1

List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................4

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................5

Introduction .............................................................................................................................7

1.1 The Main Idea ..............................................................................................................7

1.2 Project goals .................................................................................................................7

1.3 Project Description .......................................................................................................7

1.4 PV for sustainable agriculture and rural development in Pakistan .................................8

1.5 Scope of Project ...........................................................................................................8

1.6 Solar PV for Rural poultry farms ................................................................................ 11

1.7 Case study .................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter-2 .................................................................................................................................. 14

PV Systems and its components............................................................................................. 14

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 14

2.2 Photovoltaic system Types ........................................................................................... 14

2.2.1 Grid tie system ...................................................................................................... 14

2.2.2 Stand-alone backup system ................................................................................... 15

2.3 Types of PV Technologies ........................................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Single-crystalline or mono crystalline ................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Polycrystalline cells .............................................................................................. 16

2.3.3 Thin film panels .................................................................................................... 16

2.3.4 Amorphous Silicon ............................................................................................... 16

2.4 Component of solar PV System .................................................................................... 17

2.5 Charge Controller ......................................................................................................... 17

2.6 Batteries ....................................................................................................................... 18

2.7 Inverter ........................................................................................................................ 18

2

2.8 Application of PV ........................................................................................................ 18

Chapter-3 .................................................................................................................................. 20

Pakistan‘s Poultry Industry .................................................................................................... 20

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 20

3.2 Division of Poultry Industry ......................................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Hatchery sector ..................................................................................................... 20

3.2.2 Poultry farming sector ........................................................................................... 21

3.2.3 Feed sector ............................................................................................................ 21

3.3 The Poultry Sector........................................................................................................ 21

3.3.1Commercial Poultry Farming ................................................................................. 21

3.3.2 Rural Poultry Farming .......................................................................................... 21

3.4 Rural poultry farm ........................................................................................................ 23

3.4.1 The Role of Energy in Poultry Production ........................................................... 23

3.4.2 Security of Power Supply .................................................................................... 24

3.4.3 Energy and cost of Production............................................................................. 24

3.4.4 Potential of PV Applications for Poultry Farming ............................................... 25

3.4.5 Annual sale of local poultry farm .......................................................................... 25

Chapter-4 .................................................................................................................................. 27

Load Surveys and Recommended PV system ......................................................................... 27

4.1 Load survey of Local poultry farm ............................................................................... 27

4.1.1 Electrical Load ...................................................................................................... 27

4.1.2 Local poultry farm monthly energy consumption .................................................. 27

4.2 Irradiance and insulation .............................................................................................. 29

4.2.1 Insulation .............................................................................................................. 29

4.2.2 Irradiation ............................................................................................................. 29

3

4.3 Rural Local poultry farm solar PV system design ......................................................... 31

4.3.1 System configurations ........................................................................................... 31

4.3.2 Selecting the PV module ....................................................................................... 32

4.3.3 Combiner box ....................................................................................................... 34

4.3.4 Inverter selection .................................................................................................. 35

4.3.5 Batteries selection ................................................................................................. 36

4.4 Mounting ..................................................................................................................... 36

4.4.1 Pole mounting ....................................................................................................... 37

4.4.2 Ground mounting .................................................................................................. 37

4.4.3 Roof mounting ...................................................................................................... 38

4.5 Physical Stand alone system design Calculation ........................................................... 39

4.6 Cost model of standalone PV System for Rural poultry Farm ....................................... 42

Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 43

Software, Simulation and Results .......................................................................................... 43

5.1 Software for simulation of photovoltaic systems ........................................................... 43

5.2 General features ........................................................................................................... 43

5.2.1 Management of the project .................................................................................... 43

5.3 Simulation parameters By PVsyst ................................................................................. 45

5.4 Simulation Report of PVsyst according to our load....................................................... 46

5.6 Main Result of our system according to solar Radiation ............................................... 47

5.7 Loss diagram over the whole year ................................................................................ 49

5.8 Economic and cost diagram of our system .................................................................... 50

5.9 Cost Comparison .......................................................................................................... 51

Results ............................................................................................................................... 52

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 53

4

List of Tables

Table-2.1: Efficiency of different types of solar cell... ............................................................... 17

Table-2.2: Uses of PV system ................................................................................................... 19

Table-3.1: Domestic and commercial poultry farms surveys. .................................................... 22

Table-3.2: Annual sale of rural poultry farm. ............................................................................ 24

Table-4.1: Electrical load for Rural poultry farm.. .................................................................... 27

Table-4.2: Monthly Energy consumption of Rural poultry farm................................................ 28

Table-4.3: Total cost of Stand alone solar PV system... ............................................................ 42

Table-5.1: Used and Unused Annual Energy ............................................................................. 48

Table-5.2: Annual sale of Rural poultry farm. ........................................................................... 51

Table-5.3: Instalation cost of standalone PV system. ................................................................. 51

Table-5.4:WAPDA annual bill of Rural poultry Farm.. ............................................................. 52

5

List of Figures

Figure-1.1: Energy mix of Pakistan ........................................................................................... 10

Figure-1.2: Peak electricity demand vs. supply projections for Pakistan .................................... 11

Figure-1.3: Solar irradiance by Pyranometer at Peshawar 2011 ................................................. 12

Figure-1.4: Case study data and poultry roof ............................................................................. 13

Figure-2.1: Grid tie System.. ..................................................................................................... 15

Figure-2.2: Standalone backup PV system. ................................................................................ 15

Figure-2.3: Block diagram of a typical solar PV system ............................................................ 17

Figure-3.1:Annual billing to WAPDA. ...................................................................................... 26

Figure-4.1: Total monthly energy consumption (kWh)... ........................................................... 28

Figure-4.2: Solar irradiance for the year 2011............................................................................ 30

Figure-4.3: Bright sunshine hours in Peshawar city. .................................................................. 30

Figure-4.4: Standalone solar PV system with battries backup. ................................................... 31

Figure-4.5: ELPS CS6P-MM Solar panel.. ................................................................................ 33

Figure-4.6: Structure of Combiner box ...................................................................................... 34

Figure-4.7: SMA SCCB-10 Combiner box... ............................................................................. 35

Figure-4.8: Solar inverter .......................................................................................................... 35

Figure-4.9: NARADA GP Series Battery. ................................................................................. 36

6

Figure-4.10: Pole mounting Solar panel..................................................................................... 37

Figure-4.11: Side of pole Solar panel......................................................................................... 37

Figure-4.12: Ground mounting Solar panel................................................................................ 38

Figure-4.13: Roof mounting Solar panel.. .................................................................................. 38

Figure-4.14: Block Diagram of Standalone system.. .................................................................. 41

Figure-5.1: PVsyst interface... ................................................................................................... 44

Figure-5.2: System Energy Graphs.. .......................................................................................... 47

Figure-5.3: Performance and solar fraction Ratio ...................................................................... 48

7

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 The Main Idea

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have shown their potential in rural electrification projects

around the world, especially concerning Solar Home Systems. With continuing price decreases

of PV systems, other applications are becoming economically attractive and growing experience

is gained with the use of PV in such areas as social and communal services, agriculture and other

productive activities, which can have a significant impact on rural development. There is still a

lack of information, however, on the potential and limitations of such PV applications.

1.2 Project goals

The main aim of this study is, therefore, to contribute to a better understanding of the potential

impact and of the limitations of PV systems on sustainable agriculture and rural development

(SARD), especially concerning income-generating activities. It is, in fact, of paramount

importance to identify the potential contribution of PV to rural development in order to gain

further financial and political commitment for PV projects and programmes and to design

appropriate PV projects.

1.3 Project Description

Energy is an important input for the provision of basic human needs and services, such as

Cooking water supply, lighting, health services, communication and education. Solar

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have shown their potential in rural electrification projects around the

world and with continuing price decreases of PV systems, other applications are becoming

economically attractive and growing experience is gained with the use of PV in such areas as

social and communal services, agriculture and other productive activities, which can have a

significant impact on rural development. The main aim of this project is, therefore, to contribute

to a better understanding of the potential impact and of the limitations of PV systems on

sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD), especially concerning income-generating

8

activities. Design of PV-system and software simulation for better results will be applied as

project methodology [1].

1.4 PV for sustainable agriculture and rural development

in Pakistan

Pakistan is a developing country and agriculture is the backbone of country‘s economy. It is

currently the seventh most populous country in the world. Its agriculture sector occupies an

important position in its economy and contributes about 21 percent of the gross domestic product

(Economic Survey, 2007-08). Since the end of World War II, the public institutes of developed

countries have helped transfer agricultural technologies to developing countries. During this

period, most of the developing countries in Latin America and Africa, as well as some countries

in Asia (like India, Thailand and Pakistan), have depended heavily on agricultural production to

sustain their economies (Piñeiro, 2007). Robert (2004) and Thurston (1999) state that the

fertilizer supplier has been busy, oilseed rape and winter barley is both complete, leaving oats

and wheat to be given the balances.

Innovation and technology development has always been main source of agriculture because

agricultural progress and enlargement depends upon interference of modern technology tools by

agricultural scientists and experts.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have shown their potential in rural electrification projects

around the world, we can directly apply this technology to improve our agriculture sector

especially using for Rural poultry farm development with minimum cost of installation [2].

1.5 Scope of Project

Due to urbanization and increase in population, the global demand for energy is ever increasing.

It is estimated that the global energy demand will increase at the rate of 1.7% per year and the

demand will reach 16.5 billion tons of oil equivalents(TOE) by 2030 [1]. Trends suggest that

fossil fuels will continue to dominate the energy mix in years to come and renewable will slowly

increase their share in the energy mix of the planet. Pakistan is heavily reliant on fossil fuels for

its primary energy needs and the overall energy mix is shown in Fig. 1.1. Pakistan, being a

developing country, is dependent on this ‗imported energy‘ as around 60% of the total foreign

exchange is spent on the import of fossil fuels. It imports 308.9 thousand barrels per day and the

indigenous production is still less than 63,000 barrels per day. Although Pakistan has large

9

reserves of coal in Thar (175 billion tons) and other regions, it still imports 4.7 million short tons

compared to 3.8 million short tons of indigenous production adding to its large fuel import bill.

In addition, these conventional resources are subject to dynamic price changes which are

undesirable and add to economic problems due to the fickle state of the economy. The energy

demand of the country has increased by 28% over the last four years and by 2025,it is expected

to increase by 85%. This will add to the financial worries of the country and the energy problems

are expected to aggravate further in future. Electricity deficit of the country is increasing every

year whichis evident from the demand-supply chart in Fig. 1.2. It compares the projected peak

demand of electricity in the country, by Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) which is the

main power regulating body in Pakistan, with the supply forecast. Apart from fossil fuels, among

other energy resources, hydro contributes around 30% to the total electricity production of

Pakistan and the current installed capacity of hydro is 6444 MW. The contribution due to wind is

50 MW which has recently been integrated with the national grid. The projected demand-supply

deficit in 2030 may have severe implications to the overall economy of the country. The driving

force for Pakistan‘s economy is electricity and due to the shortage of electricity, the industrial

sector has been adversely affected and overall exports of the country have been reduced. The

‗load shedding‘ (unavailability of grid power) in the country is aggravating the situation as these

periodic power shutdowns are severely affecting the industrial output and crippling the country‘s

economy. It is estimated that load shedding is costing 2.5 billion $/year to Pakistan‘s economy

which is on an average 2% dent to the country‘s GDP. In addition, it has also caused a loss of

employment to around 400,000 people annually within Pakistan [3]. According to a survey by

World Bank [4], 66.7% of the businesses in Pakistan identify shortage of electricity as the major

business obstacle ahead of corruption and crime/terrorism which are 11.7% and 5.5%,

respectively. Fortunately, Pakistan has a high renewable energy potential which is elaborated in

many studies on Pakistan. Renewable energy outlook along with solar perspective is discussed

by Mirza et al. 2003 [4] and Sheikh 2010 [5]. The institutional set up and its limitation along

with some of the broader challenges have been assessed by Sahir et al. 2008 [6] for the energy

sector in Pakistan and it has shown potential of various renewable sources for electricity

generation in the country. Policy constraints have also been highlighted by Khan et al. 2010 [7]

in their study of solar energy in the Pakistan scenario

10

In all of the above mentioned studies, authors broadly summarize the potential, institutional

setups, various social barriers, market related barriers and policy shortcomings. All of these

studies also identify technological barriers as one of the prime deterrents for PV growth, yet no

detailed account of actual technological shortcomings and basic design flaws have been

addressed for the PV sector in Pakistan. Therefore, in this work, we have identified the actual

technological barriers which have deterred investors and domestic users to invest in this

technology to cater for their needs. We have also identified optimum components and technology

which is suitable for energy generation in remote locations within the country. Better planning

and reliable component selection will go a long way in minimizing some of the social

barriers.PV technologies can emerge as a most common and effective solution for energy crisis

in Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind which evaluates the

technological constraints and quantifies the efficiency constraints for PV systems in Pakistan.

We also propose best practices which will contribute to the growth of PV generated electricity in

the country [8].

Figure-1.1: Energy mix of Pakistan.

11

Figure-1.2: Peak electricity demand vs. supply projections for Pakistan.

1.6 Solar PV for Rural poultry farms

Renewable energy sources have enormous potential and can meet many times the present world

energy demand. They can enhance diversity in energy supply markets, secure long-term

sustainable energy supplies, and reduce local and global atmospheric emissions. They can also

provide commercially attractive options to meet specific needs for energy services (particularly

in developing countries and rural areas), create new employment opportunities, and offer

possibilities for local manufacturing of equipment.

Pakistan has vast potential for renewable energy development; the three provinces of Pakistan,

i.e. NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh provide vast capacity and resources for solar energy [9].

PV offers a number of benefits to Pakistan rural side as an alternative energy technology.

Several scattered cases have been identified in which solar systems were used to provide light for

poultry (both meat and egg production). Using light extends the day and increases the growth of

poultry and the production of eggs. Another important factor for poultry farms in some areas is

heat to reduce the mortality rate of chicks. there is need for ventilation, which can more easily be

supplied with PV powered electric fans.

12

For installing a PV system first we need to check solar irradiance on those particular rural areas.

The data recorded in rural area (Peshawar), Pakistan as shown in fig 1.1 . It is located within the

Latitude of 34°01 N and Longitude of 71°35 E. The site was made perfect for receiving

maximum solar radiation and there was no shading of any structure or any object in the path of

solar rays falling on the Pyranometer from dawn to dusk [10].

Figure-1.3: Solar irradiance by Pyranometer at Peshawar 2011 [10]

There are several reasons why poultry farms can be considered a visible and valuable potential

user of PV.

Economic significance ― Presently turnover of Pakistan Poultry Industry is about 564

billion rupees in 2012-13.

National profile of the state‘s poultry industry ― there are about 25000 Poultry Farms in

the Pakistan which produce 73.65 Million poultry population.

Potential for economic and environmental benefits ― Electricity is often a significant

Cost component for poultry farming.

13

Use of PV on farms would provide energy services in an environmentally-friendly way, has the

potential to reduce energy costs, and could Offer local economic development benefits [11].

1.7 Case study

We observed local rural poultry farm located at rural area (Peshawar) having capacity 3000-

4000 chickens accommodation site survey is shown in the following fig(1.2).

Chickens were kept with provision of 1 sq.ft / bird [12].

Total area of our poultry farm is = 3500 sq.ft

Figure-1.4: Case study data and poultry roof.

14

Chapter-2

PV Systems and its components

2.1 Introduction

Solar cells convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy and are the basic components of

any solar PV based system. Many of such cells constitute a solar panel.

When light of appropriate wavelength falls on a semiconductor, the photons transmit their energy

to the outermost (valence) electrons of the constituent atoms. For every absorbed photon, an

electron is generated which is free to move in the conduction band. When it does so, it leaves

behind a vacancy called a hole. It is this generation of electrons and holes that result in a current

flowing through a semiconductor. This principle is utilized in the electricity generation from

solar cells. The energy of the sunlight reaching earth surface is distributed from 300 nm to 2000

nm and solar cells are optimized to absorb maximum power from the sunlight.

In conventional solar cells (such as crystalline-Si), the electric field is created at the junction

between p - (doped with Boron) and n - (doped with Phosphorous) regions. This field separates

the light-generated holes and electrons and produces a current in the external circuit along with a

voltage across the cell. The maximum value of the cell voltage occurs in an open circuit mode

and the maximum current flows in a short circuit mode [13].

2.2 Photovoltaic system Types

2.2.1 Grid tie system

A grid-tied PV system allows you to use the electricity generated by your PV system as well as

electricity from the grid. When your PV system is producing electricity, your home will be

powered by solar electricity. During the times when your PV system isn't producing electricity,

such as at night, your home will receive power from the grid [14].

15

Figure-2.1: Grid tie System

2.2.2 Stand-alone backup system

Second and more relevant topology is off-grid and stand-alone solar power generation. This

solution can also be utilized for rural electrification of areas where the national grid is not

available.

Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid, and are

generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC electrical loads. These types of

systems may be powered by a PV array only, or may use wind, an engine-generator or utility

power as an auxiliary power source in what is called a PV-hybrid system.

Figure-2.2: Stand-alone backup system.

PV

Devices

Array DC

Disconnect

Electric

Meter

Utility

Grid

Inverter

AC Breaker

Panel

Household

AC loads

PV Array

Battery Inverter

Charge

Controller

AC Load

DC Load

16

2.3 Types of PV Technologies

With the growing demand of solar power new technologies are being introduced and existing

technologies are developing. There are four types of solar PV cells:

Single crystalline or mono crystalline

Multi- or poly-crystalline

Thin film

Amorphous silicon

2.3.1 Single-crystalline or mono crystalline

It is widely available and the most efficient cells materials among all. They produce the most

power per square foot of module. Each cell is cut from a single crystal. The wafers then further

cut into the shape of rectangular cells to maximize the number of cells in the solar panel.

2.3.2 Polycrystalline cells

They are made from similar silicon material except that instead of being grown into a single

crystal, they are melted and poured into a mold. This forms a square block that can be cut into

square wafers with less waste of space or material than round single crystal wafers.

2.3.3 Thin film panels

It is the newest technology introduced to solar cell technology. Copper indium dieseline,

cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide are all thin film materials. They are directly deposited

on glass, stainless steel, or other compatible substrate materials. Some of them perform slightly

better than crystalline modules under low light conditions. A thin film is very thin-a few

micrometer or less.

2.3.4 Amorphous Silicon

Amorphous silicon is newest in the thin film technology. In this technology amorphous silicon

vapor is deposited on a couple of micro meter thick amorphous films on stainless steel rolls [15].

Compared to the crystalline silicon, this technology uses only 1% of the material.

17

Cell type Efficiency, %

Mono crystalline 12 – 18

Polycrystalline 12 – 18

Thin film 8 – 10

Amorphous Silicon 6 – 8

Table-2.1: Efficiency of different types of solar cells.

2.4 Component of solar PV System

A typical solar PV system consists of solar panel, charge controller, batteries, inverter and the

load. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of such a system.

Figure-2.3: Block diagram of a typical solar PV system.

2.5 Charge Controller

When battery is included in a system, the necessity of charge controller comes forward. A charge

controller controls the uncertain voltage build up. In a bright sunny day the solar cells produce

more voltage that can lead to battery damage. A charge controller helps to maintain the balance

in charging the battery.

Solar

Panel

Charge

Controlle

r

Inverter AC Power

DC Power

Battery

System

18

2.6 Batteries

To store charges, batteries are used. There are different types of batteries available that can be

used. However, lead-acid based batteries are primarily used for PV applications due to their low

cost. Common types of these batteries are:

Flooded lead acid battery

Absorbent glass mat (AGM) lead-acid battery

Gel-based lead-acid battery

Flooded batteries are not designed for deep discharges and require periodic maintenance and are

most unsuitable for PV systems. AGM and Gel batteries both are deep discharge cycle batteries.

They have longer life cycles than the flooded lead acid battery. However, AGM batteries are not

suitable for high temperature operation.

2.7 Inverter

Inverter is an electrical circuit that converts DC power to AC power. Most of the electrical

equipment is designed for line AC (240 V rms and 50 Hz) and therefore an inverter is required to

convert the DC current of panel or battery to AC current. There are various topologies of

inverters and the choice depends on the type of application and cost.

2.8 Application of PV

Table-2.1 shows an overview of the uses of PV systems in their projects or business. More than

one application could be filled and therefore the uses total up to more than 100 percent. The table

shows clearly that "lighting, TV, radio and other household uses" with the so-called Solar Home

Systems (SHS) is the dominant use of PV systems, which is confirmed by literature. Other major

applications are for retail shops, cafes and restaurants. Communal use of PV for health centers

and community buildings is also a major application. Of the agricultural applications, PV

pumping for livestock and irrigation dominate. The prominence of radio and cellular phone

communication is confusing, because this category often includes both PV systems used for

repeater stations (which do not necessarily directly benefit rural areas), and systems for radio

communication by development projects, health centers, rural telecom authorities and private

investors (which benefit rural areas more directly)[16].

19

TYPE OF PV APPLICATION TYPICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

Lighting and cooling for poultry factory. 60-200 Wp, electronics, battery, Energy saver

lights, fans etc

Irrigation 1000 Wp, electronics, small DC or AC

pump and water tank

Cattle watering 800 Wp, DC /AC pump, water reservoir

For preservation and drying of fruits PV/wind hybrid systems or 300-700Wp PV

with DC refrigerators (up to300 lt.)

Fish Forming. 900 Wp, batteries (450 Ah), DC engine, paddle

wheel, for pond

Crop spraying 10-15 Wp, sprayer

Incubator of eggs Solar module of 150 Wp, for heating element

of 60 eggs hatching.

Table-2.2: Uses of PV systems

20

Chapter-3

Pakistan’s Poultry Industry

3.1 Introduction

Poultry as on commercial scale in the private sector started due to pioneering effect made by PIA

in 1965, when the first modern hatchery unit in Karachi was established. Export of live poultry

and meat from Pakistan increased from Rs.27 million in 2009-10 to Rs 1.08 billion in 2010-11

and it decreased to Rs. 365 million in 2011- 2012. Presently (July 2013) turnover of Pakistan

Poultry Industry is about 564 billion rupees. Pakistan exports poultry and meat to Afghanistan,

Iran, Vietnam and Hongkong. The poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant

segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. This sector generates direct and indirect

employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture and

livestock is 6.4% and 11.5%, respectively. Currently the Turnover of Pakistan poultry industry is

about Rs. 564 billion. Poultry meat contributes 25.8%of the total meat production in the country.

The current investment in the poultry industry is about Rs 200.00 billion. The poultry sector has

shown a robust growth of 8% to 10% annually, this reflects its inherent potential [17].

3.2 Division of Poultry Industry

3.2.1 Hatchery sector

This sector is a backbone of poultry industry. Eggs are placed in incubators for 21 days and day

old chicks sold to the farming sector. Its establishment requires significant investment.

21

3.2.2 Poultry farming sector

Rearing of poultry birds / chicks for meat and eggs is classified as poultry farming. It is labor

intensive and requires investment for working capital mainly for the purchase of feed, chick,

vaccination, etc.

3.2.3 Feed sector

Feed sector is major expense in poultry industry. A feed mill requires huge investments for

development of infrastructure. Poultry feed comprises of grains, such as; Wheat, rice, maize,

sorghum etc.

3.3 The Poultry Sector

Poultry produced in Pakistan is being developed through two management systems available.

3.3.1Commercial Poultry Farming

Type of poultry farming generates Revenue commercially for the country. These sectors produce

employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Controlled environment poultry farming is

a type of commercial poultry farming.

A Controlled Poultry Farm with a population of 30,000 birds established in a purpose-built

controlled shed needs a capital investment of about Rs 10.5 million for construction and

purchasing farm machinery and equipment. In addition to this, a sum of Rs 2.3 million is

required as working capital, which will be used for purchasing day old chicks and raw material

(feed & vaccines) etc.

3.3.2 Rural Poultry Farming

Pakistan is agricultural country most of the area and population is in rural areas in the country.

Some facts about rural and commercial poultry farming is as under in table(3.1) [18].

22

Table-3.1: Domestic and commercial poultry farm surveys.

TYPE : Units 2006-07 2007-08 2008-

09

Domestic

Poultry :

Million

No’s

74.02 75.11 76.22

Cocks ″ 8.84 9.08 9.32

Hens ″ 34.84 35.47 36.11

Chicken ″ 30.34 30.57 30.79

Eggs ″ 3484 3457 3611

Meat 000 Tons 96.54 98.45 100.41

Commercial

Poultry

Layers Million

No‘s

24.82 26.56 28.42

Broilers ″ 370.70 407.77 448.55

Breeding

Stock

″ 7.25 7.61 7.99

Day old

Chicks

″ 387.20 425.92 468.51

Eggs ″ 6682 7136 7620

Meat 000 Tons 456.95 501.30 550.00

Total

Poultry :

Day old

chicks

Million

No‘s

418 456 499

Poultry Birds ″ 477 518 562

Eggs ″ 10197 10711 11258

Poultry Meat 000 Tons 554 601 651

23

3.4 Rural poultry farm

This type of poultry farm mostly used in rural areas of Pakistan. It produce 4000-5000 layers

chicks in 45-50 days. After maturization weight (2 Kg) chicks are supplied to markets. Local

poultry farm has totally C type construction having area 3200 ft2 and has capability to

accommodate 4-5 thousands chicks.

3.4.1 The Role of Energy in Poultry Production

Energy plays a crucial role in poultry production. In a typical commercial poultry house, energy

is used for several applications; most importantly for lighting, heating, ventilation and cooling,

and running electric motors for feed lines. Many of the functions in the poultry shed are

controlled by automatic systems, the parameters of which are established by the grower‘s

contract.

The most significant management aspect of poultry production related to energy is ―climatized

air‖ (Auburn University 2001:1). Optimum temperatures and ventilation are required to

maximize productivity. Poultry house temperatures are typically controlled by thermostat and

ventilation requirements are also calculated by automatic systems. Adequate air conditions are

provided through heating and ventilation to attain proper temperature (ranging from 70 to 95o F,

depending on the growth stage of the birds) which greatly affects how much food and water birds

will consume. In houses that are too cold, chickens expend energy to keep their bodies warm

which depresses their growth rate; in houses that are too warm, calories are spent on labored

breathing and panting (Donald 1999). For cooling and ventilation, large electric fan units

located at the end walls (tunnel ventilation) or on the sidewalls move interior air. Ventilation is

critical for high productivity. Sufficient air circulation is necessary to minimize breeding of

viruses, fungi and bacteria that can afflict the flock.

As well, lighting plays an important role in bird growth and feeding. Producers vary the

intensity and daily hours of lighting by the age of the flock to stimulate poultry growth. There is

no one standard for optimal lighting to maximize growth and there is considerable variation in

lighting schedules across various poultry farms. It has been estimated that a 40-W incandescent

bulb produces sufficient light for 200 ft2 of floor space (Palmer and Odor 1985: 8).

24

3.4.2 Security of Power Supply

Due to the aforementioned factors, security of electricity supply is critical to poultry production;

any unexpected loss of power can affect the health and growth of the flock and in extreme cases

can prove fatal to the birds (such as a loss of cooling and ventilation during the summer). Birds

are very sensitive to their environments and since the conditioned environment of poultry houses

is completely reliant on electricity, power outages will cause changes in temperatures and

increasing concentrations of ammonia and germs. Extreme heat or cold will result in greatly

increased mortality in the flock. In fact, failures of climate control in sheds under certain

circumstances have eliminated entire flocks. For example, in Mississippi in 2000, power outages

caused by storms resulted in the deaths of over 250,000 birds (OAC 2000).

Loss of electricity to poultry farmers is a source of potential economic loss. To avoid such

losses, small generators are used to supply emergency power. There is no licensing system for

these units and no firm data is available on their number or hours of use. Anecdotal advice

suggests that testing and maintenance ranges from one hour a week to one hour a month, giving

an annual range of 230 to 260 hours of operation in Pakistan

Unit size varies, but an industry benchmark for sizing of a backup power system is 1 to 1.5 kW

per 1,000 birds in the flock. Anecdotal evidence suggests that generator size varies from 15 kW

to 500 kW. Given an average flock size of 23,880 birds per house, average generator size is

likely to be between 4-5 KW per house for local poultry farm having 4-5 thousands

birds(Cunningham 2003).

3.4.3 Energy and cost of Production

As mentioned above, under a growing contract with a large poultry company, a producer

receives chicks, feed, and gas for winter heating of the houses. As such, producers have no

control over many of the basic cost drivers. To maximize returns, the producers seek to

minimize those costs under their control and to produce a flock that will receive the best price.

Poultry production is conducted on a cyclic basis throughout the year and energy demand (and

energy expenses) varies with this cycle. In the farms studied, total daily electricity use was most

highly correlated with bird age and then with outside temperature and lighting. Typically, the

growth stage of the production cycle consists of 53 days (+/- a few days), starting with delivery

of chicks and concluding with the removal of mature birds. After cleaning and maintenance, the

25

sheds are prepared for the next cycle. Annually, 5.5 flocks are ordinarily cycled through a

poultry house (Cunningham 2003).

Energy costs can be quite high for poultry production, especially during the summer and warmer

months when there is a high demand for cooling the poultry sheds to maintain an even

temperature optimum for production.

Any opportunities to lower the contract grower‘s expenditure on electricity will contribute to the

overall profitability for the production of each flock for the contract grower, as this is one of the

larger costs that must be met by the growers. Energy costs vary between producers, depending

on such factors as the number and size of poultry sheds, electricity-consuming equipment used,

and the manner of its use. There are no comprehensive data on energy use by poultry farmers in

the state, but some estimates are possible for annualized electricity expenditure. A typical

poultry house (4000 birds/flock, 5.5 flocks/year) with the normal lighting regime and tunnel

cooling using electrical fans consumes around 4861 kWh per year. For Sanctioned Load less

than 5 KW annual electricity expenditure per house is Rs 71796.9. Considering that most poultry

operations consist of several houses, electricity cost for poultry farming is a significant

component of annual expenditure [ 19].

3.4.4 Potential of PV Applications for Poultry Farming

There are several ways in which PV can be integrated into the routine production activities of

rural poultry farming in Pakistan contract growing operations. In this study, PV systems were

used as standalone power sources to meet all electricity needs.

3.4.5 Annual sale of local poultry farm

Local poultry farm produce 4000 chickens in one cycle there are 5.5 cycle per year. Chickens are

supplied to Market on Trade rate Rs.180/chicken having weight approximately 2 Kilogram.

Table 3.2 shows annual sale of local poultry farm.

Chicken Price Total chicken in a

flock

Flocks/year Total chickens Total turnover

Rs.180 4000 5.5 22000 Rs.3960000

Table-3.2: Annual Sale of local poultry farm.

26

According to WAPDA tariff less than 5 KW for Sanctioned Load is shown in fig (3.1) [20].

Figure-3.1: Annual Billing to WAPDA.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000B

illin

g C

ost

Billing Months

Series1

27

Chapter-4

Load Surveys and Recommended PV system

4.1 Load survey of Local poultry farm

Finding out and understanding the total energy consumption of Local poultry farm is the first

step through designing an Energy Program for Local poultry farm. In this part we observed

the data of energy consumption figures and facts of Local poultry farm. We analyzed the

monthly load from November 2012 to October 2013.

4.1.1 Electrical Load

The Local poultry farm uses electrical appliances with a maximum load of 30.892 kWh per day.

Some 82% of this potential maximum load is from ventilation, 10% is lighting and 8% from feed

lines (see Table 4.1).

Component

Number Power (Watt) Running

hours/day

Watt hours

(Wh)

KWh/day

Side Wall Fans 2 580 15 17400 17.4

Tunnel Fans 1 1000 10 10000 10

Lights 10 25 8 2000 2

Motors 1 746 2 1492 1.492

Total 0 30892 30.892

Table-4.1: Electrical Load for a Rural Poultry Farm.

4.1.2 Local poultry farm monthly energy consumption

By using the data of monthly electricity bill of local poultry farm, we can determine the monthly

and average energy consumption by local poultry farm [case study].

28

Month Energy (KWh)

November,2012 910.5

December,2012 885.8

January,2013 912.1

February,2013 926.7

March,2013 854.9

April,2013 832.4

May,2013 794.0

June,2013 760.5

July,2013 782.5

August,2013 777.4

September,2013 891.9

October,2013 905.2

Average 852.825

Table-4.2: Monthly Energy consumption of Rural Poultry Farm.

The energy consumption by local poultry farm is given by the bellow bar chart

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Ene

rgy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (K

Wh

)

Months(Nov-12-----Oct-13)

29

Figure-4.1: Total monthly energy consumption (kWh).

From the above Fig 4.1 we can see the variation of monthly energy consumption of local poultry

farm. And we can see that the highest energy consumption in February 2013 and the lowest

in June 2013.

4.2 Irradiance and insulation

4.2.1 Insulation

Insulation is the amount of solar energy that strikes a given area over a specific time and varies

with latitude or the seasons [21].

4.2.2 Irradiation

Irradiance means the amount of electromagnetic energy incident on the surface per unit time per

unit area. So the total solar irradiation is defined as the amount of radiant energy emitted by the

sun over all wavelengths that falls each second on 1m2 outside earth‘s atmosphere [4.2].for

example, If the sun shines at a constant 1000 W/m² for one hour, we say it has delivered 1

kWh/m² of energy.

It is very important to know the irradiation and insulation of a site when anyone is going to

design a solar PV system for that site. Depending on the sun shine, irradiance and insulation

varies with place to place.[22]

30

Month of year

Figure-4.2: Solar irradiance for the year 2011

Figure-4.3: Bright sunshine hours in Peshawar city.

The average bright sunshine hours in Peshawar city is 6.8 hours.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ho

ur

Of

Day

Month Of Year

31

4.3 Rural Local poultry farm solar PV system design

4.3.1 System configurations

There are many possible configurations of solar PV system. Each of these configurations has its

own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the system requirements appropriate

system configurations has to be chosen. In our work, we chose stand alone solar PV system

with battery backup (Figure 4.4).

Figure-4.4: Stand alone solar PV system with batteries backup

Solar panel

Load

Charge Controller

Battery

Inverter

32

Figure 4.4 shows a design configuration that can both supply and store energy. When the

demand is high, then the system will deliver energy from panels. But when the demand is

low or in a off day the battery can store energy by solar panel through charge controller. This

stored energy can be used as backup for gloomy day or at night.

4.3.2 Selecting the PV module

As we need high power supply so, we selected mono crystalline silicon panel. These solar panels

are suitable for all types of solar applications from large scale solar farms to residential and

commercial roof-top systems [22]. Our panel selection also depends on cost and efficiency.

The capital investment of solar PV panel is very high. Approximately, 40% of the total system

installation cost is the price of module cost. We should consider the cost in order to get the best

output of the money spent. Cost varies on efficiency of panel and the material has been used to

make the PV panel.

Efficiency of solar cell depends on the technology used. Silicon solar cell has the highest

efficiency. Thin film has low efficiency, but they can be ideal for some applications.

Another important consideration is temperature. Panel efficiency decreases as the temperature

increases. When Panel operating on roof, it heats up substantially. Cell inner temperature reaches

to 50-70 degree Celsius. In high temperature areas, it is better to choose a panel with low

temperature Co-efficient.

Considering the above factors, we have selected a Canadian ELPS CS6P-MM solar panel.

33

Figure-4.5: ELPS CS6P-MM Solar panel.

Figure -4.5 shows the Canadian solar panel. Its maximum output power is 240 watt, If irradiance

is 1000 watts per meter square, the panel nominal power output is 200 watt if irradiance is

800 watts per meter square. The irradiance of Peshawar City is 702.94 watts per meter square.

So we will get power less than 200 watts, approximately 168.7 watts. 10 years product warranty

(materials and workmanship); 25 years linear solar panel power output warranty. The panel

efficiency is 16.05%. Short circuit current of the panel is 8.66A at standard test condition and

6.90A at nominal condition [23].

34

4.3.3 Combiner box

A solar combiner box combines several solar panels into 1 DC output to connect to the charge

controller.

Figure-4.6: Structure of Combiner box.

The model of selected combiner box is SMA SCCB-10

The no of input circuit: 12

Maximum input fuse rating: 20 A, 600V DC

Maximum output current: 240 A DC

35

Figure-4.7: SMA SCCB-10 Combiner box.

4.3.4 Inverter selection

We selected a PV inverter. The model is ZZ-ZB10kW. It is a product of ZONZEN of China.

The MPPT voltage range: 330-820V

Output power: 10kW

Connection: 50Hz grid frequency and 3 phase 4 wire connection

The efficiency of this inverter: 97%.

AC voltage: 230 Volt

Figure-4.8: Solar inverter.

36

4.3.5 Batteries selection

We select NARADA batteries for our System.

Type: Dry Charged Battery

Model: NARADA GP Series

Voltage: 12V

Current: 100Ah

Figure-4.9: NARADA GP Series Battery.

4.4 Mounting

Mounting means placement of solar panel. There are various types of mounting of solar panel

depending on the location and system. Some types of mounting are described below.

37

4.4.1 Pole mounting

There are 3 types of pole mounting

Top of pole: In this type of mounting with a pole and metal rack the PV module is

installed. The base of the pole is generally concrete.

Figure-4.10: Pole mounting Solar panel.

Side of pole: Generally small PV modules are placed be side of electricity or

Telephone pole.

Figure-4.11: Side of pole Solar panel.

Tracking pole mounting: it is special type of mounting. This is done to maximize the

output of the PV module by tracking with the sun path.

4.4.2 Ground mounting

Solar modules can also be mounting in the ground. In case of more power needs or insufficient

space at the roof PV panels can be mounting in the ground.

38

Figure-4.12: Ground mounting Solar panel

4.4.3 Roof mounting

Roof mounting is difficult because depending in the orientation and angle, proper mounting has

to done. Need to fix the tilt angle for the optimum output.

Figure-4.13: Roof mounting Solar panel

We select 3rd

type of mounting (Roof Mounting) making an angle of 34° because solar irradiance

Is higher all over the year at a tilt angle of 34° [24].

39

4.5 Physical Stand alone system design Calculation

Ac Load = 3.2 KW

Max Running hours = 15 H/day

Total energy per day = 30.892 KWH/day

30% losses included = 30.892*0.3 = 9.26 KWH

Total energy required = 30.892+9.26= 40.15 KWH

For Higher Efficiency we take total energy = 41 KWH

Average Peak Sunrise Hours = 6.8 Hours

Energy required from panels = 41 KWH/6.8H= 6.03 KW

Wattage of single panel = 235 W

No of panels required to meet the total load specification= 6030W/235W= 26

Now to arrange panels in series we will make two banks of panels. Each bank has 13 panels in

series, and banks are parallel to each other.

So

Output current = 19 A

Output voltage = 312 V DC

Next we connect Combiner box, rating of combiner box is

The no of input circuit: 12

Maximum input fuse rating: 20 A, 600V DC

Maximum output current: 240 A DC

Now Connect Inverter, rating of Inverter is

40

The MPPT voltage range: 330-820V

Output power: 10kW

Connection: 50Hz grid frequency and 3 phase 4 wire connection

The efficiency of this inverter: 97%.

AC voltage: 230 Volt

Now this system connects to Load.

This system runs the Load for 7.7 hours. For remaining 7.7 hours we use batteries for backup.

Ac load = 3.2 KW

Max Running hours = 15 H/day

Total energy per day = 30.892 KWH/day

30% losses included = 30.892*0.3 = 9.26 KWH

Total energy required = 30.892+9.26= 40.15 KWH

For Higher Efficiency we take total energy = 41 KWH

We use 100 Ah, 12V battery

Energy required from batteries = 41 KVAH/12V=3416.67 AH

No of batteries required = 3416.67 AH/100AH=34

Now to arrange batteries in series we will make two banks of batteries. Each bank has 17

batteries in series, and banks are parallel to each other. These batteries connect to inverter and

run the Load for remaining 7.5 hours.

41

312V, 19 A

312 V 9.5 A 312 V 9.5 A

204 V, 200Ah

312V, 19 A

312 V 9.5 A 312 V 9.5 A

Figure-4.14: Block Diagram of Standalone system

13 panels in

series, 230W,

24V/piece

Inverter

MPPT 330-

860V, 10KW

Combiner Box

Ratting

600V,20A

Load

13 panels in

series,

230W,

24V/piece

13 panels in

series, 230W,

24V/piece

17 batteries in

series,12V 100Ah

Combiner Box

Ratting 600V,

20A

13 panels in

series, 230W,

24V/piece

17 batteries in

series,12V 100Ah

42

4.6 Cost model of standalone PV System for Rural poultry

Farm

We need the following basic component for the operation of electrical appliances in rural poultry

farm after doing market based survey mentioned in the following table no (4.3).

Component Number Price/piece Price

Solar panels 52 Rs.10,700 Rs.5,56,400

Combiner Box 2 Rs.83,492 Rs.1,66,984

Inverter 1 Rs.3,21,000 Rs.3,21,000

Batteries 34 Rs.15,000 Rs.5,10,000

Total Cost Rs.15,54,384

Table-4.3: Total cost of Stand alone solar PV system.

43

Chapter 5

Software, Simulation and Results

5.1 Software for simulation of photovoltaic systems

PVsyst is designed to be used by architects, engineer, and researchers. It is also a very useful

educative tool. It includes a detailed contextual Help menu that explains the procedures and

models that are used, and offers a user-friendly approach with guide to develop a project. PVsyst

is able to import meteo data from many different sources, as well as personal data. PVsyst

presents results in the form of a full report, specific graphs and tables, and data can be exported

for use in other software.

5.2 General features

5.2.1 Management of the project

For a given project (a defined site and meteo), you can construct several variations for your

system (―calculation versions‖).

44

Figure-5.1: PVsyst interface

45

5.3 Simulation parameters By PVsyst

46

5.4 Simulation Report of PVsyst according to our load

The above component set by Default in PVsyst software we have the following equilent

components in rural poultry farm.

1 Fluorescent lamp=580 watt side wall fan.

TV/Video-tape rec./PC=1 Horse power Motor

1 Domestic appliance=25 watt Energy saver light

1 Fridge/Deep-freeze=1000watt Tunnel Fan

47

5.6 Main Result of our system according to solar Radiation

Figure-5.2: System Energy Graphs.

48

Figure-5.3: Performance and solar fraction Ratio.

Table-5.1: Used and unused Annual Energy.

49

5.7 Loss diagram over the whole year

50

5.8 Economic and cost diagram of our system

51

5.9 Cost Comparison

Total Annual sale of rural poultry farm taken from case study.

Chicken Price Total chicken in a

flock

Flocks/year Total chickens Total turnover

Rs.180 4000 5.5 22000 Rs.3960000

Table-5.2: Annual sale of rural poultry farm.

Total installation cost of Standalone system.

Component Number Price/piece Price

Solar panels 52 Rs.10,700 Rs.5,56,400

Combiner Box 2 Rs.83,492 Rs.1,66,984

Inverter 1 Rs.3,21,000 Rs.3,21,000

Batteries 34 Rs.15,000 Rs.5,10,000

Total Cost Rs.15,54,384

Table-5.3: Installation cost of Standalone PV system.

Annual WAPDA billing according to tariff.

52

Month WAPDA Bill (Price)

November,2012 13448

December,2012 13084

January,2013 13471

February,2013 13688

March,2013 12626

April,2013 12294

May,2013 11727

June,2013 11232

July,2013 11558

August,2013 11482

September,2013 13174

October,2013 13370

Annual cost 151154

Table-5.4: WAPDA Annual bill of rural poultry farm.

Results

Our PV standalone system have life approximately 25 years. So installation cost is less than

approximate WAPDA grid Tariff. During 25 years we will pay Rs.37, 78,850 which is more than

double cost of our Stand alone system.

From the sale of rural poultry farm it is clear we can easily install our PV standalone systems.

53

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