G P SRINAGAR GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SRINAGAR CSE …
Transcript of G P SRINAGAR GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SRINAGAR CSE …
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SRINAGAR GARHWAL
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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Open Source Software
Open source software is software like any other.
However it is distinguished by its license, or terms of
use, which guarantees certain freedoms, in contrast to
closed proprietary software which restricts these rights.
Open source software guarantees the right to
access and modify the source code, and to use, reuse
and redistribute the software, all with no royalty or
other costs. In some cases, there can be an obligation to
share improvements with the wider community, thus
guaranteeing global benefit.
1. Use the software without access restrictions, within the
terms of the license applied
2. View the source code
3. Improve and add to the object and source code, within
the terms of the license applied and this may include a
term making it mandatory to publish modified code on
the community website
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
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4. Distribute the source code.
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) maintains the
Open Source Definition (OSD), and is recognised
globally as the authority on certifying whether a license
is truly open source.
The restated policy on open source software aimed
to ensure maximum value for money for taxpayers. The
policy reflected changes to both the open source market
and the Government's approach to IT. The policy set out
a requirement for there to be a level playing field for
open source software, and encouraged the use of open
standards and the re-use of already purchased software.
The Action Plan set out the steps needed across
Government, and with our IT suppliers, to take
advantage of the benefits of open source. The key points
of the Government‘s policy are set out below:
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(1) The Government will actively and fairly consider
open source solutions alongside proprietary ones in
making procurement decisions,
(2) Procurement decisions will be made on the basis on
the best value for money solution to the business
requirement, taking account of total lifetime cost of
ownership of the solution, including exit and transition
costs, after ensuring that solutions fulfil minimum and
essential capability, security, scalability, transferability,
support and manageability requirements.
(3) The Government will expect those putting forward
IT solutions to develop where necessary a suitable mix
of open source and proprietary products to ensure that
the best possible overall solution can be considered.
(4) Where there is no significant overall cost difference
between open and non-open source products, open
source will be selected on the basis of its additional
inherent flexibility.
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Pros and cons of Open Source
Solutions In recent years the software and wider IT
marketplace has developed to make open source
products more competitive and easier to include in
enterprise business solutions. However the suitability
of open source is best determined on a case-bycase
basis and requires a detailed and well-informed
evaluation. A fair assessment needs to be made as to
which solution offers the best value for the taxpayer, it
is important to bear in mind that there will be pros and
cons for any solution.
Pros of Open Source may include:
1. The acquisition cost, development and
implementation contract costs are likely to be lower
than for proprietary software. It is less likely that there
will be contractually-bound upgrade costs. However,
the total cost of ownership over the lifetime of usage
must be taken into account
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
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2. Data transferability; with open source code and a
move towards open data formats, there are greater
opportunities to share data across interoperable
platforms 3. Increased opportunities for reuse. Because
open source is free from per user or per instance costs
and there is a guaranteed freedom to use in any way,
reuse is enabled.
4. Paying once for development (if at all) and reuse
across government where appropriate, therefore
offering cost effectiveness.
5. By virtue of their collaborative design, many user-
facing open source products are intuitive for the user
6. Potential for fast cycle time of releases and bug fixes;
7. Opportunities for customization and community
innovation within government and the wider public
sector, and also citizens, SMEs.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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8. Open source licences do not limit or restrict who can
use the software, the type of user, or the areas of
business in which the software can be used.
9. Open Source solutions are scalable in both directions
– upwards and downwards with a reduction in the risk
of longer term financial implications.
Cons of Open Source may include:
1. If the source code is made available to the wider
community, it is also vulnerable to threats from the
hacker community.
2. Intellectual property rights – as code is modified and
adapted by departments, there may be legal risks
around whether the code retains its open source status
and who owns the intellectual property rights of the
modified code.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
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Intellectual property (IP)
Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to
creation of the intellect (the term used in studies of the
human mind) for which a is assigned to designated
owners by law. Some common types of intellectual
property rights (IPR), in some foreign countries
intellectual property rights is referred to as industrial
property, copyright, patent and trademarks, trade
secrets all these cover music, literature and other
artistic works, discoveries and inventions and words,
phrases, symbols and designs. Intellectual Property
Rights are themselves a form of property called
intangible property.
Although many of the legal principles governing IP and
IPR have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19
th century that the term intellectual property began to
be used and not until the late 20 th century that it
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became common place in the majority of the world. IP is
divided into two categories for ease of understanding:
1. Industrial Property
2. Copyright Industrial property, which includes
inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs,
and geographic indications of source; and Copyright,
which includes literary and artistic works such as
novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic
works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and
sculptures, and architectural designs.
Rights related to copyright include those of performing
artists in their performances, producers of phonograms
in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their
radio and television programs.
Open Source and Open Standards
Open source and open standards are not the same
thing. Open source refers to software whose source
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OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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code is freely available to users for reference,
debugging, modification, and/or extension. Open
standards are, typically, specifications: formal
descriptions of software or software interfaces. Open
standards may have reference implementations, but the
description in the formal standard typically takes
precedence over the behaviour of a reference
implementation.
It is interesting that the two phrases use the word
"open" so differently: For open source, open means that
the source code must be distributed with every copy of
an executable application and every recipient must be
allowed to modify and distribute the source code freely
to subsequent users. In open standards, open signifies
that the standards process is open to participation and
that the completed standards are available to everyone.
Working documents and drafts are typically kept
private to the issuing organization's members, and
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there may be reasonable conditions for participation
such as membership fees, but any person or company
may participate as a member at a meaningful level.
Many standards organizations give copies of their
standards away for free and the right to implement a
standard is typically also free and, if not, is available on
fair and equitable terms.
Open Source Licensing
A lot of confusion is out there about what exactly
licensing means. When you license your work, you’re
not giving away any of your rights. You still hold the
original copyright (or patent if you have one) on that
work. What a license does is grant specific permissions
for others to use that work.
Licensing is a great alternative to just releasing your
work into the public domain or granting permissions on
a case-by-case basis. By releasing into the public
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domain, you relinquish any copyright, and no one is
obligated to list you as the original author or
contributor. In the latter case, you may end up spending
more time dealing with individual permissions than
designing or developing.
Open-source licenses make it easy for others to
contribute to a project without having to seek special
permission. It also protects you as the original creator,
making sure you at least get some credit for your
contributions. It also helps to prevent others from
claiming your work as their own.
1. GNU General Public License
The GNU General Public Licence (GPL) is probably one
of the most commonly used licenses for open-source
projects. The GPL grants and guarantees a wide range of
rights to developers who work on open-source projects.
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Basically, it allows users to legally copy, distribute and
modify software. This means you can:
Copy the software.. Copy it onto your own servers,
your client’s servers, your own computer, pretty much
anywhere you want. There’s no limit to the number of
copies you can make.
Distribute the software however you want.. Provide
a download link on your website. Put the software on a
bunch of thumb drives and give them away. Print out
the source code and throw it from the rooftops (please
don’t, though, because that would waste a lot of paper
and make a mess).
Charge a fee to distribute the software.. If you want
to charge someone to provide the software, set it up on
their website or do anything else related to it, you can
do so. But, you must give them a copy of the GNU GPL,
which basically tells them that they could probably get
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OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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the software elsewhere for free. Best to be up front
about that, and about why you’re charging them.
Make whatever modifications to the software you
want.. If you want to add or remove functionality, go
ahead. If you want to use a portion of the code in
another project, you can. The only catch is that the other
project must also be released under the GPL.
Please note that it is very important to see source and
binaries distribution as two very different things. Also,
there are issues and restrictions with some licenses
when used with applications released under “each
other”.
2. GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
You should be aware of another GNU license: the Lesser
General Public Licence (LGPL). It grants fewer rights to
a work than the standard GPL. Generally, the LGPL is
appropriate for libraries that want to allow linking from
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non-GPL and non-open-source software. Because the
GPL requires that other software with parts of licensed
code to also be licensed under the GPL, developers
cannot use GPL-licensed code for paid and proprietary
software. The LGPL negates this by not requiring other
projects with parts of the code to be similarly licensed.
3. BSD License
BSD licenses represent a family of permissive free
software licenses that have fewer restrictions on
distribution compared to other free software licenses
such as the GNU General Public License. Among
different versions of the license two versons are
particularly important: the New BSD License/Modified
BSD License, and the Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD
License. Both have been verified as GPL-compatible free
software licenses, and have been accepted as open
source licenses by the Open Source Initiative.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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The New BSD License (“3-clause license”) allows
unlimited redistribution for any purpose as long as its
copyright notices and the license’s disclaimers of
warranty are maintained. The license also contains a
clause restricting use of the names of contributors for
endorsement of a derived work without specific
permission. The primary difference between the New
BSD License and the Simplified BSD license is that the
latter omits the non-endorsement clause.
4. MIT License
The MIT License is the shortest and probably broadest
of all the popular open-source licenses. Its terms are
very loose and more permissive than most other
licenses. The basic provision of the license (minus the
information that it is provided without warranty, which
comprises the final paragraph) is as follows:
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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the
Software without restriction, including without
limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the
Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
is furnished to do so, subject to the following
conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice
shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of
the Software.
What this means is that:
You can use, copy and modify the software however you
want. No one can prevent you from using it on any
project, from copying it however many times you want
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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and in whatever format you like, or from changing it
however you want.
You can give the software away for free or sell it. You
have no restrictions on how to distribute it.
The only restriction is that it be accompanied by the
license agreement.
The MIT License is the least restrictive license out there.
It basically says that anyone can do whatever they want
with the licensed material, as long as it’s accompanied
by the license.
5. Apache License
The Apache License, Version 2.0, grants a number of
rights to users. These rights can be applied to both
copyrights and patents. Because some licenses can be
applied only to copyrights and not patents, this
flexibility would be an obvious factor in a patent
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING - 6th sem
OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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developer’s choice of license Here are some more
details on what the Apache License allows:
Rights are perpetual.. Once they’ve been granted, you
can continue to use them forever.
Rights are worldwide.. If the rights are granted in one
country, then they’re granted in all countries. For
example, if you’re in the US and the original license was
granted in India, you’re not prevented from using the
code under the license.
Rights are granted for no fee or royalty.. Not only will
you not be charged any kind of up-front usage fee, but
you will not be charged fees on a per-usage or any other
basis either.
Rights are non-exclusive.. You can use the licensed
work, and so can anyone else.
Rights are irrevocable.. No one can take these rights
away once they’re granted. In other words, you don’t
need to worry that down the road, when you’ve created
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OPEN SOURCETECHNOLOGY
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some awesome derivative of the licensed code, someone
will swoop in and say,
Creative Commons
Creative Commons (CC) licenses aren’t quite open-
source licenses, but they are commonly used for design
projects. A wide variety of CC licenses is available, each
granting certain rights. A CC license has four basic parts,
which can be enacted individually or in combination.
Here’s an overview of the parts:
Attribution. The author must be attributed as the
creator of the work. Beyond that, the work can be
modified, distributed, copied and otherwise used.
Share Alike. The work can be modified, distributed and
so forth, but only under the same CC license.
Non-Commercial. The work can be modified,
distributed and so on, but not for commercial purposes.
The language about what constitutes “commercial” is a
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bit vague (no express definition is provided), so you
may want to clarify this in your own projects. For
example, some might interpret “non-commercial” as
simply meaning that you can’t sell the work. Others
might take it to mean that you can’t even put the work
on a website that has advertising. Still others might
consider something is “commercial” only if it makes a
profit.
No Derivative Works. This means you can copy and
distribute the licensed work, but you can’t modify it in
any way or create work based on the original.
OPERATING SYSTEM
Every time you switch on your computer, you see a
screen where you can perform different activities like
write, browse the internet or watch a video. What is it
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SRINAGAR GARHWAL
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that makes the computer hardware work like that? How
does the processor on your computer know that you are
asking it to run a mp3 file? Well, it is the operating
system or the kernel which does this work.
A kernel is a program at the heart of any operating
system that takes care of fundamental stuff, like letting
hardware communicate with software. So, to work on
your computer, you need an Operating System(OS).
In fact, you are using one as you read this on your
computer. Now, you may have used popular OS's like
Windows, Apple OS X but here we will learn what Linux
is and what benefits it offers over other OS choices.
Linux
Linux is an operating system or a kernel. It is
distributed under an open source license. Its
functionality list is quite like UNIX.
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UNIX is called the mother of operating systems
which laid out the foundation to Linux. Unix is designed
mainly for mainframes and is in enterprises and
universities. While Linux is fast becoming a household
name for computer users, developers, and server
environment. You may have to pay for a Unix kernel
while in Linux it is free.
Linux is open-source, free to use kernel. It is used
by programmers, organizations, profit and non- profit
companies around the world to create Operating
systems to suit their individual requirements. To
prevent hacking attempts, many organizations keep
their Linux operating systems private. Many others
make their variations of Linux available publicly so the
whole world can benefit at large. These versions/ types
/kinds of Linux operating system are called
Distributions.
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primarily it has these components: the Kernel,
Hardware layer, System library, Shell and System utility.
1. The kernel is the core part of the operating system,
which is responsible for all the major activities of the
LINUX operating system.
W3C
Protocols are the languages that programs and
devices use to “talk” to each other. It is the
basic protocol for exchanging Web pages and related
information around the Internet. W3C also defines the
SOAP protocol that can be used to build more
sophisticated services on top of the Web.
Created in 1994, W3C is an international
community of member organizations that articulates
web standards so that websites look and work the
same in all web browsers. ... In particular, W3C
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standards for XML and CSS ensure that every website
will function the same on any browser.
XML
Extensible markup Language or XML plays a
significant role in the present world of
web development, it is perfectly useful for those who
wish to make use of web technologies for distributing
information across the web. Like HTML, XML is also
being used to format a document with a web browser
XML is used to encode all communications to a web
service. For example, a client invokes a web service by
sending an XML message, then waits for a
corresponding XML response. Webservices are XML-
based information exchange systems that use the
Internet for direct application-to-application
interaction.
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The extensible Markup Language (XML) is an open
standard facilitating a means to share data and
information between computers and computer
programs as unambiguously as possible. Once
transmitted, it is up to the receiving computer program
to interpret the data for some useful purpose thus
turning the data into information. Sometimes the data
will be rendered as HTML. Other times it might be used
to update and/or query a database. Originally intended
as a means for Web publishing, the advantages of XML
have proven useful for things never intended to be
rendered as Web pages.
It is helpful to compare XML to other written
languages. Like others, XML has a certain syntax. One on
hand, the syntax is very simple. You really only need to
know six or seven rules in order to create structurally
sound -- oftentimes called "well-formed" -- XML
documents. On the other hand, since XML is also
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intended to be read by computers, the rules are very
particular. If you make even the slightest syntactical
error the whole thing is ruined. Here are the rules:
1. XML documents always have one and only one root
element
2. Element names are case-sensitive
3. Elements are always closed
4. Elements must be correctly nested
5. Elements' attributes must always be quoted
6. There are only five entities defined by default (<, >, &, ",
and ')
7. When necessary, namespaces must be employed to
eliminate vocabulary clashes.
MySQL Database
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Database
A database is a separate application that stores a
collection of data. Each database has one or more
distinct APIs for creating, accessing, managing,
searching and replicating the data it holds.
Other kinds of data stores can also be used, such as
files on the file system or large hash tables in memory
but data fetching and writing would not be so fast and
easy with those type of systems.
Nowadays, we use relational database
management systems (RDBMS) to store and manage
huge volume of data. This is called relational database
because all the data is stored into different tables and
relations are established using primary keys or other
keys known as Foreign Keys.
A Relational DataBase Management System
(RDBMS) is a software that −
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Enables you to implement a database with tables,
columns and indexes.
Guarantees the Referential Integrity between rows of
various tables.
Updates the indexes automatically.
Interprets an SQL query and combines information
from various tables.
RDBMS Terminology
Before we proceed to explain the MySQL database
system, let us revise a few definitions related to the
database.
Database − A database is a collection of tables, with
related data.
Table − A table is a matrix with data. A table in a
database looks like a simple spreadsheet. G P S
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Column − One column (data element) contains data of
one and the same kind, for example the column
postcode.
Row − A row (= tuple, entry or record) is a group of
related data, for example the data of one subscription.
Redundancy − Storing data twice, redundantly to make
the system faster.
Primary Key − A primary key is unique. A key value
can not occur twice in one table. With a key, you can
only find one row.
Foreign Key − A foreign key is the linking pin between
two tables.
Compound Key − A compound key (composite key) is
a key that consists of multiple columns, because one
column is not sufficiently unique.
Index − An index in a database resembles an index at
the back of a book.
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Referential Integrity − Referential Integrity makes
sure that a foreign key value always points to an
existing row.
MySQL Database
MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for
many small and big businesses. MySQL is developed,
marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which is a
Swedish company. MySQL is becoming so popular
because of many good reasons −
MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you
have nothing to pay to use it.
MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It
handles a large subset of the functionality of the most
expensive and powerful database packages.
MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL
data language.
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MySQL works on many operating systems and with
many languages including PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.
MySQL works very quickly and works well even with
large data sets.
MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated
language for web development.
MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows
or more in a table. The default file size limit for a table
is 4GB, but you can increase this (if your operating
system can handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million
terabytes (TB).
MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license
allows programmers to modify the MySQL software to
fit their own specific environments.
MySQL Server works in:
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• client/server systems → a system that consists of a
multi-threaded SQL server that supports different
backends, several different client programs and
libraries, administrative tools, and a wide range of
application programming interfaces (APIs).
• embedded systems → provide MySQL Server as an
embedded multi-threaded library that can be linked
into an application to get a smaller, faster, easier-to-
manage standalone product.
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