List of participants at N.A.T.O. - A.R.I. Symposium, May 22-26, 1979

Dr. G. Abrahamsen

Dr. M. Alexander

Dr. F. Andersson

Dr. B. Bache

Dr. M. Benarie

Dr. G. Brunskill

Norwegian Forest Research Institute Postbox 61 1432 As-NLH Norway

Dept. of Agronomy 708 Bradfield Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 U.S.A.

Barrskoglandskarets Ekologi Lanllrukshogskolan Box 7008, 5-750 07, Uppsala 7 Sweden

Macauley Research Institute Agricultural Research Council Aberdeen Scotland

Institute National de Recherche Chimique Appliquee

B.P.I. 91710 Vert-Ie-Petit France

Freshwater Institute Department of Environment University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada

629

630

Mr. C. Cogbill

Dr. E.B. Cowling

Dr. R.M. Cox

Dr. P. Dillon

Dr. D. Fowler

Dr. J.N. Galloway

Mr. W. Gizyn

Dr. R.A. Goldstein

Dr. E. Gorham

c/o Dr. Maycock Erindale College

PARTICIPANTS

Dept. of Biology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Department of Plant Pathology and Forest Resources

North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S.A.

Institute of Environmental Studies Haultain Building University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lAl

Ministry of the Environment Resources Road Islington, Ontario, Canada

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Bush Estate Peniciuk Midlothian EH26 ORA Scotland

Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 U.S.A.

Mining Building Department of Botany University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lAl

Environmental Assessment Department 3412 Hillview Avenue Post Office Box 10412 Palo Alto, CA 94303 U.S.A.

University of Minnesota Department of Ecology and

Behavional Biology 108 Zoology Building, 318 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 U.S.A.

PARTICIPANTS

Dr. F. Gormley

Dr. F. Gravenhorst

Dr. P. Grennfeldt

Dr. B. Haines

Miss Magda Havas

Dr. P. Havas

Mr. Keith Hendrie

Dr. N.C.B. Hotz

Mr. L.D. Hudon

Manager, Environmental Projects INCO 1 First Canadian Place P.O. Box 44

631

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5X lC4

Institute of Atmospheric Chemistry Kernforschungsanlage Julich D-5l70 Julich Federal Republic of Germany

IVL Box 5207 Sten Sturegatan 42 S-40924 Gothenbuorg 5 Sweden

The University of Georgia Botany Department Athens, Georgia 30602 U.S.A.

Institute for Environmental Studies Haultain Building University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4

Department of Botany University of Oulu SF - 90100 Oulu Finland

c/o Professor F.K. Hare Institute for Environmental Studies University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4

66 Orrin Avenue Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 3X7

Secretary, Ministry of State Science and Technology Canada 270 Albert Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A lAl

632

Dr. T.C. Hutchinson

Dr. J.S. Jacobson

Dr. 1. Johnsen

Dr. D.W. Johnson

Dr. A. Kallend

Dr. K.H. Lakhani

Dr. G.E. Likens

Chairman, Department of Botany University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1

PARTICIPANTS

Center for Environmental Res. Cornell University Hollister Hall Ithaca 14853, N.Y. U.S.A.

University of Copenhagen Institute of Plant Ecology Oster Farimagsgade 2D DK-1353 Copenhagen, K Denmark

Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 U.S.A.

C.E.G.B. Central Electricity Research

Laboratories Kelvin Avenue Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7SE England

The Inst. of Terrestrial Ecology Monks Wood Experimental Station Abbots Ripton Huntingdon England PEl7 2LS

Section of Ecology and Systematics Division of Biological Sciences Cornell University Bldg., #6, Langmuir Laboratory Ithaca, New York 14850 U.S.A.

PARTICIPANTS

Dr. S. Linzon

Dr. F. Maine

Dr. R. Mayer

Dr. W.W. McFee

Dr. R.E. Munn

Dr. I.A. Nicholson

Dr. P.I. Nilsson

Chief, Air Resources Branch Ministry of the Environment Suite 347 880 Bay Street

633

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lZ8

Ministry of State Science and Technology Canada 270 Albert Street Ottawa, Ontario KIA lAl

Institut fur Bodenkunde und Waldernagrung

Universitat Gottingen 3400 Gottingen Bunsgenweg 2 West Germany

Director, Natural Resources and Environmental

Science Programme Purdue University Life Science Building West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 U.S.A.

Institute for Environmental Studies University of Toronto, Haultain Building Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Banchory Research Station Hill of Brathens Glassel, Banchory Kincardineshire AB3 4 BY Scotland

Dept. of Plant Ecology University of Lund Lund Sweden

634

Dr. S. Oden

Dr. L. Petersen

Dr. K. Puckett

Dr. P.J. Rennie

Dr. J.E. Rippon

Dr. T. M. Roberts

Dr. I. Rorison

Dr. M. Schnitzer

Dr. H. M. Seip

PARTICIPANTS

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Department of Soil Sciences S-750 07 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Soils The Royal Veterinary and

Agricultutral College Copenhagen V Denmark

Environment Canada Atmospheric Environment Service 905 Dufferin Street Dbwnsview, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4

Environmental Analyst Canadian Forestry Service Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KlA OE7

C.E.G.B. Research Division Kelvin Avenue Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7SE England

C.E.R.L. Kelvin Avenue Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7SE England

Nature Conservancy Unit Unit of Comparative Ecology Department of Botany University of Sheffield Sheffield England

Soil Science Research Institute Central Experimental Farm Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

SI, Forskningsv 1 PB 350 Blindern Oslo 3 Norway

PARTICIPANTS

Dr. David Shriner

Dr. S. Stevens

Dr. P.M. Stokes

Dr. R.S. Strayer

Dr. B. Tveite

Dr. H.B. Tukey, Jr.

Dr. B. Ulrich

Dr. L. Wiklander

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 U.S .A.

Air Resources Branch Ministry of the Environment Suite 347 880 Bay Street

635

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lZ8

Institute for Environmental Studies Haultain Building University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4

Dept. of Agronomy 708 Bradfield Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 U.S.A.

The SNSF- Project Box 61 1432 As-NLH Norway

New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Cornell University Department of Floriculture and

Ornamental Horticulture 20 Plant Sciences Building Ithaca, N.Y. 14853 U.S.A.

Institut fur Bodenkunde und Waldernahrung

Universitat Gottingen 3400 Gottingen Busgenweg 2 West Germany

Department of Soil Science Agricultural College Sweden Uppsala Sweden

Species Index

Acer, 146 Acer rubra, 336, 409 Agrostis stolonifera, 295, 409 Agrostis tenuis, 286 Alnus glutinosa, 506 Alternaria solani, 437 Anaptychia ciliaris, 133, 134 Antitrichia curtipendula, 134 Anurida pygmaea, 346, 350

Beta vulgaris, 142 Betula papyrifera, 399, 412 Betula pendula, 506, 510 Brassica napus, 288 Brassica oleracea, 143

Calluna vulgaris, 87, 320 Carya glabra, 336 Carya illinoensis, 336 Cladosporium macrocarpum, 345 Coffea arabica, 143 Cognettia sphagnetorum, 346,

350, 357, 377 Collybia acena, 345 Coniothyrium, 345 Cornus florida, 336

Deschampsia cespitosa, 494 Des champsi a flexuosa, 289,

510 Diervilla lonicera, 409

Elatobium abietinum, 170 Enchytronia parva, 346 Euonymus alatus, 146, 147

Fagus sylvatica, 256, 320, 506

Fusarium oxysporum, 422

Holcus lanatus, 290, 291 Hypnum cupressiforme, 137 Hypogymnia physodes, 137, 139

Ilex aquifolium, 506 Isotoma notabilis, 346, 350 Isotomiella minor, 346, 350

Juniperus chinensis, 143

Larix decidua, 506 Lecanora conizaeoides, 137, 139 Liriodendron tulipifera, 336 Lobaria pulmonaria, 134

Malus domestica, 142 Medicago lupulina, 368 Mesenchytraeus pelicencis, 345 Micromphalia perforans, 345 Mortierella, 421 Mucor, 421 Musa, 143

Nanhermannia, 346 Nothrus silvestris, 346

Oppia obsoleta, 377

penicillium, 421 Pharbitis nil, 148 Phaseolus vulgaris, 142, 144,

439 Physcietum ascendentis, 133 Physconia pulverulenta, 133, 134

~7

638

Picea abies, 123, 129, 142 256, 342

Picea sitchensis, 164 Pinus contorta, 342 Pinus nigra, 161, 162, 382 Pinus strobus, 399, 412, 584 Pinus sylvestris, 123, 142,

320, 374, 381, 382, 384, 509, 510, 539

Polygonum cilinode, 409 Populus tremula, 357 Populus tremuloides, 399, 412 Pseudomonas phaseolicala, 438 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 320 pteridium aquilinum, 506, 510

Quercus coccinea, 336 Quercus prinus, 336 Quercus rubra, 336

Rhizobium, 368, 439, 599

SPECIES INDEX

Scabiosa columbaria, 289 Silene cucubalus, 297 Sphagnum, 506 Stereocaulon nanodes, 139

Theobroma cacao, 143 Thielaviopsis basicola, 370 Trachytes, 377 Trichoderma, 421 Trichoderma harzianum, 345, 352 Trichoderma viride, 359 Tsuga heterophylla, 510 Tullbergia krausbaueri, 346, 350

. 377

vaccinium myrtillus, 506 vaccinium vitis-Idaea, 320

Willemia anophthalma, 346

xanthoria lobulata, 134

Subject Index

Abscisic acid in vegetation, 141, 147

Acetate, 52 Acid deposition, See also Acid

precipitation, Acidi­fication 327, 333, 472, 537, 538

effect on aquatic ecosystems, 465-480,

effect on terrestrial eco­systems, 474

onto lakes, 466 Acid drainage, 493 Acid exchangeable cations, 569 Acid leaching

from soils, 481-495 Acid phosphatase, 399, 413,

415, 423 Acid precipitation, See also

Acid deposition, Acidification 9, 41-53, 69, 89, 123, 185, 255, 280, 283, 381, 459-461, 482, 526

components of, 95-108, 186, 465-467

effects on aquatic ecosys­tems, 151, 335, 609, 610

effects on decomposition, 341-360

effects on elemental cycling, 335-339, 599, 600

effects on nutrients, 573

effects on pathogens 43~-440, 607, 608

effects on soil, 174,223-235, 389, 494,499-523, 577, 591-596

effects on soil organisms, 341-360, 481

effects on terrestrial output, 465-480, 609, 610

effects on vegetation, 141-148, 151, 158, 305-316, 435, 481, 607, 608

input to terrestrial ecosystems, 29-40

phytotoxic components of, 154 simulated See Simulated acid

precipitation Acid soils, 274, 570

effects on vegetation, 299 Acid sulphate soils, 118, 120,

185, 283, 285, 554, 560 Acid-base status of soils, 327 Acidification, See also Acid

deposition, Acid precip­itation

effects on decomposition,. 365-380, 601-606

effects on soil organisms, 375-380, 601-606

effects on terrestrial ecosys­tems, 186-188

of soils, 183-200, 306, 468 of streamwater, 255

Acidity

639

effects on humic substances, 203-222

effects on microbial processes, 363, 373

Acidity (cont'd) of lakewater, 468 total in soil, 191

Acidity potential of soil, 191

Acids in the atmosphere, 29-40 in lakewater, 467 strong, 100, 106, 234, 235,

459, 573 weak, 100, 106

Acrisols, 575-577 Actinomycetes, 363, 364, 366,

367, 369, 370 Adaptation to acid conditions,

297 Adirondack lakes, 493 Adirondack Mountains, 465, 468 Adsorption

by sediments, 470 by vegetation, 295

Adsorption isotherms, 537-550 Aerobic soils, 292 Aerodynamic resistance, 11-13,

15 Aerosol impaction, 58, 61 Agricultural crops, 142, 373 Agricultural land, 185, 193,

467 Agriculture, 255 Air density, 11 Air polluti.on

in Denmark, 133-139 effects on biota, 123-129 effects on soil, 174 effects on vegetation, 10 in Finland, 123-129 from coal combustion, 466 from industrial sources,

466 Alder, 225 Alfalfa, 368 Alfisols, 575 Algae, 485, 363 Aliphatic acids, 206 Alkaline soils, 470 Alkaloids

in vegetation, 141 Alkanes

in precipitation, 466

Alkanes (cont'd) in soil, 206, 209

Allelopathy, 146 A110phane

SUBJECT INDEX

in soil, 193 Alluvial deposits, 574 Aluminum, 190

effects on biota, 469, 485, 493

effects on vegetation, 288, 494

in leachate, 234, 511 in pond and lakewater, 483,

493 in precipitation, 468, 469 in soil, 194, 223-227, 240,

270-273, 286, 468, 526, 570

in streamwater, 444, 445, 485 in the watershed, 326 solubility of, 287, 482

Aluminum buffering in soil, 270

Aluminum hydroxide, 469, 553 Aluminum leaching

from soil, 389, 466, 468, 469, 482

Aluminum mobilization in soil, 187, 188

Aluminum-nitrogen interactions 289

Aluminum oxides in soil, 469, 576

Aluminum phosphate in soil, 470

Aluminum tolerance, 494 Aluminum toxicity, 290, 368, 371

amelioration of, 290 Alumino-silicates

in soil, 186, 193, 468 Amides, 292 Amino acids, 141, 292 Amelioration of metal toxicity,

289, 290 Ammonium

in precipitation, 154, 384, 444, 445, 447

in soil, 287 in streamwater, 445, 469

SUBJECT INDEX

Ammonium deposition, 326 Ammonium leaching

from soil, 389 Ammonium sulphate, 384 Andosols, 193 Antagonism, 156, 289 Anthocyanin pigments, 146 Anthropogenic emissions, 95,

107, 120 Antimony

in sediments, 466 Apatite, 470 Aphids, 170 Apothecia, 134 Apple, 142 Aquatic ecosystems

input from terrestrial eco-systems, 465-480

Arctic, 482 Arenoso1s, 576, 577 Argillaceous sediments, 185 Arid regions, 467 Aridisols, 574 Arsenic emissions, 483 Arthropods, 357, 376 Ash, 225 Asia, 223 Aspen, 357 Atmospheric deposition, 176,

325 effects on aquatic ecosys­

tems, 472 effects on vegetation, 583,

584 of heavy metals, 466 upon land, 467

Atmospheric resistance, 13 Atmospheric turbulence, 40 Auxins, 141, 147

Bacteria, 185, 226, 288, 341, 363, 367-371, 376, 377, 389, 437, 438, 440, 471, 519

Baltic Sea, 113 Banana, 143 Bark, 180

pH of, 137, 139 Basalt, 270, 529

Base exchangeable cations, 569 Base saturation, 90, 193, 326,

381, 382, 468, 537, 553, 556, 558, 563, 569, 573, 575, 576

Bases strong, 261

Basidiomycetes, 345

641

Bean, 142, 144, 154, 371, 438 Bedrock, 116, 176, 473, 475 Beech, 170, 177, 178, 180, 185,

225, 256, 259, 268, 271, 280, 320, 322, 467

Benzene, 472 Benzoic acid, 521 Bicarbonate

in precipitation, 445 in stream water, 445

Bicarbonate leaching from soil, 186

Biogeochemistry of sulphur, 69

Birch, 225, 306 Bituminous shale, 482 Black medick, 368 Blue-green algae, 367, 369, 371 Bluff body forces, 12 Bogs, 506 Boreal forest, 341, 570 Boundary layer, 10, 17 Boundary layer resistance, 13 Brachychtoniidae, 346 Brass foundry, 491 British Columbia, 86 British Isles, 148 Brookhaven, 152 Brown earths, 194, 469 Brown forest soil, 197 Brownian diffusion, 17, 19, 20,

21, 35 Bryophytes, 133-139 Budgets, 35-38, 111-121, 174,

176, 467, 508, 581, 582 Buffering

by vegetation, 128, 137, 327, 436, 467

in soils, 183, 184, 186, 188, 192, -194, 224, 234, 255, 269, 270, 272, 273, 276, 291, 327, 335, 381, 387,

642

Buffering in soils (cont'd) 406, 468,

469, 473, 481, 553, 556, 559, 563, 566, 570, 573, 575-577

Buffering capacity, 193, 198, 283, 325, 537, 570, 573, 575

Bulk collectors, 405 Bulk deposition, 396 Bulk precipitation collector,

71

Cabbage, 143 Cadmium

effects on biota, 485 in ponds, 483 in sediments, 466

Cadmium leaching from soils, 482-491

Calcareous soil, 13, 256, 257, 263, 294, 485, 557, 559, 567, 571,

Calcicole, 287-289 Calcifuge, 287, 288, 294, 289 45Calcium, 86

in lakewater, 469 in precipitation, 154, 445,

466, 468 in soil, 191, 406, 467, 470 in streamwater, 444, 445,

469, 485 in the watershed, 326 in vegetation, 409 input to terrestrial eco­

systems, 384 loss from bedrock, 468

Calcium carbonate in soil, 473, 542, 547, 563,

574, 575, 576 solubility of, 554

Calcium leaching from soil, 186, 197, 249,

389, 466, 468, 469, 491, 511, 550, 564, 571

from vegetation, 355 Calcium phosphate

solubility of, 287

SUBJECT INDEX

Calcium saturation, 191, 194, 537, 541

California, 148 Calsite, 257 Cambisols, 240, 245, 253, 254,

563,567, 574, 577 Canada, 34 Canopy, 33, 39, 40,

141, 163, 180, 259, 383, 389,

60, 63, 65, 164, 173, 174, 265, 266, 283, 459, 474, 475

Canopy resistance, 15 Cape Bathurst, 482 Carbohydrates, 142, 147 14Carbon, 521 Carbon

organic See Organic carbon Carbon cycle, 203, 365 Carbon dioxide

in the atmosphere, 203 in soil, 185, 292, 399, 413,

415, 422, 423, 554 Carbon dioxide production

by micro-organisms, 554 by vegetation, 554

Carbon leaching from soil, 227

Carbon monoxide emission of, 365

Carbon turnover, 359 Carbonic acid

in soil, 322, 560, 573 Carboxylic acid, 206, 215 Catalytic reaction, 30-31 Catchment studies, 501-508 Cation

loss from soil, 481-495 Cation exchange capacity, 262,

263, 270, 272, 382, 5'/6 of soil, 193, 194, 241, 245,

246, 252, 254, 381, 467, 511, 516, 547

of vegetation, 481 Cation exchange equilibrium, 188-

192 Cation exchange processes

in soil, 494 Cation exchange resins, See Resins Cell wall, 297

SUBJECT INDEX

Cellulose, 357 Cement dust

effects on vegetation, 439 Cereal crop, 15 Channelled flow, 195, 571 Chelation, 185, 216, 292

by vegetation, 296 Chloride

in precipitation, 154, 445 in streamwater, 445

Chloride leaching from soil, 186

Chlorophyll, 155 Chloroplast, 129 Chromium

in sediments, 466 Chromium

residence time in soils, 493 Chromium leaching

from soils, 482, 491 Chrysanthemum, 143, 147 Clay, 188, 197, 233, 241, 366,

541, 547, 550, 567, 574, 576

Clay minerals, 194, 221, 274, 470, 481, 550, 557

Clover, 368 Coal, 204 Coal combustion, 466, 474 Cobalt

in lake water. 485 in soil, 494

Cobalt emissions, 483, 493 Cocao, 143 Coffee, 143 Collectors

precipitation, 60, 71, 405 Collembola, 345, 346, 350,

358, 359, 377 Colloids

in soil, 538 Condensation nuclei, 21, 41 Conductivity, 90 Conifers, 35, 38, 106, 124,

128, 142, 155, 176, 185, 223, 263, 264, 377, 481, 556, 567

Coniston, 396, 405, 483, 485, 491

Copenhagen, 137, 139 Copper

emission of, 483 in lakewater, 469, 485, 493 in sediments, 470 in snow, 401 in soil, 405, 415, 494

Copper Cliff smelter, 395-426, 483, 487, 494

Copper leaching

643

from soil, 250, 482, 491 Cultivated soils, 559, 567 Cuticle, 10, 15, 38, 126, 143,

144, 154, 155, 170, 436, 438

Cycling of elements, 9, 203, 328 335, 341, 365, 472, 516 599, 600

Cytoplasmic pH, 292 Czechoslovakia, 86

Deciduous forests, 123, 142, 176, 337

Deciduous trees, 134, 155 Deciduous vegetation, 456 Decomposition, 177, 185, 255,

267, 319, 328, 341, 368, 377, 381-392, 395-426, 537

Deforestation, 459 Delamare forest, 384 Denitrification, 365, 369, 370 Denmark, l33 Deposition budget, 35-38 Deposition models, 38 Deposition velocity, 23, 34, 35,

37, 39, 64, 65, 71, 78, 401, 506

Derbyshire, 499 Detritus, 204 Diatomaceous earth, 225 Diatoms, 116 Diffusiophoresis, 19 Douglas fir, 320 Drainage basin, 468, 474 Drainage water, 456 Dry deposition, 9-25, 51, 53, 57-

66, 69-74, 78, 95, 100, 161-163, 170, 173, 176-178, 180, 259, 265, 266,

Dry deposition (cont'd) 276, 279, 326, 381, 383, 384, 401, 426, 499, 508, 579-582

Dry fallout, 61, 63, 111 Dry transfer, 61

Ecosystem simulation model, 337-339

Eddy diffusion, 10 EDTA, 218 Effect of pH

on metal toxicity, 368 Eluvial horizon, 223, 224, 227 Electric power plant emissions,

95 Emissions

from soils, 467 Enchytraeids, 345, 346, 350,

376, 377 England, 33, 421 English Lake District, 468 Entiso1s, 574, 577 Enzymatic activity, 298, 521 Enzymes, 147, 297 Epicuticu1ar wax, 438 Epidermus, 154 Ericaceae, 287 Erosion, 470, 475 Esker, 539 Esters

in precipitation, 466 Estuarine muds, 185 Europe, 25, 98, 111, 115, 134,

223, 255, 256, 263, 272, 278-280, 335, 465, 466

Evaporation, 155 Evapotranspiration, 444 Exchange capacity

of soils, 469, 481 Exchange complexes, 467 Exchange sites

in soils, 335 Exudate, 292

Fallout, 111, 118, 120-121, 466

SUBJECT INDEX

FA~-UNESCO

soil classification system, 575-577

Fatty acids, 206 Ferra1s01s, 576, 577 Fertilization, 112, 115, 157, 185

243, 252, 255, 278, 289, 306, 363, 365, 367, 368, 372, 467, 474, 539

Finland, 113, 123, 124, 126-128 Finnmark, 83 Fir trees, 63 Fish, 100 Fish mortality, 493 F10cu1ation, 119 Fluorides, 126, 127 F1uviso1s, 574 Fly ash, 440 Fog, 30 Food web, 341 Forest fires, 474 Forest soils, 570 Fossil fuels, 21, 264 Fractionation, 82 Frankfurt, 43, 47, 50, 51 Freezing point depression, 78 Friction velocity, 11 Fu1vic acids, 100, 103, 106, 204,

215, 218, 221, 222, 267, 272, 481, 556

chemistry of, 206 degradation of, 206-209 in aquatic ecosystems, 472 solubility of, 470

Fumigation of sulphur compounds, 482, 483

Fungi, 288, 341, 342, 345, 358, 359, 363, 364, 367, 369-371, 376, 377, 389, 400, 419, 421, 437, 438, 440, 471, 472, 519

Galactose, 354, 355 Ga1~ formation, 154 Gamma irradiation, 350 Gapon equation, 191 Gaseous absorption, 58, 61, 475 Gaseous emission, 475 Geneva, 447

SUBJECT INDEX

Germany, 50, 51, 53, 134, 170, 185, 278, 320, 467

Gibberellins in vegetation, 141

Gibbsite, 271, 469 Glaciation, 473 Glacier, 78 Glacifluvial sediments, 342 Glucose, 354 Goethite, 241 Gold

in sediments, 466 Grain, 142, 146 Granitic bedrock, 467, ·468 Grapes, 142, 148 Grasses, 88, 142 Greenland, 121 Groundwater, 176, 306, 312,

316, 342, 467, 475 acidification of, 563

Guard cell, 437 Gyttja soils, 554

Hardwood forest, 69 Headwater, 473 Heath, 87, 88, 185, 223 Heavy metals

deposition of, 538 effect on biota, 485 in lake water, 467 in precipitation, 466 in snow, 83

Heavy metal tolerance in vegetation, 295

Heavy metal toxicity to vegetation, 286

Histosols, 576 Homogeneous gasphase reac-

tions, 95 Homolytic reaction, 216 Horizontal windspeed, 11 Host, 363, 436-438 Hubbard Brook, 69-74, 443-462,

467, 532 Humic acids, 100, 103, 106,

204, 211, 215, 222, 422

chemistry of, 206 degradation of 206-209

Humic acid (cont'd) in soil, 481

Humic substances

645

chemistry of 209-216, 218-221 in aquatic ecosystems, 472 in soil, 203-222

Humid climates, 224, 468 Humification, 576 Humin, 204, 206 Humus, 87, 119, 185, 186, 188,

190, 194, 197, 198, 223, 225, 226, 255, 261-264, 278, 320, 322, 327, 345, 350, 357, 359, 364, 368, 376, 471, 510, 519, 521, 547, 556, 575, 576

Hydrocarbons emission of, 365 in sediments, 466 in precipitation, 466

Hydrochloric acid, 38, 556 Hydrogen bond, 211, 215 Hydrogen ion

consumption of, 255-280 in leachate, 511, 521 in precipitation, 443-445, 447,

450-454, 459, 506 in soil, 467, 523, 537, 550 in streamwater, 445, 459 input to terrestrial ecosystems,

383 input to watersheds, 326, 468 loss from watershed, 504 production of, 255-280

Hydrogen ion budget, 319-333 Hydrologic flows, 322, 325 Hydrologic flux, 444 Hydroxy-complexes

in soil, 472

Ice nuclei, 78 Illitic soils, 193, 194, 557 Illuvial horizon, 223, 224, 226,

227, 233 Inceptosols, 574, 577 India, 148 Indiana, 471 Indicator organisms, 366 Industrial spoils, 283

646

Integrating collectors, 60 International Nickel Comp­

any, 395-397 Intracellular pH, 292 Invertebrates, 341, 345-351,

357, 501, 504 l25Iodine, 86 Ion adsorption

mechanisms of, 240-246 Ion exchange equilibrium, 218 Iron

effect on vegetation, 288 in pond and lakewater,

483, 493 in precipitation, 45 in snow, 401 in soil, 223-227, 240, 286,

405, 511 in streamwater, 485 solubility of, 287, 482 toxicity of, 288, 368, 371

Iron citrate, 226 Iron cycle, 345 Iron hydroxide, 225, 226, 553 Iron leaching

from soil, 466, 481, 482, 487, 491

Iron oxides in soil, 469, 526, 576

Iron pan, 382, 510 Iron phosphates

in soil, 470 Irrigation, 539, 542 Isoenzymes, 301 Ithaca, 447

Jutland, 137 Jadraos, 320, 322, 325 Juniper, 143

Kaolinite, 193, 194, 469, 576 Kenya, 240

Lady Clough, 501, 504 Lake Constance, 466 Lake Vlinern, 115 Lakes

acidification of, 563 Lateral flow, 195

SUBJECT INDEX

Lateritic soil, 240, 243, 557 Latosols, 240, 243, 245, 246,

253, 254, 567 Leachate, 337, 469, 482 Leachate chemistry, 64, 141, 186,

232, 382, 383, 389, 487, 491, 511, 564, 566

Leaching from vegetation, 63, 64, 86,

141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 155, 161-171, 177, 259, 260, 336, 337, 355, 384, 413, 437

from soils, 174, 184, 198, 222, 224, 229, 234, 239-254, 257, 268, 270, 274, 276, 286, 319, 331, 335, 337, 384-387, 467-491, 481-495,499,508,525,533, 550, 556, 560, 566, 575

Lead, 459 in 1akewater, 466 in sediments, 466 residence time in soil, 493,

494 Lead candles, 72 Lead leaching

from soils, 482, 487, 491 Lead retention

by plants, 482 Legumes, 367, 368, 371 Leucoanthocyanins, 146 Lichens, 133-139, 320, 481 Lignin, 209, 376 Lignite combustion, 474 Lime potential, 191, 192, 197,

198, 569, 570 Limestone, 280 Limestone dust

effect on vegetation, 439 Liming, 185, 278, 286, 306, 309,

312, 313, 368, 381, 467, 474, 539, 550, 567, 571, 572

effect on decomposition, 341-360

effect on soil organisms, 341-360

Liquid phase reaction, 95 Lisselbo, 539

SUBJECT INDEX

Lithosols, 571, 577 Litter, 106, 170, 177, 178,

225, 259, 263, 264, 267, 278, 291, 322, 325, 328, 332, 337, 345, 368, 369, 398, 400, 481, 510, 556, 563, 567

Litter bags, 387, 389, 398, 412, 423

Loam, 87, 197 Loblolly pine, 33 Lodgepole pine, 306, 312, 313,

342, 352 Loss on ignition, 376, 540 Lundgren impactor, 72 Luvisols, 575 Lysimeters, 79, 177, 197, 234,

253, 271, 322, 337, 350, 352, 353, 382, 384, 389, 468, 471, 499, 508, 510, 511, 521

Magnesium in precipitation, 154, 445,

468 in soil, 191, 406 in streamwater, 469 in the watershed, ~26 in vegetation, 409 loss from drainage basin,

408 Magnesium carbonate

in soil, 467 Magnesium leaching

from soil, 186, 249, 389, 468, 511, 564

from vegetation, 355 Manchester, 501 Manganese

effect on vegetation, 289 in pond and 1akewater, 483,

493 in precipitation, 45 in soil, 286 in streamwater, 444, 485 retention in soil, 493, 494 solubility of, 482 toxicity of~ 368, 371

647

Manganese leaching from soils, 466, 482, 487, 491,

560 from vegetation, 355

Mannose, 354, 355 Maples, 146 Marsh plants, 288 Marsta, 560 Mass balance, 466, 467 Mass flow coefficient, 259 Mass transfer, 12, 96 Mechanisms of tolerance

in vegetation, 294 Meltwater

chemistry of, 83-89 effect on aquatic ecosystems,

83, effect on terrestrial ecosys­

tems, 83-89 Mercury

in sediments, 466 Merseyside, 381 Mesophy11, 129 Metabolites, 298 Metal binding, 472 Metal loading

in soil, 491 Metal resistant enzymes, 297 Metal toxicity, 405, 493 Metalloproteins, 298 Metal-organic interactions, 216-

220 Metals

effect on fungi, 421, 422 Methane, 365 Mica, 218 Microfauna, 358 Micro-organisms, 203, 291, 364,

365, 399, 400, 419, 423, 471, 517

Mineral acids, 560 Mineral soil, 266, 268, 322, 576 Mineralization, 255, 261, 263,

267, 319, 321, 325, 326, 328, 331, 332, 355, 387, 495, 521, 537

Miscible displacement, 571 Mississippi, 460 Mites, 345, 346, 357, 359 Mobility of elements, 493, 495

648

Moder, 262, 264 Molecular diffusion, 10, 12,

15 Mollisols, 575 Molybdenum, 368, 371, 372 Momentum flux, 11 Momentum transfer, 11, 12 Monosaccharides, 353, 354 Montana, 421 Montmorillonite, 193, 194,

221 Mor, 223, 491 Morning glory, 147, 148 Mosses, 128, 146, 154, 320,

471, 481 Mull, 262 Mycorrhiza, 288

Natural gas, 204 Netherlands, 134 New England, 459 New Hampshire, 69, 443, 471,

532 New York, 447 New Zealand, 176 Nickel

effect on biota, 485 emissions of, 483, 493 in pond and lakewater, 469,

483, 485, 493 in sediments, 466, 470 in snow,. 401 in soil, 405, 415, 494 in vegetation, 409

Nickel leaching from soils, 482, 491

Nitrate reductase activity, 287, 297

Nitric acid deposition of, 556 in precipitation, 452, 453

Nitrification, 185, 262~264, 287, 294, 325, 367, 369, 384, 387, 556

Nitrogen cycling of, 328, 365, 472,

516, 599, 600 deposition of, 29-40, 328 effects on tree growth,

319-333

SUBJECT INDEX

Nitrogen (cont'd) in the atmosphere, 9-25, 32,

33, 96, 107, 331, 368 in ice, 78 in precipitation,. 38, 154, 443-

445, 447, 452, 453, 466 in soil, 13-15, 185, 253, 280,

287, 294, 305, 316 in streamwater, 444, 445 in vegetation, 312, 313, 315,

316, 376 input to terrestrial ecosystems,

384 mass balance of, 467 mobilization of, 470, 471 transformation of, 468

Nitrogen-aluminum interactions, 289

Nitrogen budget, 320 Nitrogen fixation, 30, 365, 367-

369, 371, 372 Nitrogen leaching

from soil, 186, 333 from vegetation, 355

Nitrous oxides absorption by lakes, 466 deposition of, 556 emission of, 279

Nodulation, 368, 371 Non-calcareous soil, 469, 471,

473, 558, 566, 571 Non-tolerant populations, 286 North America, 25, 223, 305, 465 North Carolina, 335 North Sea, 113 Norway, 77, 78, 83, 86, 89, 98,

100, 255, 305, 326, 342, 465, 468, 470, 473, 508, 510

Norway spruce, 123, 312, 313, 316, 342

Nucleation, 41 Nutrients, 567

availability of, 494 in precipitation, 466 in soils, 224 mobilization of, 316, 470

Nutrient cycling, 335, 341, 471 Nutrient leaching

from soils, 336

SUBJECT INDEX

Oak, 225 Ohm's law, 11 Oligochaeta, 345 Ontario, 469, 482 Open pit roasting, 396 Organic acids, 100, 103, 106,

298, 556 in soil, 225, 234, 322, 481 in vegetation, 141

Organic carbon in precipitation, 445,466,472 in streamwater, 445

Organic compounds in lakewater, 467, 472 in soil, 475

Organic matter in soil, 203-206, 223,

376, 540, 550, 576 in water, 224-227 input to aquatic ecosystems,

470 Organic phosphorus, 288 Orthoclase, 268, 269 Oslo, 306 Oulu, 124, 126, 127 Output

from terrestrial ecosystems, 475

Oxidation in soil, 554

2gisols, 576, 577 Oxygen, 86

Ozone, 9, 19, 156, 369, 370 Palisade cells, 154 Parasites, 363, 370, 439 Particle impaction, 475 Particulate emissions, 396 Pathogens, 370, 436, 438, 439,

440 Peat, 186, 194, 268, 350,

369, 474, 516 Pedogenic processes, 557 Pennsylvania, 421 Percolation, 247, 322, 566 Peroxidase, 297 Pesticides, 365, 367, 370 Petroleum, 204

pH effect on humic substances,

203-222

649

effect on metal toxicity, 368, 371

effect on stability constants, 218

intracellular, 292 of bark, 137 of cytoplasm, 292 of leachate, 511, 516, 519, 521 of pond and lakewater, 465, 483 of precipitation, 51, 89, 96,

444,445,462, 468 of soil, 191, 197, 222, 336

468, 471, 516, 560, 573 of streamwater, 445 of snow, 82, 87

Phenolic acids, 185, 206 Phenols, 141, 226, 262 Phorophyte, 133, 134 Phosphatase, 521 Phosphorus

availability of, 294 in precipitation, 445, 466 in soil, 240, 287, 369, 474,

533 in streamwater, 444,445 in vegetation, 290

Phosphorus cycle, 365 Phosphorus leaching

from vegetation, 355 Phosphorus mobilization, 470 Photochemical processes, 9 Photochemical reaction, 30,31 Photoperiod, 148 Photosynthesis, 124, 128, 129

154, 367 Phthalates, 206 Phytotoxicity, 158, 364, 494 Pine, 15, 128, 142, 170, 225,

263, 306, 387 Plasmalemma, 297, 298 Plume, 95 Podsolization, 223-235 Podsols, 116, 120, 194, 197, 198,

216, 222-228, 232, 235, 240, 243-247, 250, 253, 254, 262, 320, 375, 382, 389, 468, 469, 481, 491

650

Podso1s (cont'd) 508, 532, 538, 556, 557, 563, 564, 566, 567, 576, 577

Poland, 134 Polychlorinated bipheno1s,

466 Polysaccharides, 204 Pondwater chemistry, 482, 484,

485 Potash, 278 Potassium

in precipitation, 154, 466 in streamwater, 444, 469 in soil, 240, 468, in vegetation, 409

Potassium leaching from soils, 186, 249, 384,

389, 466, 468, 511, 564

from vegetation, 169, 355 Potato scab, 370 Powdery mildew, 437 Precipitation

annual inputs, 447-454 effect on vegetation, 141-148 simulated See Simulated acid

precipitation Precipitation chemistry, 51,

96-99, 443-462 Primary production, 328, 369 Productivity, 337 Proteins

in vegetation, 315 Protoplasm, 297 Protozoa, 363, 370 Pyrite, 185 Pyritic waste, 286

Radio-isotopes, 174 Rain gauges, 162, 164, 177 Rainout, 19-21, 95, 96, 98,

473 Ramse Brook, 103, 106 Reclamation, 286 Reducing conditions

in soil, 285, 554 Regoso1s, 574, 577 Residence time

of metals in soil, 482

SUBJECT INDEX

Resins, 226, 228, 229, 232 Respiration, 128, 129

by roots, 260 in soil, 184, 256-258, 389, 519

Retention by terrestrial ecosystems,

471, 472 Retention time

of metals, 494 Rhizosphere, 260, 291, 292, 368,

467 Roadsa1t, 117 R6backsda1en, 560 Root exudate, 437 Root surfaces, 367 Rooting zone See Rhizosphere Roots, 295 Run-off, 77, 83, 85-88, 90, 176,

195, 255, 459, 467, 553, 563, 571

Saccharides, 353 Sandy soil, 197, 224, 233, 306,

510, 547, 571, 576 Sassafras, 439 Scandinavia, 34, 134, 255, 306,

320, 465, 537, 538 Senescence, 143 Scotland, 164, 171, 508 Scots pine, 123, 305, 306, 309,

312, 313, 316, 328, 357 375-380, 539

Sediments, 204 Sensitivity to acid precipitation,

156 Sepiolite, 221 Sewage sludge, 365, 367, 481 Shale, 482 Sheffield, 501 Shrubs, 128 Silica

in precipitation, 445 in soils, 116, 467 in strearnwater, 445

Silica minerals, 268 Si1icaceous rock, 529 Silt, 306 Silver

in sediments, 466

SUBJECT INDEX

Simulated acid precipitation, 156, 158, 178, 234, 305-316, 336, 341-360, 375-392, 468

Site sensitivity to acid precipitation,

525-534 Sitka spruce, 164 Slag, 483 Smelters, 395-426, 466, 469,

472, 481, 483, 493 Smoking Hills, 482, 495 Snow, 30, 34, 447, 459

pH of, 87 Snow chemistry, 77-92, 401,

579-582 Snowflakes, 78 Snowmelt, 77-92, 103, 444,

459, 494, 553 Snowpack, 473 SNSF Project, 482 Sodium

in precipitation, 154, 384, 445

in streamwater, 444, 445 Sodium leaching

from soil, 186, 248, 249, 389, 511, 564

from vegetation, 165 Soil

acidification of, 77, 183-200, 263, 264, 278, 326, 556, 558, 559, 563

chemistry of, 188, 189, 240, 245-247, 273-278, 294, 405, 415

exchange sites in, 481 structure of, 364, 571

Soil acidification effects on vegetation,

482 sources of, 553-556

Soil acidity, 183, 191, 255 effects on vegetation, 283-

301, 597, 598 Soil air, 185, 292 Soil classification

FAO-UNESCO system, 574-577

Soil classification (cont'd) U.S. system, 574, 577

Soil colloids, 538 Soil enzymes, 366, 521 Soil environment, 284 Soil horizons, 232, 516, 521,

523, 570 Soil inputs

influenced by vegetation, 585-590

Soil minerals, 576 Soil organisms, 341, 474, 495,

516

651

Soil pH, 13, 222, 269, 270, 286, 336

effects of plants on, 291-294 Soil profile, 90, 195, 198, 261,

288, 320, 333, 366, 481, 526, 542, 548, 570

Soil reclamation, 283 Soil respiration See Respiration Soil retention, 475 Soil sensitivity

to acidification, 333, 469-472, 553-566, 573-577

Soil solution, 538, 540, 550, 569

Soil water, 256 SoIling, 177, 320, 322, 325 Soloncheks, 574 Solonetz, 574 Soybeans, 368 Spodoso1s, 576, 577 Spring thaw, 473 Spruce, 142, 170, 177, 178, 180,

256, 263, 268, 273, 276, 306, 352, 491

Stability constants, 218 Stemflow, 162, 170, 259, 268,

322, 326 Stockholm, 539 Stratosphere, 9 Streamwater chemistry, 95-108,

443-462, 485 Sub-alpine forest, 471 Subsoil, 198, 559, 571 Sudbury, 395-426, 469, 470, 472,

474, 482-495 Sugar beets, 142, 439

652

Sugars in vegetation, 141

Su1phatase, 521 Sulphate

in leachate, 471, 511, 521 in pondwater, 483 in precipitation, 154, 401,

444-447, 451-453, 506 in streamwater, 115, 444,

445, 459, 485, 506, 523

in soil, 240, 289, 523 loss from catchment, 504 mobility of, 525, 529, 533 reduction of, 523

Sulphate adsorption by soil, 526-533

Sulphate leaching from soil, 186, 516

Su1phation, 396, 397, 405 Sulphur, 124

deficiency of, 289, 315 deposition of, 29-40, 69-

74 effect on decomposition,

381-392 effect on nutrient leaching,

381-392 emissions of, 444, 494 in the atmosphere, 9-25, 30,

96, 107, 108 in fertilizers, 118, 119 in organic matter, 119, 120 in precipitation, 20, 29,

38, 41-53, 69-74, 83, 234, 443, 456, 466

in sediments, 120 in soils, 116, 405 in streamwater, 113-115 in vegetation, 312, 313, 315,

316 input to terrestrial ecosys-

tems, 383 marine, 117, 118 mass balance of, 467 weathering of~ 116

Sulphur budget, 111-121, 174, 176, 508, 581, 582

Sulphur cycle, 9, 365

Sulphur dioxide, 506 deposition of, 38

SUBJECT INDEX

effect on vegetation, 15, 133-139, 494

emissions of, 279 in the atmosphere, 156 in precipitation, 21, 41-53

Sulphur fallout, 119-121 Sulphur flux

in forest ecosystem, 459 Sulphur fumigations, 469, 470,

482, 483, 493 Sulphur leaching

from soil, 389, 482, 560 Sulphur transformations, 468 Sulphur oxides

absorption by lakes, 466 Sulphuric acid

deposition of, 556 effect on vegetation, 437 in the atmosphere, 525, 533 in precipitation, 234, 452,

468 Sulphuric acid leaching, 532 Surface resistance, 13, 15 Surface water, 100, 108, 499 Surrey, 499, 510 Swamps, 176 Sweden, 32, 33, 35, 111-121, 278,

320, 357, 375, 465, 468, 491, 554

Symbiosis, 368 Synergism, 47, 156, 438

Techniques for measuring deposition, 57-

66 Te1emark, 89 Terrestrial ecosystem

effects on aquatic ecosystem, 465-480, 609, 610

Thermophoresis, 19 Thomason's Hollow, 504 Throughfa11, 63, 65, 161, 162,

170, 174, 259, 322, 326 Thunderstorms, 186 Til1ingbourne, 499, 504, 506,

508, 523 Tolerant plants

selection of, 301

SUBJECT INDEX

Tomato, 294, 437 Tonnop1ast, 297 Topography, 472, 473 Topsoil, 90, 185, 571 Tornado, 474 Tovdal. 100, 103, 106, 107 Transpiration, 127, 147, 171,

174 Tree growth, 319-333, 369 Tricarboxylic acid, 298 Trichomes, 154 Tritium, 86 Tropical rainforest, 146, 255 Tropical regions, 576 Troposphere, 9, 10, 50 Tulip poplar, 359 Turbulent diffusion, 10, 17 Thylakoids, 129

Ultisols, 575-577 Ultraviolet radiation, 369,

370 United Kingdom, 98, 381, 501,

508 United States, 151, 152, 155,

176, 320, 335, 443, 460, 461, 465, 466, 468, 471, 574

Uric acid, 521

Vacuoles, 297 Van der Vaal's forces, 215 Vanadium

in sediments, 466 residence time in soils,

493 Vanadium leaching

from soils, 482, 491 Vapour phase, 78 Vascular tissue, 154 Vegetation

chemical composition of, 312, 313, 315, 353-357, 409

effects on soil, 173-180 filtering by, 176

Vermiculite, 193 Vertisols, 576 Vitamins

in vegetation, 141, 146

Volcanoes, 120, 474

Washington, 526, 532 Washoff, 64 Water balance

in vegetation, 128-129 Water bodies

acidification of, 563 Water movement

in soil, 195, 196

653

Water vapour transfer, 15 Watershed, 176, 319, 326, 336,

337, 468, 475 Washout, 18, 21-23, 95, 96, 98,

107, 473 Wawa, 469 Weathering, 321, 322, 326, 327,

560 Weathering

of minerals, 467 of rocks, 469 of soils, 316, 468, 556, 573

West-Ga£ke method, 72 Wet deposition, 9-25, 57-66, 69-

74, 161, 162, 173, 176 180, 264, 265, 276, 279, 322, 579-582

Wet deposition collectors, 59, 71 Wet-dry precipitation collectors,

71 Wet fallout, 65, 111 White Mountain National Forest,

443 Willow oak, 438 Wind tunnel, 10 Winter injury

caused by air pollution, 123-129

Xerosols, 574 Xylose, 354, 355

Yermoso1s, 574

Zilonase, 521 Zinc

effect on biota, 485 in pond and lakewater, 466,

483, 493

654

Zinc (cont'd) in sediments, 466 in soil, 406, 415, 471 in streamwater, 485 residence time in soils, 494

SUBJECT INDEX

Zinc leaching from soil, 482, 491

Zinc retention by plants, 482

Zinc tolerant population, 297