G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia What to expect? Core modules IntroductionIntroduction...
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Transcript of G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia What to expect? Core modules IntroductionIntroduction...
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
What to expect?
Core modules
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Finding out relevant literatureFinding out relevant literature
• General guidelines for literature appraisalGeneral guidelines for literature appraisal
• Abstract and Introduction appraisalAbstract and Introduction appraisal
• Methods and Results appraisal 1Methods and Results appraisal 1 - - Patients and proceduresPatients and procedures
• Methods and Results appraisal 2Methods and Results appraisal 2 - - Data collection/management and Data collection/management and
descriptive analysisdescriptive analysis
• Methods and Results appraisal 3Methods and Results appraisal 3 - - Inferential analysisInferential analysis
• Discussion and Conclusions appraisalDiscussion and Conclusions appraisal
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
The abstract is the most read (and thus probablyThe abstract is the most read (and thus probably
important) part of an article!important) part of an article!
While reading an abstract seems an easy task, someWhile reading an abstract seems an easy task, some
points should be borne in mind:points should be borne in mind:
• Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures, Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures,
outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?
• Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?
• Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers, Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers,
percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p
valuesvalues
Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading
should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Ardissino JAMA 2004
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
The abstract is the most read (and thus probablyThe abstract is the most read (and thus probably
important) part of an article!important) part of an article!
While reading an abstract seems an easy task, someWhile reading an abstract seems an easy task, some
points should be borne in mind:points should be borne in mind:
• Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures, Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures,
outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?
• Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?
• Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers, Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers,
percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p
valuesvalues
Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading
should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Ardissino JAMA 2004
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
The abstract is the most read (and thus probablyThe abstract is the most read (and thus probably
important) part of an article!important) part of an article!
While reading an abstract seems an easy task, someWhile reading an abstract seems an easy task, some
points should be borne in mind:points should be borne in mind:
• Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures, Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures,
outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?
• Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?
• Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers, Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers,
percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p
valuesvalues
Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading
should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
The abstract is the most read (and thus probablyThe abstract is the most read (and thus probably
important) part of an article!important) part of an article!
While reading an abstract seems an easy task, someWhile reading an abstract seems an easy task, some
points should be borne in mind:points should be borne in mind:
• Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures, Are background, study hypothesis/aim, setting, patients, procedures,
outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?outcomes, results, limitations and implications provided?
• Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?Is the abstract coherent in itself and to attached tables and text?
• Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers, Are precise statistical data provided? These include raw numbers,
percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p percentages, summary point estimates, confidence intervals and p
valuesvalues
Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading Remember, the only question that an abstract you are reading
should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?should address is: is this paper worth of reading in full text?
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Ardissino JAMA 2004
Abstract appraisalAbstract appraisal
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
The introduction is an important part of an article, yet The introduction is an important part of an article, yet
you should not expect or demand too much you should not expect or demand too much
sophistication from the authors…sophistication from the authors…
While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key
points should be looked for and read carefully:points should be looked for and read carefully:
• Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into
context briefly but precisely?context briefly but precisely?
• Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a
rationale for the study?rationale for the study?
• Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies
whether the study is prospective or retrospective!whether the study is prospective or retrospective!
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
The introduction is an important part of an article, yet The introduction is an important part of an article, yet
you should not expect or demand too much you should not expect or demand too much
sophistication from the authors…sophistication from the authors…
While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key
points should be looked for and read carefully:points should be looked for and read carefully:
• Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into
context briefly but precisely?context briefly but precisely?
• Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a
rationale for the study?rationale for the study?
• Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies
whether the study is prospective or retrospective!whether the study is prospective or retrospective!
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
Ardissino JAMA 2004
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
The introduction is an important part of an article, yet The introduction is an important part of an article, yet
you should not expect or demand too much you should not expect or demand too much
sophistication from the authors…sophistication from the authors…
While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key
points should be looked for and read carefully:points should be looked for and read carefully:
• Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into
context briefly but precisely?context briefly but precisely?
• Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a
rationale for the study?rationale for the study?
• Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies
whether the study is prospective or retrospective!whether the study is prospective or retrospective!
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
Ardissino JAMA 2004
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
The introduction is an important part of an article, yet The introduction is an important part of an article, yet
you should not expect or demand too much you should not expect or demand too much
sophistication from the authors…sophistication from the authors…
While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key While thus the introduction should be read, only a few key
points should be looked for and read carefully:points should be looked for and read carefully:
• Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into Are the disease, population, and interventions under interest put into
context briefly but precisely?context briefly but precisely?
• Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a Are drawbacks of current approaches emphasized in order to provide a
rationale for the study?rationale for the study?
• Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies Is the study hypothesis clearly stated? This hopefully also clarifies
whether the study is prospective or retrospective!whether the study is prospective or retrospective!
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Introduction appraisalIntroduction appraisal
Ardissino JAMA 2004
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Teaching pointTeaching point
The more structered the abstract/introduction, the more readable and informative!The more structered the abstract/introduction, the more readable and informative!
G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia
Teaching pointTeaching point