Future technnologies to drive cereal productivity · Future technnologies to drive cereal...

Ireland 2010Ireland 2010

Future technnologies to drive cereal productivity

Bill Angus Limagrain UK


GLOBAL WHEAT DEMAND

Population increase


EVOLUTION OF WHEAT AND RICECONSUMPTION

More “sophisticated”

consumers


Global meat - record demand for grain-fed meat but stocks at almost 30 year low

Source: USDACourtesy of HGCA


F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

Pedigree breeding (wheat)

High yieldLow quality

Low yieldHigh quality

Plant / row selection

End of fixing (inbreeding)

Trials/yield/quality

High yield?High quality?Stability? (…)

High market share


A typical wheat breeding A typical wheat breeding programprogram

1,000 hybridisations

1,000,000 plants

100,000 nursery lines

3,500 lines

700 lines

70 lines

7 3

1

Observations (diseases, morphology)

Scoring & quality tests

Scoring, quality tests & yield

Scoring, quality tests, yield & yield stability

Total : 200,000 field plots +

25,000 yield plots

F2

Breeding program/country Information

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

OT1

OT2

Variety release…

F1

Tim

e : 1

0 ye

ars


Investment in Wheat Breeding

• Traditional ‘technologies’• Single Seed Descent• Double Haploids• Markers• Genetic modification (GM)


Field evaluation

• Now often called ‘phenotyping’ !• Significant advances in the last five

years – On board weighing/ GPS etc


How it used to be…..

Courtesy Jim Burke


• Automatic cassette drills

• Precision spraying• Accurate on combine

weighing systems

FIELD EQUIPMENT INVESTMENT


Field trials


Single Seed Descent

• A growth room system to allow more than one cycle to be carried out per year

• Speeds up the breeding process


Single Seed Descent


Double haploids

• A laboratory technique to reduce time to develop new varieties

• Cross wheat with maize – embryo rescue and develop via tissue culture


Marker assisted selection (MAS)

• Used to identify and track newly found and known ‘genes’

• increases efficiency in variety selection

• Aids ‘pyramiding’ known genes in ‘robust’ combinations

• Increases selection efficiencies for complex traits eg yield


GENE 1

GENE 2

GENETIC MAPGenetic maps of the wheat genome

Wheat chromosomes stained in a root tips cell, total of 42 chromosomes, 21 pairs

A - T

A - T

C - G

C - G, or A-T

G - C

T - A

C - G

C - G

G - C

G - G

A - T

C - G

C - G

A - T

A - T, or C-G

G - C

C - G

CHROMOSOME

GENE

SEQUENCE

Allele 1 = phenotype 1= tall (C-G)

Allele 2 =phenotype 2= short (A-T)

Allele 1(A-T) = Avalon type

Allele 2 (C-G) =Norman type

Marker 1

Marker 2

Marker 3

A - T

G - C

T - A

C - G

Or A-T

DNA

MARKER SEQUENCEE


Reduction in cost per data-point

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

RFLPs

SSR development

Routine SSR

Multiplexing

PCR in 384 well plates

Robotisation & new softwareABI3730 & improved software


Which markers are available for the UK?

• Dominant marker for Sec1 (STS)• High m.w. glutenins (protein)• Pch1 (isozyme & SSR)• Codominant marker for Lr37 (STS)• Rht1 and Rht2 (ASA.SNPs)• Puroindolines (ASA,CAPS,SNPs)• Ppd-D1 (INDEL,SNPs)• Sbm1 (SCAR)• Yr32 (SSRs)• FHB QTL (SSRs)• Bdv2 (SSRs)• Various Stb genes (SSRs)


Crossing programmes

Pre-breeding

Double haploids SSD programme Conventional

NL-1 entries

Proprietary NL-1’s

& NL1’s

RL & NL2’s

Fix or select against

When to use markers


BaYMV resistance in winter barley

Susceptible

Resistant rym4 rym5

Bmac29 licensed from SCRI

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

% B

aYM

V re

sist

ant

98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year

rym5rym4


Eyespot resistance in winter wheat

R R R R R R R

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

18.00%

% w

ith

Pch1

95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

Year


Genetic Modification (GM)


GMO – Evolution of number of countries and growers

•Total surface 2008 : 125 M Ha (+ 9.4 %)•12 million growers in 23 countries

0

5

10

15

20

25

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

No of countries

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

No of growersIn millions


GMO: Evolution of the Market•market (Seeds + Technology Fees): $ 6.9 billion•(1/3 of the total seed market value of $ 21.7 billion)

0.10.8

2.0

2.7 2.73.2

3.74.2

4.75.25

6.156.9

7.5

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Maize

OSRCoton

Soya

38%

44 %

13 %3%


ACHIEVEMENTS OF UK WHEAT BREEDING – CROP YIELD

UK wheat yields have increased at an average

rate of 1.8% every year for the past 30 years

UK Wheat Yields 1964-2003(National Average - Source: FAO)

0123456789

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Year

t/ha


World wheat and maize yields- the widening spread: GM?

Source: USDA


Why no GM wheat (anywhere) ?

• Difficult crop to transform• Lack of incentives

wheat self pollinating – saved by farmerspoor financial returns for breeders

• Public/ political objections


Lack of incentives• Cereals such as wheat are self

pollinating and can be self saved by growers

• Maize and Soya are hybrids and new seed must be purchased annually

• Research investment in wheat is just 25% of that in Maize and primarily in the public sector


Difficult Crop to transform

• This was true but now transformation is routine and success rates much improved


Public/ Political objections• Needs to be re-visited with a balanced

debate• The World demands more food – a political

dilema – The Perfect Storm (Beddington 2009)

• How can we feed 50% more people in the World by 2050?

• What are the political/ military consequences of failure?


Potential targets for GM

• Agronomy traits – eg herbicide resistance, insect/ disease resistance

• Output traits – eg modified starches – animal feed/ biofuels/ ‘nutrifoods’

• Yield and consistency of performance


So where now?• The challenge for the World to

produce more food is enormous• The political consequences of mass

starvation should not be underestimated

• There needs to be a coordinated and international response to these challenges


So where now?

• Increased production will come about by the integration of a range of technologies

• There is no ‘silver bullet’• Investment is the key


An example…..• GM trait – resistance to ‘take all’• Allows continuous wheat growing• Modified starch profiles to meet different food

requirements eg potato starch• Modified photosynthetic pathways to enhance

biomass production• Herbicide resistance – one pass weed control• Higher levels of resistance to key diseases –

particularly Septoria• More biomass but earlier harvests to avoid wet

weather


An example…..• Breeders could use GM technology to

introduce• Track ‘event’ using marker assistsed

selection• Purify material using double haploid

technology• Integrated management tools with

extension services


Gene

tic R

esou

rces Phenotyping

Gen

otyp

ing

Marketsegmentation

Choice of

strategyLaunch

Mar

ket

Ana

lysi

s

Conventional breeding

Breeding via GMOs

Official registration

Transgenesis

Information

management

system

The variety creation process

Mar

keti

ng


The Life Cycle of Orange Wheat Blossom MidgeSitodiplosis mosellana

May June July August

Larva - drop from heads after rain or heavy dew

adult

cocoon larva pupa cocoon


Orange Wheat Blossom Midge• Sporadic insect pest, but widespread• Controlled with organo-phosphates• Can cause major yield losses &

reduction in quality• Very time consuming to phenotype• Several resistant sources now being grown

commercially – eg Robigus, Viscount, Oakley, Glasgow


Markers for OWBM resistance• Identified markers for all known sources of OWBM

resistance in the UK

• Marker-assisted selection of resistant lines before harvest

• Environmentally friendly alternative to organo-phosphate insecticides

• Pyramiding of OWBM resistance with other traits now possible

• Immediate target to produce a quality bread variety with midge resistance


21 DAYS AFTER INOCULATIONVariety Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Rep4 Rep5 Min Max MeanCM 82036 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0APACHE 15 12 4 9 10 4 15 10SOKRATES 3 13 22 18 21 3 22 15GATSBY 17 25 15 20 12 12 25 18Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 23 20 9 30 15 9 30 19Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 32 20 17 24 12 12 32 21Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 21 35 19 25 22 19 35 24Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 25 25 30 35 20 20 35 27Xi19 BC3F2 3B only 37 39 27 41 12 12 41 31Xi19 BC3F2 5A only 35 40 35 35 45 35 45 38Xi19 BC3F2 5A only 33 55 50 30 55 30 55 45Xi19 BC3F2 3B only 24 86 48 40 32 24 86 46Xi19 BC3F2 5A only 70 50 35 35 75 35 75 53Xi19 BC3F2 3B only 75 54 55 50 34 34 75 54CHARGER 70 45 55 55 50 45 70 55Xi19 100 40 30 40 80 30 100 58


Summary• Northern Europe will need to produce

more output – but with more environmental constraints

• New biotechnological adavnces such as marker assisted selection are now commonplace within breeding programmes

• GM technology should be ‘re-visited’ to explore its potential

• More investment in plant breeding is required – but not at the expense of farmer control

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