G. Robert Weedon, DVM, MPH Veterinary Outreach Coordinator Alliance for Rabies Control The Global...
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Transcript of G. Robert Weedon, DVM, MPH Veterinary Outreach Coordinator Alliance for Rabies Control The Global...
G. Robert Weedon, DVM, MPHVeterinary Outreach Coordinator
Alliance for Rabies Control
The Global Burdenof Rabies
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Introduction
Rabies is a viral infection transmitted in the saliva of infected animals
Rabies can affect all mammals
The virus enters the central nervous system of the host causing an encephalomyelitis
Picture of rabies virus. Courtesy CDC
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In the United States
Wild animals are the principal vector Mandatory rabies vaccination laws Encroachment on wild animals
because of development
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In the United States
CDCEast Carolina University 3-26-10
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In the United States
CDCEast Carolina University 3-26-10
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Developing Countries
55,000 people die annually of rabies Dogs are the principal reservoir Human exposure much more likely
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Developing Countries
“Unowned” dogs Valued and recognized as part of the
community However, no supervision of movement
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Developing Countries
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Global Burden of Rabies
Rabies is 100% preventable yet at least 55,000 humans die from rabies each year around the world, mostly from exposure to dogs.
A person dies of rabies almost every 10 minutes.
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Global Burden of Rabies
Almost half of all rabies deaths occur in children under the age of 15 years.
Many developed countries have vaccines for animals and humans to prevent rabies. These countries might only have a few deaths each year.
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Global Burden of Rabies
12Knobel, DL, et al. Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. May 2005, 83 (5)
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Rabies in India
Rabies is common in most parts of India.
The dog population of India is around 25 to 30 million animals.
Each year approximately 7 million people undergo PEP
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Rabies in India
In 2004 that there were 20,565 reported human deaths
Nearly 96% of cases are due to bites from stray, ownerless, dogs.
About 70% of the victims are children younger than 15 years.
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Rabies Prevention
Canine rabies control programs should incorporate three basic elementsEpidemiological surveillanceMass vaccination Dog population control
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Rabies Prevention
Population control versus removalNo evidence that removal alone
impacts the spread of rabiesPopulation turnover may be too highMay be aesthetically unacceptable
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Rabies Prevention
Mass vaccination of dogs Vaccinating 70% of the dog
population has been shown to reduce the incidence of human rabies to zero
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Rabies Prevention
Mass vaccination of dogs 70% of the dog population can be
attained through strategies consisting of:
Well-designed educational campaigns,
Intersectoral cooperation, Community participation, Local commitment in planning and
execution
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Rabies Prevention
Mass vaccination of dogs 70% of the dog population can be
attained through strategies consisting of:
Availability of recognized quality vaccine,
Media support, and Effective general coordination and
supervision of the activities by the health services.
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Rabies Prevention
20Source: Dr. Carlos H. Alvarez Lucas Mexico Ministry of Health
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Rabies Prevention
21Source: Dr. Carlos H. Alvarez Lucas Mexico Ministry of Health
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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention
Social Structural BarriersCostEducation about rabies Infrastructure of veterinary carePublic health programsAnimal population controlTreatment of strays and
“unwanted” dogs
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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention
Insufficient surveillance systemsNot a notifiable diseaseAccurate mortality data unknownLow priority for disease controlLimited diagnosticsQuestionable reliability of data
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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention
Limited accessibility of modern rabies vaccine and supply problemsHigh cost of modern cell culture
rabies vaccinesCost of importationBarriers to total protection
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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention
Lack of public awarenessLack of effective health education
programsPoor participation in rabies control
programsConsideration of cultural,
religious, and political factors
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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention
Insufficient political commitmentLow priority of rabies control
programsCosts fall short when compared to
other programsPolitical and economic situations
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Opportunities
Utilize models of successful rabies control programsSuccess in Japan, Taiwan, and
peninsular MalaysiaOperational strategiesCost/benefit analysis
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Opportunities
Mobilize the support of the civil society, private sector and government sponsored initiatives Public education through media (radio,
TV, printed material) Public and/or private technology
initiatives
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Opportunities
Population Control and vaccination Jaipur, India project (Veterinary Record
(2006) 159, 379-383)
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The Public Health Need
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Opportunities
Vaccination combined with an injectable sterilant Jaipur, India project (Veterinary Record
(2006) 159, 379-383) ACC&D initiative (www.acc-d.org)
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Some of ACC&D’s 98 Organizational Partners…
The Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology
The Michelson Prize in Reproductive Biology: $25 million for innovation in non-surgical sterilization for cats and dogs
Found Animals will offer a $25 million prize to the first entity to provide to the Foundation with a safe, effective, and practical non-surgical sterilant for use in cats and dogs.
The Michelson Grants in Reproductive Biology: Up to $50 million of grant funding available for research directed to achieving this goal
Found Animals will provide up to $50 million in grant funding for promising research in pursuit of a safe, effective, and practical non-surgical sterilant for use in cats and dogs.
www.foundanimals.org
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The Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology
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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention
Cultural factors Religious view of animals
“Place” of dogs in the household and community
Value of dogs—utilitarian or emotional benefit
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Conclusions
Rabies is an extraordinarily preventable disease, however in cultures where the dog is the principal reservoir, human exposure is much more likely, and in such instances, there may exist significant cultural, social, and religious barriers to implementing programs for its prevention
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World Rabies Day, 2010
The mission of World Rabies Day is to raise awareness about the impact of human and animal rabies, how easy it is to prevent it, and how to eliminate the main global sources.
“One Health, One Medicine”
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To Learn More
World Rabies Day Website: www.worldrabiesday.org
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Rabies Website:
www.cdc.gov/rabies
CDC’s Kids Rabies Website: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/
World Health Organization www.who.int
Pan American Health Organization http://www.paho.org/english/ad/dpc/vp/rabia.htm
Alliance for Rabies Control www.rabiescontrol.net
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World Rabies Day
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Working Together to Make Rabies History! www.worldrabiesday.org
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