spots/acre should be thoroughly mixed and spread in the form of a circle/square on a clean leveled surface. Stones, twigs etc to be removed and divided into 4 equal parts. The opposite portions should be discarded and the other two parts mixed again and the process is repeated till about 250 gms of soil is left. The sample is dried under shade and packed in polyethylene/cotton bags, with labels containing the details of the owner, survey number, date of collection etc and sent to the laboratory for analysis and recommendations. The method of preparing the composite sample is depicted in the pictures below.

Fig-9. Preparation of composite sample.

5. Rising of saplings (a) Recommended mulberry varieties: V1 and Vishala (Fig-10)

Fig-10. Mulberry varieties V1 and Vishala.

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(b) Varietal characteristics

Table-17. Characters of V1 and Vishala.

(c) Production of seed material Maintain a separate garden for production of seed cuttings. Remove undesirable varieties to prevent mixing. Select six month old shoots to raise saplings.

(d) Selection of shoot for cutting preparation Harvest the shoot without damaging the bark by using sharp pruning saw or secateur. Discard diseased or pest infested shoots.

Fig-11. Seed cutting preparation process

(e) Preparation of cuttings Select 1.0-1.5 cm thick shoots. Prepare 12-15 cm long cuttings with 3 healthy buds. Plant the cuttings immediately. In case of delay, the cuttings may be preserved in wet gunny cloth under shade for a day. While preparing the cuttings make a slant cut at the bottom and a horizontal cut at the top just above the bud. (f) Pre treatment of cuttings To prevent infection of the cuttings by fungi causing stem canker and cutting rot, dip the cuttings in 0.1% Carbendazim solution for 30 minutes before planting. (g) Preparation of nursery bed

Prior to preparing nursery beds plough and level the soil. Prepare 3 x 1 meter sized beds. If the soil is clayey apply sand and mix thoroughly. Before planting the cuttings, apply and mix 25 kg farmyard manure, 250 g Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and 1 kg

Characters V1 VishalaBranching type Erect SpreadingLeaf Large, entire, ovate-elliptic, dark

green, glossy and thickLarge, coriaceous, broadly ovate,dark green

Rooting ability 94% 95%Leaf yield Up to 60 mt/ha/yr Up to 65 mt/ha/yr (irrigated)

Up to 25 mt/ha/yr (Rainfed)Suitable soil Red Loamy, Red sandy clay loam

and black soil with pH up to 8.5Red Loamy, Red sandy clay loam and black soil with pH up to 8.5

Remarks Necessity of more nutrients and irrigation.

Necessity of more nutrients. Suitable for both irrigated and rain fed conditions.

Suitability Suitable for both young age and old age rearing

Suitable for both young age and old age rearing

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prepared Seri-Bioguard/bed. Preparation of Seri-Bioguard is given in Fig-16. Apply phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing biofertilizers at the rate of 10 and 8 kg/ac respectively along with farmyard manure to enable nutrient mobilization, profuse root development and robust growth. Irrigate the beds two days prior to planting of cuttings.

Fig-12. Preparation of nursery bed and a view of nursery plantation.

(h) Use of VAM Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) is a symbiotic fungus which helps in profuse

root development, mobilization of available phosphorus, micronutrients and water to the root. Through the extensive ramification of its hyphae in soil it acts as additional root system of the plant, scavenging the nutrients from the larger volume of soil and transporting them to the root. Mycorrhized saplings establish better after transplanting to the main land. Mycorrhization is a onetime event as it remains in the root throughout the life of the plant. Its synergistic effect with the biofertilizers helps to produce healthy and robust saplings. (i) VAM application and planting of cuttings

Using a rope mark lines at 20 cm spacing and make light furrows of 2-3cm deep. Apply VAM inoculum (available as “Seri-VAM”)( 1 kg VAM/bed) in the furrows. Plant the prepared cuttings at 10 cm distance on the furrows/lines marked. Insert the cuttings vertically or in a slanting manner with one bud above the soil level. Compact the soil around the cuttings. Immediately irrigate the nursery beds and there after successively once in 5-6 days depending on the soil type and soil moisture level. Remove weeds after 45 days of planting the cuttings. Based on the requirement, spray 0.1% Carbendazim and 0.15% DDVP to control fungal diseases and insect pests respectively. Remove weak shoots using secateur allowing one strong shoot to grow per sapling. Saplings may be transplanted to the main land after 04 months.

Apply 200 g of Urea/bed after two months and 250 g of NPK/bed after 3rd month followed by irrigation. (j) Harvesting the saplings

The main land should be made ready before transplanting the saplings. Two days prior to uprooting the saplings irrigate the nursery. Uproot the saplings carefully with a pickaxe ensuring maximum excavation of roots. Prevent the drying of roots by wrapping with wet gunny cloth and transport them immediately. Plant the saplings in the main field as early as possible.

Fig-13. Harvesting of saplings

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6. Establishment of new garden (a) Land preparation

Deep plough (30-40 cm) the land using a tractor. Remove the weeds and allow the land for two weeks to kill the weeds, nematodes and other pathogens by exposure to sun. Dig pits (1’x 1’ x1’) at 5’x3’ or 8’x2’ spacing. Fill the pits with FYM (20 tons/ha). Mix 10 kg Trichoderma viride (Seri-Bioguard) with 500 kg FYM, incubate for 3 days and apply 150 gm/pit and plant the saplings. Prior to planting, the roots of saplings may be dipped in a slurry of biofertilizers Seriphos and Prakruthi. In place of pits, trenches also may be opened, green biomass mulched and saplings planted. Plant the saplings in erect position and press the soil firmly around the sapling. Irrigate the plot immediately. With a spacing of 5’x3’ or 8’x2’ power tiller or tractor can be used respectively for intercultivation operations. (b) Management after planting

Prune the saplings at 20 cm above ground level using secateur 3-4 days after planting. Irrigate once a week. Allow 2-3 robust branches to grow after pruning. This should be allowed as the main stump. Apply first dose of fertilizer after 2 months (50:50:50 kg NPK/ha in two split doses once in three months). For deep rooting and firm establishment, the plants should be allowed to grow for six months without pruning. The first pruning should be given only after six months at a height of 30-40 cm above ground level. 2-3 robust branches per shoot should be allowed to grow.

Optimizing the number of branches per plant is essential for maximizing the yield/unit area. One branch/one sq. foot is recommended. For example in a 5’x3’ spacing (1 plant/15sq.ft.) 14-15 branches may be allowed to grow. This number is achieved after successive prunings. The pruning should be made with a sharp pruning saw or secateur. Weak branches should be removed after each pruning. The schedule of operations, manurial and fertilizer application for leaf picking and shoot harvesting methods is given in Table-18 and 19 and the combination of fertilizers is given in Table- 20. Depending on the availability of fertilizers a particular combination may be selected. 7. Manurial and fertilizer dosages:

Farmyard Manure: 40 tons/ha/yr OR 16 tons/ac/yr (in two equal splits) Fertilizers: 260:140:140 kg NPK/ha/yr (in 5 splits) OR 104:56:56 kg NPK /ac/yr (in 5 splits) OR 21:11:11 kg NPK/ac/crop

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8. Schedule of agronomical practices to be followed for Leaf picking method Table-18. Schedule of agronomical practices to be followed for Leaf picking method.

9. Schedule of agronomical practices to be followed for shoot harvesting method

Table-19. Schedule of agronomical practices to be followed for shoot harvesting method.

Sl.No. Agronomical practices Period

1 Pruning During first week of June with the onset of monsoon with a spray of 0.1% Carbendazim to the stumps

2 Weeding, FYM application & inter cultivation and sowing of green manure crop (Cow pea/ Horsegram/ Greengram etc)

Within a week after pruning

3 Fertilizer application Within two weeks after pruning4 First Leaf harvesting 50 days after pruning5 Trenching and mulching of green

manure cropWithin a week after first leaf harvest

6 Application of fertilizer for second crop

Within 2-3 days after first leaf harvest

7 Second leaf harvest 40 days after the completion of first leaf harvest

8 Weeding and application of FYM for third crop

Within 2-3 days after the completion of second leaf harvest

9 Application of fertilizer for third crop Within a week after the application of FYM

10 Third leaf harvest 40 days after the completion of second leaf harvest

11 Weeding and application of fertilizers for fourth crop

Within 2-3 days after the completion of third leaf harvest

12 Fourth leaf harvest (winter) 45 days after the completion of third leaf harvest

13 Weeding and application of fertilizers for Fifth crop

Within 2-3 days after the completion of fourth leaf harvest

14 Fifth leaf harvest 40 days after the completion of fourth leaf harvest

Sl.No Agronomical practices Period1 Pruning During first week of June with the

onset of monsoon with a spray of 0.1% Carbendazim to the stumps

2 Weeding, FYM application, inter cultivation & throwing of green manure seeds

Within 10-12 days after pruning

3 Fertilizer application Within two weeks after pruning

4 Shoot harvesting 45 days after pruning

5 Trenching and mulching of green manure crop.

After first shoot harvest

6 Application of fertilizer for second crop

Within 14 days after first shoot harvest

7 Second shoot haverst 40 days after the completion of first shoot harvest

8 Weeding, FYM application & inter cultivation

Within 10-12 days after second shoot harvest.

9 Application of fertilizer for third crop Within a week after the application of FYM

10 Third shoot harvest (Winter) 50 days after the completion of second shoot harvest

11 Weeding and application of fertilizers for fourth crop

Within 14 days after the completion of third shoot harvest

12 Fourth shoot harvest 40 days after the completion of third shoot harvest

13 Weeding and application of fertilizers for fifth crop

Within 14 days after the completion of fourth shoot harvest

14 Fifth shoot harvest 40 days after the completion of fourth shoot harvest

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10. Fertilizer combinations for use in seed gardens

Table-20. Fertilizer combinations for use in seed gardens.

• Since the majority of soils in seed area are alkaline in nature, sulphur containing fertilizer combinations are recommended as mentioned above

• To prevent stem canker leading to root rot and

to hasten sprouting of buds compulsory spray of 0.1% Carbendazim should be given to the stumps immediately after each pruning

Fig-15. Spraying of carbendazim

Sl.No Fertilizer combinations Quantity (Kg)/Ac/cropAmmonium sulphate (AS) 105

1 Single super phosphate (SSP) 70Muriate of potash (MoP) 2020:20:0:15 50

2 Muriate of potash 20Urea 20

3 15:15:15 75Ammonium sulphate (AS) 50

4 17:17:17 65Ammonium sulphate 50Urea 50

5 Single super phosphate (SSP) 70Muriate of potash (MoP) 20

6 15:15:15 75Urea 20

7 10:26:26 40Ammonium sulphate 50

8 17:17:17 65Urea 20

9 10:26:26 40Urea 22

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45

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13. Secondary leavel multiplication method of Seri-Bioguard/Seri-Nematoguard

biocontrol agents Fig-16. Seri-bioguard preparation.

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14. Preparation of spray solution To estimate the quantity of pesticide requirement: The commercial formulations of pesticides are always sold in concentrated forms while the dosage recommended for field application is low. The active ingredient concentration varies between pesticides and formulations necessitating their proper dilution before field application. While preparing the spray solution of required strength, it is important to calculate for quantity of commercial formulation required (by weight or volume) to be dissolved in a known volume of water. To facilitate calculation the following formula is used. P = F

V x C

where P= Quantity of pesticide required V= Volume of spray solution to be prepared C= Concentration desired F=Concentration of commercial formulation. Example: To prepare 100 litres (V) of 0.2% Carbendazim (C) solution from commercially available Bavistin containing 50% Carbendazim (F) as active ingredient. Substituting the above values to the formula P = V x C = 100 x0.2 F 50

= 0.4 kg

(0.4 kg or 400 gm of Bavistin is required to prepare 100 litres of 0.2% Carbendazim solution.) If the pesticide recommended is a liquid formulation the formulation is measured in terms of lires or ml.

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Chapter-8 Package of Practices for

Seed Crop Rearing

Contents:

1. Rearing House 2. General Rearing Conditions 3. Young age silkworm rearing 4. Egg incubation and Black boxing 5. Brushing of newly hatched larvae 6. Chawki rearing 7. Environmental conditions for chawki rearing 8. Hygiene during chawki 9. Care during moult 10. Management of uniform moulting 11. Reasons for non-uniform settling for moult 12. Reasons for occurrence of unequal larvae during chawki rearing 13. Late age rearing 14. Advantages of shoot rearing 15. Hygiene during late age rearing 16. Precautions to be taken during rearing rainy season 17. Care to be taken during rearing in summer season 18. Precautions to be taken during rearing in winter season 19. Seed crop disease monitoring ad uzi control measures 20. Mounting 21. Harvesting 22. Transportation of seed cocoons 23. Standard rearing Table

Seed cocoons which form the basic input for preparation of quality seed, needs to be

generated on scientific lines by retaining racial characters with higher pupation rate (>90%) besides less defective cocoons (<5%) and free from diseases. Considering these important factors, the following protocols were suggested for obtaining higher pupation rate and egg recovery.

1. Rearing House • Rearing house with provisions for good ventilation, light and required space is ideal for

Pure Mysore silkworm rearing. • Height of the rearing house should be 10-12ft with required facilities for maintenance

of temperature and humidity. • The rearing house should be suitable for effective disinfection and hygiene

maintenance.

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• It should have a separate leaf preservation room and sufficient working space. • It should have an anti chamber and doors and windows should be fixed with mesh to

control uzi fly menace. • While constructing a new rearing house the longitudinal orientation should be of east-

west and the doors and windows should be placed on north-south direction. • For better cross ventilation opposite windows, bottom and top ventilators to be

provided. • 4-5 sq ft floor area is required to rear one dfls larvae. • To rear 100 dfls of Pure Mysore silkworm larvae 22 ft x 20ft of rearing space and 8ft x

20ft of ante-room and working space is required.

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2. General Rearing Conditions • During 5th instar rearing, diet rationing of 10% with 3 feeds/day can be adopted

provided leaf quality is optimum/good. • Resume 3rd instar larvae with tender leaf, 4th and 5th instar larvae with medium leaf for

one day followed by medium/coarse leaf feeding during late age rearing. • To obtain higher pupation rate and egg recovery in Pure Mysore, ripened larvae may

be mounted immediately within 15 minutes of collection. • Provide optimum spacing of 125 larvae/sq.ft for Pure Mysore for better growth during

5th instar. 3. Young age silkworm rearing

• Silkworm larval stage, from hatching to spinning is about 28-30 days, clearly differentiated into instars by four moults. The first two instars upto 2nd moult form the young age and the last three instars form the late age.

• During winter the larval period may extend upto 35 days. • During young age, silkworms require good nutritious mulberry leaves with more of

carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and higher moisture content. Recommended practices for successful chawki rearing are as follows:

• Preconditioning of chawki rearing room 48 h prior to brushing with required temperature (27-28°C) and relative humidity (80-85%).

• On the day of brushing, expose the black-boxed eggs to diffused light and transfer the larvae to the brushing tray.

4. Egg Incubation and Black Boxing • Incubation of silkworm eggs under ideal environmental conditions of temperature of

250C and humidity of more than 85% under pathogen free environment makes the embryo to grow robust resulting in uniform development of healthy larvae.

• For this purpose earthen pot buried (15-20 lit capacity) in wet sand for individual farmers and double brick wall chamber (6’x4’x3’) for seed production and chawki rearing centers is ideal.

• Providing total darkness for a period of a day or two before egg hatching is called black boxing. This helps in uniform hatching in a single day.

• During black boxing, those embryos in advanced stage of development will wait for light to hatch and the developing embryos will continue their development and when exposed to light, all eggs will hatch uniformly.

• It helps in synchronized brushing simple black sheet of paper (Thick croft paper) or cover, which gives total darkness is good enough.

• Eggs at pin head stage are wrapped (25 to 50 Dfls each) in a tissue paper and transferred to black boxes).

• Such black boxes are placed under required humidity and temperature conditions. The eggs are to be exposed to light between 7 and 8 A.M on the expected day (10th or 11th day) to enable maximum hatching.

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5. Brushing of newly hatched larvae • Select first glossy leaf for first feeding of brushing. • Leaves should be chopped to appropriate size • Chopped leaves are sprinkled over the brushing nets (use two nets) to attract the

newly hatched larvae to crawl over to brushing net. • After 3-4 hours, when all the newly hatched larvae crawl over the upper net, shift the

larvae along with the leaves.

6. Chawki rearing • Harvest tender leaf from mulberry garden

during cool hours of the day. From the largest glossy leaf, select 1st and 2nd leaves for 1st instar, 3rd and 4th leaves for 2nd instar.

• Leaves used for chawki rearing should have moisture content of 75-80%.

• Collect harvested leaves loosely in bamboo baskets; cover them with wet gunny cloth and transport during cooler hours. Preserve chawki leaves in leaf chamber/baskets and cover with wet gunny cloth to maintain them fresh.

• Pile up the leaves keeping petioles at one side and cut all the petioles before the leaves are chopped. Chop the chawki leaves to 0.5-1.5 sq. cm for 1st instar, 1.5-4.0 sq.cm for 2nd instar and feed the entire leaf/shoot during 3rd instar onwards by shifting larvae on to the shoot feeding racks.

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• Immediately after chopping, broadcast chopped mulberry leaves on the newly hatched larvae.

• After 30 minutes of feeding, gently brush the larvae into the rearing tray using feathers and prepare the rearing bed of appropriate size.

• Fold the paraffin paper from three sides to form a cover (wrap up method) over the rearing bed. This method facilitates,

o Maintenance of required microclimatic conditions for chawki larvae. o Retention of leaf moisture. o Improved feeding efficiency.

• Adopt 3 feeds/day at an interval of 8 hours between feeding (i.e., 6 am, 2 pm and 10 pm) with the following leaf quantity and spacing for 100 dfls (40,000 larvae):

• Before each feeding, unwrap the cover and allow the bed to dry for 30 minutes. To provide appropriate spacing and drying the bed, spread the bed once in a day, using chopsticks.

• When the larvae are preparing for moult, spread the rearing bed. For easy drying of

beds, dust a thin layer of slaked lime powder @ 4-5 g/sq.ft. • Half an hour before resuming after each moult, apply bed disinfect powder (@ 3

g/sq.ft.) on the larvae. • Quantity of bed disinfectant required for 100 dfls (40,000 larvae) is,

Instar Quantity (g) After 1st moult 50

After 2nd moult 150

• Clean the bed once immediately after first moult and again clean after second moult

followed by cleaning after every instar. • Avoid direct handling of larvae and clean the bed by using nets of size 0.5cm x 0.5 cm

for chawki and 1.5 cm x 1.5cm for late age.

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7. Environmental Conditions for Chawki rearing • Optimum microclimatic conditions required for chawki rearing are,

Instar Temp. (°C) Humidity %)

I 28~29 80 II 27~28 75

• Use room heater/charcoal stove to maintain temperature and humidifier/air

cooler/wet gunny cloth to maintain humidity. 8. Hygiene during chawki

• Restrict the entry of persons inside the rearing room. • Use clean and disinfected chopstick/feather while handling the worms. • Wash hands using 2.5% chlorine dioxide (Sanitech) in 0.5% slaked lime solution or

with Shuchi or with any germicidal soap every time before entering the rearing room.

• Use separate footwear inside the rearing house. • Wipe the floor using 1% bleaching powder solution with 0.3% slaked lime or 2.5%

chlorine dioxide with 0.5% slaked lime solution. 9. Care during moult

• Moulting larvae should be identified at the right time. • Moulting larvae are identified by the feature of head raising with mouth protrusion. • When 70% to 80% worms settled for moult, feeding should be stopped • Spread the bed gently soon after the worms settled for moult • Slaked lime should be dusted 4-5 grams / sq.ft to dry the bed. • Resume feeding after 90% of larvae come out of the moult.

10. Management of uniform moulting • When worm shows moulting symptoms, reduce the leaf size and quantity, spread

the rearing bed. • Good ventilation in the rearing house. • When 90% worms settle for moult, dust lime.

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11. Reasons for non-uniform settling for moult • Un even / in sufficient feeding • Over crowding • Irregular hatching

To avoid this ensure following: • sufficient and uniform feeding, • Provide optimum spacing for each instar.

12. Reasons for occurrence of unequal larvae during chawki rearing • Non maintenance of optimum temperature (27-28°C) and relative humidity (85-

90%). • If the rearing temperature is maintained lower than optimum the larvae become

physiologically inactive, feeding period prolongs and growth becomes retarded. • In extreme cases when the pebrinised eggs are used for rearing the larval appetite

reduces and feeds irregularly which results in unequal larvae. • Distribute the larvae uniformly in the bed during every feeding

13. Late age rearing • Silkworm larvae of 3rd, 4th and 5th instars consumes about 90% of the total feed. • This quantity of feed is required not only to develop silk glands, but also to reserve

nutrient and energy for a series of physiological activities. • Monitoring of late age rearing, mounting and harvesting of cocoons ensure

production of successful seed crop. • The chawki reared larvae should be shifted to late age rearing bed during cool

hours of the day by taking due care. • Spread the larvae uniformly on the late age rearing bed and feed with mulberry

leaves/shoots. • Optimum number of larvae for 3rd, 4th and 5th age is 500, 250 and 125 larvae per

sq.ft. respectively. • Ideal temperature and relative humidity (RH) required for late age rearing are as

follows:

Instar Temp. (°C) Humidity %) 3rd 25~26 75 4th 24~25 70 5th 23~24 65

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• For required temperature, use heater/charcoal stove and for humidity use

humidifiers / coolers. • Mulberry leaves should be harvested during cool hours of the day. For 3rd, 4th and

5th age harvest mulberry leaves/shoots of 45-50, 50-55 and 60-65 days old leaf respectively.

• Individual leaves harvested are transported in bamboo baskets (loosely packed) and covered with a wet gunny cloth. In case of shoot harvest, shoots may be bundled properly (15~20 kg) and transported to leaf preservation room.

• Harvested leaf/shoots should be preserved by covering with wet gummy cloth so as to retain quality.

• Spray water on gunny cloth periodically to retain moisture especially during summer season.

• During 4th instar, feed mulberry leaf with one cut during rainy season and entire leaf during other seasons.

• For 5th instar, feed coarse leaf. In case of shoot feeding arrange shoots in opposite direction in the shelves. Feed 3 times a day with an interval of 8 hours. Avoid feeding of yellow and soiled leaf.

• Provide adequate spacing and ensure good ventilation when larvae are preparing for moult. During moult do not disturb the larvae and maintain temperature of 25°C and humidity of 60-65%.

• Dust finely powdered slaked lime uniformly over the larvae (@ 4-5 g/sq.ft) to facilitate drying of rearing.

• After each moult, 30 minutes before resuming feed, dust bed disinfectant. Quantity required for 100 dfls (40,000 larvae) is,

Stage Tray rearing Shoot rearing Before resuming to 3rd instar 500g 600g Before resuming to 4th instar 600 g 900 g Before resuming to 5th instar 1,200 g 1,900 g Total 2300 g 3,500 g

• Resume feeding only when all the larvae come out of moult by feeding tender

medium leaves. • Carry out bed cleaning by using net (2 cm2) every day for tray rearing. • In case of shoot rearing, carry out bed cleaning either by using rope or net if

required.

14. Advantages of shoot rearing • It saves about 40% of rearing labour.

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• Provides better aeration in the bed resulting in the production of quality cocoons with high pupation rate.

• Economical.

15. Hygiene during late age rearing • Step on foot mat containing 2% bleaching powder in slaked lime powder while

entering the rearing house. • Use separate footwear inside the rearing house. • Avoid touching of larvae, use chopsticks to remove diseased silkworms and discard

in 2% formalin or 2% bleaching powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution. • Always keep the floor clean. Use only disinfected cleaning nets during bed cleaning

and litter baskets to collect waste for disposal into litter pit.

16. Precautions to be taken during rainy season • Frequent feeding with less quantity of feed • Good ventilation / use of exhaust fan in the rearing house • Rearing bed should be thin • Dusting of lime on the rearing bed before feeding • Avoid overcrowding of larvae in the rearing bed

17. Care to be taken during summer season • Free circulation of air inside the rearing house • Proper preservation of leaf/shoot • Number of feeds should be increased from 2-3. • Covering of rearing bed with paraffin paper/old newspaper after each feed and

remove after two hours till next feed. • Avoid over feeding & give sufficient spacing.

18. Precautions to be taken during winter season • Increase the room temperature by using room heater • Proper preservation of shoots. • Bed cleaning. • Precautions to prevent muscardine.

19. Seed crop disease monitoring and uzi control measures

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• Raising of healthy and disease free crop besides free from uzi infestation is very important. This can be achieved through strict monitoring of seed crop.

• To check uzi menace, wire/nylon net should be used for windows and doors or nylon net enclosures around rearing stand.

• Uzi trap (1 packet/100 dfls) can be used to trap and kill adult flies. • Conduct microscopic examination of unhatched, dead eggs, egg shells, undersized and

weak worms by following standard procedure.

20. Mounting

• Mounting is a process of transferring ripened larvae for spinning. For the process, the traditional bamboo moutages are in use.

• These mountages are made with bamboo mat and netted bamboo spirals supported with bamboo sticks.

• Generally, the size of the mountage will be 1.8mt x 1.2mt., and the space between the spirals will be 5-6 cm.

• These mountages facilitates free aeration during spinning helps in reducing humidity. Using these mountages 70-80 larvae can be mounted/sqft area.Joining of two mountages at 450 angle during spinning, facing downwords, helps in avoiding urinated and defective cocoons.

• Keep the mountages in well-ventilated place with temperature of 23°C-25°C and humidity of 65%.

• Spinning larvae of seed crop require temperature of 2°C lesser than the commercial crop to improve the reproductive efficiency.

• Remove dead or unspun worms after 48 hours of mounting.

21. Harvesting • Remove dead larvae and flimsy cocoons from mountages before harvesting.

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• Cocoons should be harvested on 4th/5th day depending upon spinning room temperature.

• Early harvesting and transportation of seed cocoons induces pupal mortality and affects seed production.

• Sort out defective, melt, uzi infested, flimsy and inferior cocoons.

22. Transportation of seed cocoons • Pack the cocoons loosely (8-10 kg) in cocoon crates and transport during cooler hours

of the day. • Take adequate care during transportation of seed cocoons.

23. Standard Rearing Table(40000 larvae)

Stage of the larvae

No. of days

No. of feeds/

day

Leaf Size (sq. cm)

Leaf required

(kg)

Bed areas (Sq. ft) Remarks Beginn

ing End

1st instar 27-28°C 85-90% RH

4 3 0.5-1 3-4 4 16 Brush the larvae around 9 am using finely chopped tender leaves and make bed after 30 minutes give feeding of fresh leaves with 4-5 top tender leaves keep wet foam pads around the bed and cover with wax paper. Stop feeding when about 90% of larvae settle for moult. Break the bed gently and apply fresh active lime powder to dry the bed.

1st moult 27-28°C 85-90% RH

1 --- --- --- 16 16

2nd instar 27-280c 85-90% RH

2.5 3 1.0-1.5 9 16 32 Give feeding if more than 90% of the larvae are out of moult, disinfect the bed 30 minutes before feeding. Clean the bed before next feeding.

2nd moult 27-28°C 85-90% RH

1 --- --- --- 32 32 Stop feeding when about 90% of larvae settle for moult. Break the bed gently and apply fresh active lime powder to dry the bed.

3rd instar 25-26°C 80-85% RH

4 3 1.5-2.5 27.5 32 90 Give feeding if more than 90% of the larvae are out of moult, disinfect the bed 30 minutes before feeding, clean the bed shift the larvae to the shoot feeding rack and feed with shoots 3 times every day. Stop feeding when about 90% of larvae settle for moult. Break the bed gently and apply fresh active lime powder to dry the bed.

3rd moult 25-26°C 80-85% RH

1 --- --- --- 90 90

4th instar 25-26°C 80-85% RH

4 3 entire leaf/shoot 66 90 250

Give feeding if more than 90% of the larvae are out of moult, disinfect the bed 30 minutes earlier to feeding, clean the bed. Feed with shoots 3 times a day.

4th moult 25-26°C 80-85% RH

1.5 --- --- --- 250 250 Stop feeding when about 90% of larvae settle for moult. Break the bed gently and apply fresh active lime powder to dry the bed.

5th instar 24-26°C 70-75% RH

7 3 entire leaf/shoot 488 250 500

Give feeding if more than 90% of the larvae are out of moult disinfect the bed 30 minutes earlier to feeding and clean the bed. Feed with shoots 3 times every day.

Spinning 2 --- --- --- --- --- Mount the larvae at the rate 100/sq.ft on the mountage. Reduce the bed size and feeding proportionately.

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Chapter-9 Egg Production

Contents

1. Introduction 2. P4 Grainage Kunigal 3. P3 grainage, Bilidevalaya 4. P2 grainage 5. P1 grainage 6. Cocoon process parameters at different levels 7. Egg incubation 8. Egg surface disinfection 9. Black boxing 10. Requirement of trained staff 11. Requirement of working space 12. Requirement of equipment. 13. Disease testing equipment 14. Glassware 15. Eco-friendly disposal of grainage waste

1. Introduction

Silkworm egg production is a complex system and at the same time, it is also very sensitive and therefore, seed production needs to be planned and executed with all care. Processing of egg production is highly labour intensive and requires large number of labourers for various processes in egg production. Preservation and processing of seed cocoons for egg production require rooms for maintain specific environment for various processes, such as cocoon preservation, oviposition and egg preservation. Light, temperature and humidity are the factors to be controlled for various activities of the grainage. Preservation of seed cocoons and their processing demands more space. Grainage operations and moth examination require well ventilated rooms. A grainage (Seed Production Centre) can be defined as centre where the entire infrastructure is in place with well trained work force to handle the critical areas of seed production. The grainages besides producing quality silkworm seed also should maintain the balance on input and output ratio. Raw material supply has to be planned meticulously for the Production programme. The seed production centre requires the following facilities.

The rooms must be provided with facilities to maintain temperature of 25 °C, humidity

80% RH and facilities to provide darkness and light when needed. Air conditioners and humidifiers are installed in cocoon preservation and egg laying rooms. High temperature leads to high melting of cocoons and moths do not lay eggs properly. Oviposition room is kept dark by providing black curtails in addition to maintaining the optimum temperature and humidity. Facilities to keep rooms ventilated and to avoid scales from moths settling in the

60

room must be available. Egg washing rooms must be provided with 3 tier sinks for egg washing and facilities for acid treatment of bivoltine seed. There must be copious supply of water and good drainage system in grainages. Egg production being highly labour oriented, large number of labourers work here, A dormitory for labourers who works at night is necessary in the grainage. Grainage building must be such that the rooms for step by step processing are located adjacent to each other to avoid movement of workers and staff For example, the rooms for pairing and oviposition must be nearer and easily accessible to both multivoltine and bivoltine seed cocoon preservation rooms. Moth examination room must be away to avoid contamination. Oviposition room must be nearer to cocoon preservation/ pairing rooms. If the rooms are very big, it is difficult to control temperature while small rooms are a hindrance to work. Pierced cocoons rooms must be away from grainages. Cold storage rooms must be nearer to egg laying rooms for easy maintenance of optimum temperature in ovipositon rooms.

61

2. P4 Grainage, Kunigal • 100 Cocoons are supplied from Basic seed farm, Kunigal. • cocoons are kept in single layer. • Deformed cocoons are culled out. • 30 P4 layings are prepared. • 10 dfls suppled to basic seed farm, Kunigal, 10 dfls to P4 Bilidevalaya. • Rest of the layings are kept as buffer in cold storage till the original batches produce

disease free cocoons and then discarded. • Individual mother moth examination is to be followed as explained in Chapter-10.

3. P3 Grainage, Bilidevalaya • 2250 Cocoons are supplied from P4 silk farm, Bilidevalaya. • About 60% of the cocoons are selected and 40% are rejected based on visual

examination. • Bed-wise cocoons are kept separately. • Inter bed crossing is carried as represented in Table-10 • Rest of the layings are kept as buffer in cold storage till the original batches produce

disease free cocoons and then discarded. • Individual mother moth examination is to be followed as explained in Chapter-10. • P3 layings are prepared and supplied to 8 P3 Silk farms as per the requirement.

4. P2 Grainage • Three P2 grainages in Bilidevalaya, Huliyurdurga and Magadi (Table-12). • About 60% of the cocoons are selected and 40% are rejected based on visual

examination. • Bed-wise cocoons are kept separately. • Inter bed crossing is carried as represented in Table-10. • Mother moth examination is by 20-moths together ( single sheet) method (Chapter-10) • P2 layings are distributed to identified P2 seed farmers.

5. P1 grainages • The Government has established 12 P1 grainages in Seed area (Table-13). • They are at Kunigal, Chikkamalalavadi, Hebbur, Nagavalli, Kempanahally,

Santhemavathur, Huliyurdurga, Chowdanakuppe, Kudur, Solur, Magadi and Mathikere. • P1 dfls are prepared from the P2 cocoons purchased from P2 farmers. • About 60% of the cocoons are selected and 40% are rejected based on visual

examination. • Mother moth examination is by 20-moths together ( single sheet) method (Chapter-10) • P1 layings are distributed to RMSCP (Registered Multivoltine Seed Cocoon Producers).

6. Cocoon process parameters at different levels

Sl No. Parameter P4 P3 P2 1 Cocoon Harvest Bed wise Bed wise All

2 Rejection of defective cocoons Bed wise Bed wise All defective

3 Calculation of Pupation Bed wise Bed wise 1 Kg cocoon

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7. Egg incubation

• Egg incubation at 24-250 C and relative humidity of 75-80%

8. Egg surface disinfection

• With 2% formalin for 10 minutes and dry in shade.

9. Black boxing

• At eye-spot stage, eggs should be black boxed. • Egg sheets should be wrapped in tissue paper.

rate

4 Cocoon Assessment Bed wise, 25 cocoons

Bed wise, 25 cocoons 25 cocoons

5 No. of cocoons selected 100 Bed wise, all All 6 Sex-separation Bed wise Bed wise - 7 Crossing Inter bed Inter bed Random

8 Moth examination All, individually All, individually Sheet wise Mass of 20

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• Then, the wrapped egg sheets should be kept in black box.

10. Requirement of trained staff

1. Seed cocoon generation and procurement 2. Seed cocoon preservation 3. Moth emergence, pairing and isolation, oviposition 4. Post ovi-position activities 5. Pupa and mother moth examination 6. Marketing of dfls

11. Requirement of working space

1. Seed cocoon receipt and handling 2. Seed cocoon preservation (With Temperature and Humidity control) 3. Working space(pairing and isolation) 4. Ovi-position- Dark room(With Temperature and Humidity control) 5. Testing room 6. Surface disinfection of sheet eggs and drying 7. Male moth preservation (Refrigerator) 8. Incubation Chamber 9. Pierced cocoon storage room 10. Generator room 11. Office room

12. Requirement of Equipment

1. Cocoon / pupae preservation stands (iron) with wheels 2. Ovi-position stands (iron) with wheels 3. Working stands with wheels 4. Working table 5. Disinfection mask 6. Dust mask 7. Room heaters

Sl no Staff Required number 1 Sericulture Inspectors 01 2 Sericulture Demonstrators 04 3 D group 04

Total 09

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8. Humidifiers 9. Male moth preservation chamber(7°C) 10. Power sprayer 11. Hot air oven 12. Air conditioner(for ovi-position room & cocoon preservation room) 13. Incubation chamber(25°C & 85±5% RH) 14. Generator 15. Incinerator

13. Testing Equipment 1. Microscopes( binocular/phase contrast) 2. Electric mixer with jars 3. Mortar and pestle 4. Centrifuge (R23)- 8tubes, 100ml) 5. Cyclo – mixer. 6. Centrifuge tubes- plastic 7. Funnels 8. Test tube stands 9. Moth examination tables 10. Moth examination stools

14. Glass ware 1. Hygrometers(wet & dry or digital) 2. Glass rods 3. Micro slides for testing 4. Cover slips for testing

15. Eco friendly disposal of grainage waste material

Waste reduction is as important as recycling in saving natural resources, energy, and waste disposal space and costs, and in reducing pollution risks. Waste reduction also can reduce the toxic substances in waste. Individuals can help reduce waste by making environmentally aware decisions about everyday things like shopping and caring for the lawn.

Across the country, many communities, businesses, and individuals have found creative ways to reduce waste and better manage trash or garbage through a coordinated mix of environmentally friendly practices that includes source reduction, recycling waste and waste disposal.

Using bio-degradable materials is yet another way to lessen the burden of waste on the environment. There are bio-degradable materials all around us, some that are familiar, some not so familiar, but worth knowing about in any case. Any natural, organic material is bio-degradable. It can easily be turned into compost and used in your garden. Compost piles have a very beneficial impact on the environment. By making your own compost pile you will provide valuable nutrients to your garden and reduce the quantity of waste that is sent to the landfill.

Usage of durable products instead of those that are disposable or cheaply made is advisable. Repair/restore used items before replacing them. Buy items you can re-use. For example, drink tap water, not bottled water. Use china or enamel crockery rather than plastic or paper plates and bowls. Use real cutlery rather than plastic.

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Chapter-10 Disease Monitoring

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Requirements for Silkworm Disease monitoring at BSF/P4/P3 GSF 3. Requirements for Disease monitoring at P3/ P2 Grainage/Seed Cocoon Market 4. Requirements for Disease monitoring at P2/ P1 rearers’ crop 5. Guidelines for silkworm disease monitoring.

i. BSF/P4/P3 rearing ii. P3/P2/P1 Grainage

iii. P2/P1 rearers’ level iv. P1 Seed Cocoon market

6. Morphological symptoms of different diseases and their pathogens 7. Disease monitoring system followed in Mysore Seed Area. 8. Protocols for examination of different samples for the presence of Pebrine spores.

i. Dust Examination ii. Leaf Examination

iii. Larval Examination iv. Faecal matter Examination v. Pupal Examination

9. Individual Moth Examination 10. Mass Mother Moth Examination 11. Disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing 12. Disinfectants recommended 13. Requirement of disinfectant solution 14. Preparation of 2 % bleaching powder in 0.30 % slaked lime solution 15. Schedule of disinfection 16. Hygienic measures 17. DISINFECTANTS AND BED DISINFECTANTS RECOMMENDED BY RESEARCH

INSTITUTES FOR DISINFECTION AND HYGIENE I. Disinfectants a. CSR&TI, Mysore

i. Preparation of 2.0 % Formalin solution ii. Preparation of 2.0 % Bleaching powder in 0.5% slaked lime solution

iii. Preparation of 500 ppm of Chlorine dioxide (2.5 % Sanitech/Serichlor) in 0.5 % slaked lime solution

iv. Preparation of 0.05% Asthra solution v. Preparation of 0.3 % Slaked lime solution

b. SSTL, Bangalore i. Preparation of 2.0 % Decol solution

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c. KSSRDI, Bangalore i. Preparation of 2.5 % Chlorofect solution

ii. Preparation of 0.5 % Sinchana solution iii. Preparation of 0.5 % Seriphene solution iv. Preparation of 0.3 % Super Care solution v. Preparation of 1.0 % Suchi solution

II. Bed disinfectants A. CSR&TI, Mysore

i. Ankush ii. Vijetha iii. Vijetha Supplement

B. KSSRDI, Bangalore i. Samrakshak ii. Samvardhan iii. Sanjeevini iv. Suraksha v. Suraksha Green

18. Surface disinfection of silkworm eggs 19. Hygienic measures 20. Formats for disease monitoring data collection and documentation.

i. P4/P3/P2/P1 Rearing Register ii. P3/P2/P1 Grainage Register

iii. P1 Cocoon Market Register

1. Introduction Sericulture is unique in many ways and has emerged as front runner in the process of

diversification among the agricultural avocations. Like in agriculture, in sericulture sector

too, the silkworm seed and its quality determine the quality and quantity of cocoon

production. Therefore, the silkworm seed assumes greater significance and relevance in

today’s context of globalization and free trade. Testing of the seed for disease freeness in fact

starts from seed cocoon level which leads to quality silkworm seed. Disease free silkworm and

seed confirming to the said standard and healthy silkworm larvae are the other important

indicator of quality crop. Protocols for testing larvae, pupae, moth and eggs are essential to

make the silkworm seed totally disease free and hence, incorporated in the guidelines for

monitoring the quality aspects especially disease freeness.

Mysore Seed area crop production depends on rearing of Pure Mysore breed with

effective management of diseases. Crop loss due to incidence of silkworm diseases are caused

67

by various infectious pathogens viz., viruses, bacteria, fungi and microsporidia. Grasserie,

flacherie and white muscardine are the most common diseases of silkworm. Grasserie

(Nuclear Polyhedrosis) caused by BmNPV and is prevalent throughout the year in Karnataka.

Other viruses such as BmIFV and BmDNV cause flacherie in silkworm individually as well as

in combination with bacteria. Individually different bacteria also cause flacherie in silkworm.

Beauveria bassiana is the fungal pathogen causing white muscardine disease in silkworm and

this disease is more prevalent during rainy season followed by winter. Pebrine disease caused

by a microsporidian, Nosema bombycis which was rampant during 1990-1992 and drastically

come down later years. However, in recent times many microsporidia are reported to cause

pebrine disease in silkworm in the field. Hence, it is necessary that silkworm disease

monitoring at the Mysore seed area is essential for strict vigil of disease outbreak, especially

for pebrine and to ensure supply of pebrine free seeds to the farmers.

2. Requirements for Disease monitoring at BSF/ P4/ P3 GSF • Power sprayer • Measuring cylinder • Face mask/Protective devices • Bleaching powder • Weighing balance • Potassium Carbonate • Measuring Jar • Muslin cloth • Recommended disinfectants • Absorbent cotton • Plastic containers (Buckets, mugs etc.) • Floor mops • Domestic mixer (extra jars) • Mortar and pestle • Centrifuge 10,000 rpm (Rotator with

20/50/100 ml capacity tubes) • Dust bin

• Centrifuge tubes (20/50/100 ml capacity)

• Litter basket

• Cyclomixer • HCl / Triton × 100 • Binocular microscopes (15 × eye piece

and 40 × obj.) – 2 Nos. • Recommended bed

disinfectants • Funnels • Hand wash basin with stand • Plastic beakers (250 ml) • Napkins • Glass rods (150 mm x 4 mm dia) • Foot mats • Glass micro slides • Gunny cloth • Glass cover slip (12mm dia) • Chop sticks / Forceps

3. Requirements for Disease monitoring at P3/ P2 Grainage/Seed Cocoon Market • Power sprayer • Glass micro slides • Face mask/Protective devices • Glass cover slip (12mm dia) • Weighing balance • Measuring cylinder (250 ml

capacity) • Measuring Jar • Formalin • Recommended disinfectants • Bleaching powder

68

• Plastic containers (Buckets, mugs etc) • Potassium Carbonate • Domestic mixer (with extra jars) • Muslin cloth • Centrifuge 10,000 rpm (rotator with 20/

50 / 100 ml capacity tubes) • Absorbent cotton

• Centrifuge tubes (20/50/100 ml capacity)

• Floor mops

• Mortar and pestle • Dust bin • Cyclomixer • Hand wash basin with stand • Binocular microscopes (15x Eye piece

and 40 x obj.) – 2 Nos. • Napkin

• Funnels • Foot mat • Plastic beakers (250 ml) • Gunny cloth • Glass rods (150 mm x 4 mm dia)

4. Requirements for Disease monitoring at P2/P1 rearer’s crop • Power sprayer • Hand wash basin • Face mask/Protective devices • Napkin • Plastic containers (Buckets, mugs) • Foot mat • Bleaching powder • Gunny cloth • Litter basket • Recommended disinfectants • Recommended bed disinfectants

5. Guidelines for silkworm disease monitoring

i. BSF/ P4/P3 rearing • Strict disease monitoring should be there in each crop. • After disinfection of the rearing house (2 times as mentioned in the disinfection schedule)

and before initiation of rearing, collect dust samples from the rearing house and leaf samples from the mulberry garden and conduct examination for the presence of pebrine spores as described in the protocols of examination.

• During rearing, conduct examination for pebrine incidence in different stages viz., Egg shells, I, II, III & IV moult/faecal matter as described in the protocols of examination.

• For other diseases, estimate the No. of larvae/tray and calculate the total number larval population.

• Observe each tray for number of Grasserie, Flacherie and Muscardine larvae as per the morphological symptoms and microscopic examination given below. The % of each disease will be estimated by the following:

% of disease = Number of diseased larvae/ sample

× 100 Total number of larvae /sample

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• For Grasserie examination, collect haemolymph by puncturing the proleg of suspected diseased larva/unsettled/shining larvae and observe under microscope for the presence of BmNPV polyhedra.

• For Flacherie examination, homogenize the suspected to be diseased larvae in 0.6% K2CO3 solution and observe under microscope for the presence of various bacteria.

• For Muscardine examination identification is based on the white mummified larvae or homogenizes the suspected to be diseased larvae 0.6% K2CO3 solution and observe under microscope for the presence of hyphal bodies.

• For pebrine examination, homogenize the weak/ lethargic/ suspected to be diseased larvae in 0.6 % K2CO3 solution (for every 1 g of larvae add 4 ml of 0.6 % K2CO3 solution) and conduct the examination as described in the protocols of examination.

• The reasons for crop loss (if any) should also be specified to derive conclusion and follow up has to be conducted to those cases.

• If the diseases (grasserie, flacherie and muscardine) are high in any particular bed/batch or melting% is above the norms in the cocoon stage, that particular bed/batch is not fit for dfls. production.

• In case, Pebrine is noticed in any sample/batch/lot that crop has to be rejected, certified and burnt by Assistant Director.

ii. P3/P2/P1 Grainage • In each batch (lot) examination has to be conducted for the presence of pebrine. • Testing different samples viz., Pupae, weak moths and female moths after egg laying are to

be subjected for microscopic examination for Pebrine incidence as described in Protocols of examination.

• If the melting % is above the norms, that particular batch cocoons are not fit for dfls. Production.

• In case, Pebrine is noticed in any sample/batch/lot that crop has to be rejected, certified and burnt by Assistant Director.

iii. P2 and P1 rearers’ level • In each crop, silkworm disease monitoring should be continued. • During rearing, conduct I, II, III & IV moult larval testing for the incidence of pebrine as

described in Protocols of examination. • For other diseases, observations are to be recorded on last day of V instar larvae. • 10 % bed/trays have to observed for the incidence of other diseases. • Collected 100-200 larvae and observe for number of Grasserie, Flacherie, Muscardine and

Pebrine larvae as per the morphological symptoms and microscopic examination mentioned below and calculate % of each disease as mentioned above.

iv. P1 Seed Cocoon market • In each batch (lot), strict examination has to be conducted for the incidence of pebrine

before allotment of cocoons to the Registered Seed Producers.

70

• Conduct Pupal examination as described in Protocols of examination. • In case, Pebrine is noticed in any sample/ batch, the cocoons are to be stifled and sent to

reeling. • If the melting% is above the norms, that particular batch cocoons are also not fit for CB

dfls. production and to be sent for reeling. 6. Morphological symptoms of different diseases and their pathogens

71

7. Disease monitoring system to be followed in Mysore Seed Area

8. Protocols for examination of different samples for the presence of Pebrine spores.

Name of the Centre Examination stage No. of examinations

25 Seed cocoons from P1 farmers of Yediyur, Hebbur, Kunigal, Soluru, Kudur and Santhemavathur areas

Pupae, weak moths and female moths after egg laying 3

Screening Batch 1 (Cellular rearing of 3 dfls at BSF, Kunigal)

Egg shells, I, II, III & IV larvae/faecal matter and last day of V instar larvae, pupae, weak moths and female moths after egg laying

9

Screening Batch 2 (Cellular rearing of 3 dfls BSF Kunigal)

Egg shells, I, II, III & IV larvae /faecal matter and last day of V instar larvae, pupae, weak moths and female moths after egg laying

9

Generation 1 (Cellular rearing of 5 dfls BSF Kunigal)

Egg shells, I, II, III & IV larvae/faecal matter and last day of V instar larvae, pupae, weak moths and female moths after egg laying

9

P4 Station - Bilidevalaya (3 brushings & 5 dfls./brushing)

Egg shells, I, II, III & IV larvae and last day of V instar larvae

6

P3 Grainage - Bilidevalaya (1500 dfls/month)

Pupa, weak moths and female moths after egg laying

3

P3 GSFs - 8 units (Bilidevalaya, Hebbur, Seegehally, Santhe-mavathur, Kempanahally, Huliyurdurga, Magadi and Soluru)

I, II, III & IV larvae and last day of V instar larvae 5

P2 Grainages - 3 units (Bilidevalaya, Huliyurdurga and Magadi)

Pupa, weak moths and female moths after egg laying

3

P2 rearers I, II, III & IV moult larvae/faecal matter and V instar last day larvae

5

P1 Grainages - 11 units (Kunigal, Chikkamalalavadi, Nagavalli, Huliyurdurga, Chowdanakuppe, Santhemavathur, Kempanahally, Kudur, Solur, Magadi and Mathikkere)

Pupa, weak moths and egg laid female moths 3

P1 rearers - 5,561 of 15 TSCs (Kunigal, Yediyr, Hebbur, Nagavalli, Huliyurdurga, Nidasale, Chowdanakuppe, Santhemavathur, Kempanahally, Kudur, Solur, Magadi, Mathikkere, V.G. Doddi and Kalya)

I, II, III & IV moult larvae/faecal matter and last day of V instar larvae

5

P1 Cocoon Market - 10 units (Kunigal, Hebbur, Huliyurdurga, Chowdankuppe, Santhemavathur, Kempanahally, Kudur, Solur, V.G. Doddi and Magadi)

Pupae 1

RSPs/Govt. Grainages/CSB Grainages 61

72

73

9. Individual Moth Examination

10. Mass Moth Examination

74

75

11. Disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing One of the major constraints in silk cocoon production is the diseases in silkworm

rearing. Diseased silkworms extrude pathogens into the rearing environment and form the source of infection and spread of the diseases. These pathogens are persist for longer period in silkworm rearing environment. Destruction of disease causing pathogens is called disinfection. It can be attained by various methods but the most effective method is chemical method using chemicals as disinfectants. 12. Disinfectants recommended 2.0 % Bleaching powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution Any disinfectant recommended by Research Institute 13. Requirement of disinfectant solution

The total requirement of disinfectant solution for disinfection of rearing house, its surroundings and appliances are estimated based on the floor area (Length of floor × Breadth of floor) of the rearing house.

The quantity required is 1.5 liter/sq. m floor area or 140 ml/sq. ft. floor area of rearing

house (height 3 m /10 ft.). Add 500ml/sq. m or 14 ml/sq. ft. for every increase in height by 1 m or 1 ft. respectively + 10 % of total quantity (for shoot rearing)/35 % of total quantity (for tray rearing) or Use Ready reckoner given below:

76

Spray the disinfectant to drench all the nook and corners of the rearing house using

power sprayer. Use protective devices while spraying the disinfectant solution.

Ready Reckoner Floor area Disinfectant required (liters) at different roof height

Sq. ft. Sq. m 10 ft./ 3.0m

11 ft./ 3.35m

12 ft./ 3.70m

13 ft./ 4.0m

14 ft./ 4.30m

15 ft./ 4.60m

Shoot Tray Shoot Tray Shoot Tray Shoot Tray Shoot Tray Shoot Tray 5 0.46 0.77 0.94 0.84 1.01 0.91 1.08 0.98 1.15 1.05 1.22 1.12 1.29

10 0.92 1.54 1.89 1.68 2.03 1.82 2.17 1.96 2.31 2.10 2.59 2.24 2.58 20 1.84 3.08 3.78 3.36 4.06 3.64 4.34 3.92 4.62 4.20 5.18 2.28 5.16 50 4.64 7.77 9.50 8.40 10.20 9.10 10.90 9.80 11.60 10.50 12.03 11.20 13.00

100 9.28 15.40 19.00 16.80 20.40 18.20 21.80 19.60 23.20 21.00 24.60 22.40 26.00 500 46.44 77.00 95.00 84.00 102.0 91.0 109.0 98.0 116.0 105.0 123.0 112.0 130.0

1000 92.9 154.0 190.0 168.0 204.0 182.0 218.0 196.0 232.0 210.0 246.0 224.0 260.0 Ex 1: If rearing Floor area is 600 S. ft. (500 + 100), height 10 ft. and shoot rearing method, the quantity of disinfectant required is 92.40 liters = 77.00 (500) +15.40 (100). Ex 2 : If rearing Floor area is 600 S. ft. (500 + 100), height 10 ft. and Tray rearing method, the quantity of disinfectant required is 114 liters = 95.00 (500) + 19.00 (100). 14. Preparation of 2.0 % bleaching powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution

Add little water to the bleaching powder and slaked lime and make a paste. Add this paste to the rest of water and stir it well. Keep for 10 minutes and use the supernatant for disinfection.

15. Schedule of disinfection

Day Activity Details of Activity After the completion of rearing

1

2 3

Collection and burning of diseased larvae, melted and flimsy cocoons. Cleaning and disinfection of mountages. 1st disinfection of rearing house and appliances with recommended disinfectant solution.

5days before brushing

4 5

Cleaning and washing. Sun drying of appliances.

4days before brushing

6 Optional disinfection of rearing house with 0.3% slaked lime solution

3 days before brushing

7 2nd disinfection of rearing house and appliances with recommended disinfectant solution.

77

2 days before brushing

8

9

Dusting disinfectant (5% Bleaching powder in slaked lime) surrounding the rearing house. Open the window of rearing house for ventilation of the rearing house.

1 day before brushing

10 Preparation for brushing.

16. Hygienic measures

Disinfection of rearing house, its surrounding and appliances aims at destruction of pathogens in the rearing environment before the initiation of rearing. However, pathogens can gain entry into rearing house through the workers, drift and from diseased silkworms. Hygienic measures are meant for prevention of these secondary sources and also disinfection of them. Following measures are advised to adopt: Select P2 rearers having independent rearing house with shoot rearing racks. In case of P1

rearings, farmers should avoid cow dung smeared trays/borrowed trays for silkworm rearing and also avoid unhygienic conditions.

Wash hands and feet with disinfectant solution before entering the rearing house and also after attending the rearing. Also wash hands with disinfectant after every bed cleaning.

Collect diseased/dead/sick larvae from the rearing bed with chopsticks/forceps in a basin

containing disinfectant solution and destroy them by burning. Collect silkworm bed refuse into litter basket/vinyl sheet meant for it. Never allow the bed

refuse to fall on the floor during bed cleaning. Store mulberry leaves in a separate room. Disinfect the leaf storage room along with the

rearing room. Cover the mulberry leaves with wet gunny cloth. Dust slaked lime powder in the rearing bed when the worms settle for moult.

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Disinfect the silkworm body and rearing seat by dusting bed disinfectant viz., Ankush/Vijetha and Vijetha Supplement/any recommended bed disinfectant after every moult and on final instar as per schedule and quantity.

Rear silkworms under recommended optimum temperature, humidity and spacing conditions so that the larvae grow healthy and resistive to infection.

Feed silkworm with quality mulberry leaves so that they grow physiologically strong and express high level of resistance to microbial infection.

Feed Amruth-Curative formulation when low level incidence of Grasserie and Flacherie diseases are noticed during chawki rearing. Amruth is available as Nandi Amruth/Rainbow Amruth in the market. 2.0% of Amruth powder should be suspended in water and sprinkled on the mulberry leaf, air dry and fed to silkworm during second feed of 3rd, 4th & 5th instar.

17. DISINFECTANTS AND BED DISINFECTANTS RECOMMENDED BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES I. Disinfectants: A. CSR&TI, Mysore

a) 2.0 % Formalin (Formalin is not user-friendly disinfectant and also it is hazardous) b) 2.0 % Bleaching powder in 0.3 % slaked lime solution c) 500 ppm Chlorine dioxide (2.5 % Sanitech/Serichlor) in 0.5 % Slaked lime solution d) 0.05 % Asthra solution e) 0.3 % slaked lime solution (for optional disinfection)

i. Preparation of 2.0 % Formalin solution

Mix the required quantity of formalin to the water and mix thoroughly.

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ii. Preparation of 2.0% bleaching powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution

Add little water to the bleaching powder and slaked lime and make a paste. Add this paste to the rest of water and stir it well. Keep for 10 minutes and use the supernatant for disinfection.

iii. 500 ppm Chlorine dioxide (2.5 % Sanitech/Serichlor) in 0.5 % slaked lime

Sanitech/Serichlor is available in 5 liter can or in 500 ml bottle with one packet (50g) of activator for every 500ml of solution. Take the activator crystals in to a basin/bucket and add Sanitech/Serichlor solution to it and keep it for 10 minutes. Add activated Sanitech/Serichlor to water. Finally add slaked lime to this solution and mix thoroughly and use for disinfection.

iv. Preparation of 0.05% Asthra solution

Mix the required quantity of Asthra powder to the water and stir thoroughly. Keep for 2 hours for dissolution of the disinfectant and use for disinfection.

v. Preparation of 0.3 % slaked lime solution

Mix the required quantity of slaked lime powder to the water and stir thoroughly.

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B. SSTL, Bangalore i. Preparation of 2.0% Decol solution

Mix the required quantity of Decol solution to the water and stir thoroughly.

Disinfect the rearing house and equipments with Decol solution @ 2.0 l/ sq. m.

C. KSSRDI, Bangalore i. 2.5 % Chlorofect solution

ii. 0.5 % Sinchana solution iii. 0.5 % Seriphene solution iv. 0.3 % Super Care solution v. 1.0 % Suchi solution (for disinfection of hands, feet and floor)

i. Preparation of 2.5 % Chlorofect solution

Mix the required quantity of Chlorofect solution to the water and stir thoroughly. Disinfect the rearing house and equipment with Chlorofect solution @ 2.0 Lt/ sq. m.

ii. Preparation of 0.5 % Sinchana solution

Mix the required quantity of Sinchana powder to the water and stir thoroughly. Disinfect the rearing house and equipments with Sinchana solution @ 1.5 Lt/ sq. m.

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iii. Preparation of 0.5 % Seriphene solution Mix the required quantity of Seriphene liquid to the water and stir thoroughly. Disinfect the rearing house and equipments with Seriphene solution @ 1.5 Lt/ sq. m.

iv. Preparation of 0.3 % Super Care solution

Mix the required quantity of Super Care powder to the water and stir thoroughly. Disinfect the rearing house and equipments with Super care solution @ 1.5Lt/ sq. m.

v. Preparation of 1.0 % Suchi (for disinfection of hands, feet and floor)

Mix the required quantity of Suchi solution to the water and mix thoroughly.

II. Bed disinfectants A. CSR&TI, Mysore i. Ankush

Ankush is commercially available as Ankush/ Ankush Vijetha Green/ Rainbow Ankush Vijetha Gold/Ankush Green/ Santhosh Ankush Green in the market for prevention of all diseases.

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ii. Vijetha Vijetha is commercially available as Vetcare Vijetha/Rainbow Vijetha in the market for prevention of all diseases.

iii. Vijetha Supplement Vijetha Supplement is commercially available as Vetcare Vijetha Supplement/ Rainbow Vijetha Supplement for prevention of muscardine disease.

B. KSSRDI, Bangalore i. Samrakshak: For prevention of Grasserie, Flacherie and Muscardine diseases.

ii. Samvardhan : For prevention of Grasserie, Flacherie and Muscardine diseases

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iii. Sanjeevini : For prevention of Grasserie and Flacherie diseases

iv. Suraksha: For prevention of Fungal diseases

v. Suraksha Green : For prevention of Fungal diseases

18. Surface disinfection of silkworm eggs • In P3, P2 and P1 Grainages, after mother moth examination, disease free layings should be

surface disinfected with 2.0 % formalin before head pigmentation stage to avoid the surface contamination of eggs.

• Prepare required quantity of 2.0 % formalin solution in a basin and dip the silkworm egg sheets for 10 min and wash them with clean water.

• Dry them in shade and incubate them as per recommended conditions.

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19. Hygienic measures Disinfection of rearing house, its surrounding and appliances aims at destruction of

pathogens in the rearing environment before the initiation of rearing. However, pathogens can gain entry into rearing house through the workers, drift and from diseased silkworms. Hygienic measures are meant for prevention of these secondary sources and also disinfection of them. Following measures are advised to adopt:

Select P2 rearers having independent rearing house with shoot rearing racks. In case of P1 rearings, farmers should avoid cow dung smeared trays/borrowed trays for silkworm rearing and also avoid unhygienic conditions.

Wash hands and feet with disinfectant solution before entering the rearing house and

also after attending the rearing. Also wash hands with disinfectant after every bed cleaning.

20. Formats for disease monitoring data collection and documentation i. P4/P3/P2/P1 Rearing Register

ii. P3/P2/P1 Grainage Register iii. P1 Cocoon Market Register

i. P4/P3/P2/P1 Rearing Register Centre: Month: Crop No./Farmer Name & Village: Date of brushing: Source of dfls: Lot No.: Hatching %: Details of diseases:

Incidence of Pebrine during Incidence of diseases during V instar before spinning (%)

Egg shells

1st moult

2nd moult

3rd moult

4th moult/ faecal matter

Grasserie Flacherie Muscardine Pebrine

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ii. P3/P2/P1 Grainage Register: Centre: Month: Lot No. Source: Details of pebrine disease:

Date of examination Pupa Weak moths Female moths after egg laying

iii. P1 Cocoon Market Register: Centre: Month: Date: Details of pupal examination for pebrine disease

Lot No./farmers name and address

No. of samples tested Microscopic examination

result

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Chapter-11 References

1. Silk Industry in Mysore Province (in Kannada), 1956. Published by Department of Sericulture of Mysore State.

2. The Mysore Silkworm Diseases Control Act in 1943 3. The Mysore Silkworm Seed (Control and Distribution) Act in 1952, and 4. The Karnataka Silkworm Seed, Cocoon and Silk Yarn (Regulation of Production, Supply,

Distribution and sale) Act 1959. 5. Kawakami, K (editor), 2001. Illustrated working process of new bivoltine silkworm

rearing technology. Published by JICA, CSRTI, Mysore. 6. Kawakami, K. (editor), 2002. Manual on Maintenance and multiplication of bivoltine

silkworm race from P4 to P2 level. Published by JICA, CSRTI, Mysore. 7. Directory of Sericulture Technologies, 2006,Project personnel- Muniraju, E., Rajendra

Mundkur and Renuka, G. Published by KSSRDI, Bangalore. 8. The Central Silk Board (Amendment) Act, 2006. The Gazette of India, Extraordinary,

Part-II Section-I, Ministry of Law and Justice, Sept4, 2006. 9. Central Silk Board Silkworm Seed Regulation, 2010.Published by CSB, Bangalore.