Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges

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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017

FUTURE SMART-ER GRID: CHALLENGESPANEL: IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN POWER SYSTEMS PROTECTION AND OPERATION

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt*Loughborough University, UK

XIII IBEROAMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Monterrey,

Nuevo Leon, Mexico

19-24th February, 2017

http://www.fglongatt.org/

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Agenda• Context: Where do we need to change?

• Smart grid, NO!/ Smart-er grid

• Smart-er grid: What it is?

• Existing Non-dummy systems

• Smart Network and Low Carbon

• Sources of Uncertainties

• Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future

• Context: Changes in GB

• Reduced inertia

• Declining Short Circuit Levels

• Can they deliver the solution?

• Closing… or Opening?

Copyright Notice

The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or copied in any form or

by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these

documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The

documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the documents by you.


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Context: Where do we need to Change?

EVIM

Storage

PV

MTDC

AC

System

Wind Farm

The other half of the challenge lies

in building the transport and

distribution networks

As the low-emission economy

evolves, building new generation

technologies is just half the

challenge

@fglongatt

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control and

Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power

Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power Generation. J.

Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer Singapore: 193-

231.


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DC is a real option


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Smart DC Micro-grids

http://smgaznec.fglongatt.org/


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Smart grid, NO!/ Smart-er grid

• The term smart grid has

been in use since at least

2005, when it appeared in

the article "Toward A Smart

Grid" by Amin and

Wollenberg.

Smart Grids European

Technology Platformhttp://www.smartgrids.eu/

http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid

"Smart Grid / Department

of Energy"

https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--

2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks

Department of Energy & Climate

Change and Ofgem


https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks

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Smarter Grid


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What it is?


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Smart-er Grid

Information Flow

Power Flow

Power Flow

Information Flow

Demand Response

AMI

DG-PV

Thermal

Storage

PEVUtility

grade PVWind

farm

Solar

farm

Smart Grid

Traditional

Environment

Merging Two Smart Infrastructures


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Future Off-grid

http://iuats.fglongatt.org/


http://iuats.fglongatt.org/

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Primary

Substation CB

CB

Secondary

Substation

SS SS

Tie-switch

Existing Non-dummy systemsBulk

Generation

Homes, Schools,

Shops, BusinessesTransmission Distribution

Very Good observability and

controllability

Limited coordination between transmission and distribution

Fossil FuelsCentralized plants

Networks are designed for “passive customers”“Fit and forget” approach Low asset use

Almost zero observability and controllability

CB : Circuit breaker SS: Sectionalizing switchASS: Automatic sectionalizing switch

LV Grid

MV Grid

N. Ochoa. Modelling of Distribution Networks: State-of-the-Art and Challenges


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Primary

Substation CB

CB

Secondary

Substation

Tie-switch

Smart Network and Low CarbonBulk

Generation

MV Micro Grid

+

-

Local

control

Local control

Local

control

+

-

+

-

Massive penetration of renewable

Medium-scale renewable controllable

Full coordination between transmission and distribution

Local

control

Hierarchical

control

Distributed

Generation

Real-time monitoring and control

Local

controlCentralized network management Maximizing the assets utilizationMaximum renewable harvesting

Optimization forecasting

LV Micro Grid

Frequency response operation


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Primary

Substation CB

CB

Secondary

Substation

Tie-switch

Smart Network and Low CarbonBulk

Generation

LV Micro Grid MV Micro Grid

+

-

+

-

IED: Intelligent Electronic Device

DMS: Distribution Management System

MEMS: Microgrid Energy Management System

SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

MV Microgrid

LV Microgrid

Communication link

DMS

SCADA

IED IED

IED

MEMS

MEMS

MEMS

MEMS

+

-

+

-

Smart Distribution Network

+

-

Electric Vehicle

Heat pump

Energy storage

Solar photovoltaic system

Wind Power


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Beyond the Smart-er Grid

http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/SEMINAR%20Exploring%20Beyond%20frontier.pdf


http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/SEMINAR Exploring Beyond frontier.pdf

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Sources of Uncertainties

IM

MTDC

AC

System

@fglongatt

• Topology, parameters & settings (e.g.,

tap settings, temperature dependent line

ratings)

• Observability & controllability • Pattern (size, output of

generators, types and

location of generators,

i.e., conventional,

renewable, storage)

• Parameters

(conventional and

renewable generation

and storage)

• Parameters of generator controllers (AVRs, Governors, PSSs, PE interface),

network controllers (secondary voltage controller), FACTS devices and HVDC line

controllers

• Contractual power flow (consequence of different market mechanisms and price)

• Faults (type, location, duration, frequency, distribution, impedance)

• Communications (noise, time delays and loss of signals)

• Time and spatial variation in load, load

composition, models and parameters


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Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future

Proliferation of

nonconventional

renewable

generation – largely

stochastic and

intermittent

(wind, PV, marine) at

all

levels and of various

sizes

• Large on-shore and offshore

wind farms

Wind Farm

Offshore wind power

Storage

Electric-vehicles

Renewable Energy Resources


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MTDC

Multi-terminal HVDC

Increased use of

HVDC lines of both,

LCC and

predominantly VSC

technology (in meshed

networks and as a

super grid)

• Liberalised market

• Increased cross-boarder bulk

power transfers to facilitate

effectiveness of market

mechanisms


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• Integrated “intelligent”

Power Electronic

devices

• Integrated ICT &

storage

• Small scale (widely

• dispersed) technologies in

Distribution networks

• Active distribution networks

• New types of loads within

• customer premises

Bi-directional energy flow

Different energy carriers

Multi-directional info flow


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Context: Changes in GB

15% of energy from renewable

34% reduction in CO2

emission versus 1990

2020

No renewable target

80% reduction in CO2

emission versus 1990

2050

% of end use energy ~20%

Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200


Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5Electricity

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050

Oil

Gas

Coal

Hydro

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Biomass

CCS

Billio

n B

arr

els

of

Oil E

qu

iva

len

t p

er

ye

ar

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70




Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184Gas% of end use energy ~40%



Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247Oil

Data source: National Grid Gone Green scenario

fglongatt 2013


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Reduced Inertia

http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/


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Declining Short Circuit LevelsAs the short circuit level decreases, the

size of the area affected by a voltage dip

will increase.

The effects of transmission voltage dips

are not only observable across the

transmission network, but are also

observable on distribution networks in the

vicinity of the fault (the effects are “3-

dimensional”).

The critical role that reactive

current injection plays in the

response of the network to a

voltage depression.

http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/


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Transformer terminal RET 541Distance Relay

PD531, AEG,

1991LFCB102 Digital Current Differential Relay

MiCOM P54x

P543, P544, P545 & P546

Current Differential Relay

M-3425A Comprehensive Generator Relay

Form 6

Recloser

Control

G60 Generator Protection System

Micrologic

Reyrolle 7SR210 & 7SR220 Argus

SIEMENS

Schweitzer

SEL-751A Feeder Protection

Relay

IPROTEC 7UT63 and

7UT635 differential

protection relays

Sprecher Distance Protection SPRECON-E-

P DD..6-Series

Line Differential Protection GRL100

VAMP by Schneider Electric

You have a lot of options, but can they

deliver the solution?


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Closing…

or Opening?


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Some of the main technical challengesLow Voltage Distribution Grids (< 1kV)

• Voltage rise/drops due to PV panels/EVs

• Thermal limits: Are the wires fit for purpose?

• More unbalances? Harmonics? etc.

Medium Voltage Distribution Grids (> 1kV

and < 150kV)

• Voltage rise due to wind power (rural

networks)

• Increase in short circuit level (urban

underground)

• Power quality, “Islanding” and Protection

• Thermal limits

• Increased energy losses? Variability?

• Stability and reserve requirements

Observability

Controllability

Inte

gra

ted m

ulti-

sca

le s

olu

tion

s

Integrated planning

operation with

transmission systems

Voltage

management

Thermal and

fault

management

Integration of

solution and

services

…


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Questions and Answers

Dr Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt

[email protected]

Copyright Notice

The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or

copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M.

Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any

trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the

documents by you.

Thank you!


mailto:[email protected]

Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges

Engineering

Transcript of Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges