Future Of Portable Power For Distribution
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iPOWER the Future of Portable Power
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Transcript of Future Of Portable Power For Distribution
iPOWER the Future of Portable Power
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Lead : Why the portability?
Proliferation of Portable Products
We want to empower ME
Access InformationOn the Go
Move About Faster
Be Stronger
Survive LongerBe More Entertained
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : There is a proliferation of Portable Products, because we want to empower ourselves more. We want to be stronger, survive longer, move about faster, be more entertained, access info on the go and so on.
Powering Portability is the development of Battery Technologies
Primary BatteriesElectrochemical reaction
That supply power to devices
Secondary BatteriesRechargable Batteries that Store and supply power to devices
Phenomenal Growth
EnergyGenerator
SecondaryBattery
ApplicationPrimary Battery
Application
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : There are two types of batteries : Primary batteries have electrochemical reaction that supply power to devices. That means they are the power source themselves. Secondary batteries are rechargeable batteries that simply store and supply power to devices. These are not power source themselves. They are a storage that bring energy from a large generator to the devices. This is regardless of the genre of generator, which could be hydrocarbon base, renewable energies like solar or wind, even nuclear. The secondary batteries are the ones with phenomenal growth. Lead : Just a quick look at the various secondary battery technologies
Key Secondary Battery Technologies
Low self-discharge rate
Highest Energy Density(High power, low weight)
Strengths of Li Ion
Relative low toxicity
Little memory effect(Hence should never Be fully discharged norOvercharged)
Source : www.batteryuniversity.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Three key technologies over the last decade are Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride and Li-ion. Amongst these, Li-ion is the most popular now because : It has the highest energy density – which means it can be smaller and lighter. Since its presence in the market, the energy density has hit 190 Wh/kg. According to Cadex Electronics (Vancouver), the industry makes 8-10% capacity increases every year (ie, doubling every ten years). Low self discharge rate Little memory effect – unlike its predecessor Nickel Cadmium, Li-ion batteries do not suffer from “memory effect”. That is, the battery does not have to be fully discharged before being recharged. In fact, if you fully discharge a Li-ion, and if the open circuit voltage goes below a certain threshold, the battery’s life will be shortened. They respond much better with constant recharges. Relative low toxicity �Addition : Drawbacks of Li-ion – lifespan depends on ageing from time of manufacture, usually more expensive and shortcircuit can cause ignition or explosion. Contaminants inside the cell can defeat the safety devices. Mid-2006 recall of approx 10 million Sony batteries was stated to be as a consequence of internal contamination with metal particles. Lead : Developments of Battery Technologies has reached a stage whereby it is able to meet the needs of green cars. Green cars has traditionally been crippled by battery technology.
Drivers for Intensified Green Car Movement
Increased Environmental
AwarenessRunaway Oil Price
InternalCombustionEngines (ICE)
Hybrid Cars
Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV)
Electric Vehicles (EV)
Battery toPower auxiliaries
Way Forward
Fuel the car’s movement
CurrentBattery (KWH)EV 50.0PHEV60 26.4PHEV40 20.8PHEV20 12.7HEV 1.5Source : www.nrel.gov&Tesla
Presenter
Presentation Notes
“Plug in” means plug into an external electric source. SS : Currently, we have the familiar Internal Combustion Engines and green cars are usually refer to “Hybrid Cars”. Hybrids use energy from re-generative braking system to charge up 1.5KWh batteries. These are comparatively small Li-ion batteries that can power up auxiliaries like your air con, headlights and stereo. Moving forward, the idea of Plug In Hybrid Vehicles and Electric Vehicles – these are new developments that charges the batteries using an external socket. Batteries can be anywhere from 10KWh to 50KWh. These much larger batteries take over part or whole of the car’s main job, which is to move from point A to point B. Two drivers intensifies this movement – runaway oil price and increased environmental awareness.
Growth of Hybrid Cars - Indication of Massive Interest 2007 Hybrid Car Sales in USA
Ford4% Honda
11%
Lexus5%
Toyota77%
Nissan2%
Others1%
Hybrid Car Sales in USA
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source : Electric Drive Transportation Association
Toyota Prius Sales Top 1 Million15 May 2008 (usnews.rankingsandreviews.com)Toyota Prius started out a decade ago as a risky experiment in green technology. Today, it's the world's first mass-produced gas-electric hybrid vehicle to hit the one million mark in sales.
Rapid Growth
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : An indication of massive interest to green cars is the rapid growth in Hybrid Cars market. Toyota, the leading Hybrid, sold more than 1 million Prius to date.
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$70040 50 60 70 80 90
Capacity score on low-carbon technologies
Honda
Renault
Nissan Toyota
DaimlerChrysler
GM
Ford
BMW
VW
PSA
Have technologiesNot so strong
Good, “Cheap”& Green
Estim
ated
cos
t per
veh
icle
to
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t new
car
bon
cons
trai
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Low cost
High cost
Carbon Positioning of Leading OEMs Success in a carbon-constrained market will require moving into the top-right quadrant
– Global Competitiveness in Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for VehiclesFeb 2005World Resource Institute
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Not just Toyota, this 2005 chart from World Resource Institute (environment think tank based in Washington) shows that car manufacturers are moving into the top right quadrant - Good, “cheap to implement” and Green. I am sure there are much more manufacturers on the top right quadrant now.
Do we have reason to celebrate? The Key Components to a
Typical Green Car
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Do we have reason to Celebrate? This is a picture of a Plug In Hybrid. With a 16KWh Li-ion with the Plug in wiring harness.
Do we have reason to celebrate? Still Very Big
“The car's 900-pound battery…includes 6,831 lithium-ion cells, each about the size of a double-A alkaline.” - For Tesla’s Electric Vehicle
“The Volt's 300-poundbattery pack will be among its most-expensive components…may cost about $10,000…show the batteries will last 10 years.”- For GM’s Hybrid Car
Energy Density will set to improve
Under the hood is an electric motor powered by a 700-pound lithium-ion battery.- For Miles XS500 EV
???
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Energy density has improved vastly, more than doubling from the 90s to present day. For vehicle, depending on its battery capacity, the weight can still be very heavy though it is more manageable today than 20 yrs ago. Energy density can be varied via different materials and surface of anodes, cathodes and electrolytes. Essentially this is an electrochemical reaction in retaining and releasing energy. Where the industry is now at, the Energy Density will set to improve.
Do we have reason to celebrate? Still Pricey
New electric car is environmentally friendly, but pricey (CNN)The EV1 will sell for about $43,000 (2007 dollars), excluding the large battery charger needed…
GM Volt Cost Estimate UpApril 07, 2008The Volt came with a $30,000price tag when GM unveiled it at the North American International Auto Show last year. At this year's show, Lutztold us it could hit $40,000. Nowhe's saying it could hit $48,000…Cost will set to come down
Miles Rubin .. won't say how much it costs his company to make each Miles XS500, but experts peg the cost of the batteries at $25,000 (Forbes.com)
Tesla uses 6,871 lithium ion cells batteries. Total cost (wholesale) is around $20,000.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : It is still very expensive. Again, price depends on capacity. EV Batteries are being pegged in the region of US$20-25K PHEV with its smaller capacity will be correspondingly less. Cost will set to come down.
Do we have reason to celebrate? Still not Green
Reliance on Petroleum will set to come down
Battery (KWH)EV 50.0PHEV60 26.4PHEV40 20.8PHEV20 12.7HEV 1.5
Source : www.nrel.gov & Tesla
Most Car Emission (Tailgate CO2 g/km) Least
Conventional Cars
CNG CarsHonda CivicGX*
Hybrid CarsHonda Civic Hybrid*Toyota Prius
PHEV 100% ElectricCars
* Comparison using Honda UK data
now
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : On a scale for car emission, we are now at : CNG and Hybrid cars (comparison in Green Car Congress Website). The emission has reduced but still some way from that offered by Plug in Hybrids and Electric Cars. Even Plug In Hybrids has its scale, for 20 miles, 40 miles, 60 miles, with its corresponding battery capacity. Plug in Hybrids for 60 miles indicate the need for a 26KWh battery. Reliance on hydrocarbon will set to come down. Lead : On the end of the car emission spectrum is electric cars. Is it possible? Additional :Honda UK data car emission data: Honda Hybrid (10KW) - 116 g/km Honda GX - 129 g/km
Holy Grail of Green Car Movement
The Tesla Roadster, the world's first all electric car, runs on lithium ion batteries.
2008 Tesla Roadster :-100% Electric-0 to 60 mph in 3.9 sec-Top speed : 125 mph-220 miles per charge-US$100K
-53KWH Battery -3.5 hours charging (US)-100K miles battery life Source : www.teslamotors.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Tesla, a start up in San Carlos – South of SF, has a working model that runs on Lithium ion batteries. As a corporation, Tesla has its own challenges. Nevertheless, the working model has the performance and trimmings of a sports car, despite being fully electric. Model is priced at US$100K and uses a 53KWH battery (twice the capacity of a PHEV60). Per charge can bring in more than 300 km. Battery life : 160,000km. In all counts, the technical specs of this car is ideal. Additional : GM has been working on green cars. One of its key technical person Al Cocconi joined AC Propulsion because he believed Li-ion batteries are the way to go. AC Propulsion is a battery company and they came up with tzero, an Electric Sports Car. However, AC Propulsion was not keen to go into auto making. Along the same time, Martin Eberhard noticed that people who are buying Prius are also owning porsches and lamboroginis. Hence, the motivation of buying a green car is to show that they care for the environment, not because of the cost of gas. So, he licensed the electric drive train from AC Propulsion and incorporated Tesla in 2003. He got Elon Musk (ex-paypal) into investing. Used the “Fabless” model – Lotus Elise chassis, AC Propulsion’ electric train and so on.
The Age of Electric Cars
Tesla to build new electric sedan in Bay Area30 June 2008, San Francisco ChroniclesTesla Motors, the maker of electric-powered roadsters, announced today that it has chosen the Bay Area to build a manufacturing plant for its new model, an electric sedan that is expected to go into production in two years.But the firm instead chose California because it offered a pair of its own financial incentives: a sales tax exemption on the purchase of manufacturing equipment and grants for training its new employees, state officials said.
Sergey Brin
Larry Page
Arnold SGeorge ClooneyMatt Damon
Dean KamenJay AdelsonMichael Dell
1000 customers - many of whom have put down $100,000 - are still waiting for their Tesla Roadsters
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : There is a waiting list of 1,000 customers, many of which has put down the US$100K. The first role-out of 7 Tesla cars was done in July recently. Besides Sports Cars, Tesla is working on 4 door family sedan to be ready by 2010. Additional : Jay Adelson – Chairman of Digg Dean Kamen – inventor of Segway
Most Car Manufacturers Getting into the Game
Toyota to make Plug-in Hybrid by 201011 June 2008 (news.cnet.com)A joint venture between Toyota and Panasonic EV Energy plans to begin production of lithium ion batteries next year and move to full-scale production in 2010. Using the battery, Toyota plans to introduce a small electric vehicle for mass production.
Flurry of Partnerships between Car Makers & Battery Leaders
Sanyo to Mass-produce Li-ion Batteries for Plug-in Hybrids in 2011May 30, 2008 (Nikkei Electronics)Sanyo Electric Co Ltd announced May 28, 2008, that it started the development of Li-ion rechargeable batteries for use in plug-in hybrids and is planning to begin mass-production in 2011.
Japan: Investing in BatteriesMay 20, 2008 (Reuters)The Nissan Motor Company and the NEC Corporation plan a joint venture that would invest 12 billion yen ($115 million) over three years to manufacture lithium-ion batteries for use in next-generation green vehicles.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : There was a flurry of announcements in the last three months. The car manufacturers and the battery makers are looking at various level of green cars, from Hybrids, to Plug in Hybrids to Electric Cars.
An industry charged up: Electric vehicles are poised to go mainstream - 26 May 2008 (www.ft.com)The vanguard of a green automotive revolution will roll out next spring on an unlikely set of wheels: a Mercedes luxury sedan. The marque’s S400 BlueHybrid will be the first mass-produced vehicle equipped with a lithium-ion battery, like the ones in laptops or mobile phones – but powerful enough to help propel a large luxury car.
More Green Vehicle News
Hyundai Readying Korea's First Hybrid 16 June 2008 (www.forbes.com)Amid record-high oil prices, every automaker wants to be the first to assemble a commercially feasible electric vehicle. Authorities in Seoul took a step toward that goal Monday, saying that the first South Korean hybrid electric car, developed by Hyundai Motor, will be sold in the country next year.
Mitsubishi Motors May Introduce Plug-in Hybrid Cars19 June 2008 (Bloomberg)Mitsubishi Corp, aiming to be the first mass-producer of all-electric cars, plans to introduce plug-in hybrids as early as 2013 to meet tightening vehicle- emission regulations worldwide
LG to Supply Lithium-Ion Batteries for Hyundai’s Hybrid Car 17 December, 2007 chosun.comLG is teaming up with Hyundai Motor to produce hybrid cars. LG Chem, South Korea’s largest chemical company, said Saturday that it has won an order to exclusively supply rechargeable hybrid car batteries to Hyundai Motor and its affiliate Kia Motors.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Not just Japanese and American companies. Korea and Chinese are also getting into the scene. So is the luxury segment, for example the Mercedes luxury sedan.
Formula for Success
Source : www.gm-volt.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Battery makers are racing to develop lithium ion cells to power new generation of green cars. The challenge is the right chemistry for different types of cars – power, capacity, range and so on. Lead : There are a lot of movements in the green car segment, but arising from this, higher energy density applications can happen too.
What next? Higher Energy Density Applications
Heading skyward to beat gridlock7 May 2008 BBC NewsBoeing's research group is designing a hybrid aimed at travelling up to 300 miles at a time.
"When your 100 miles per gallon car is stuck in traffic and a 100 mpg airplane whizzes overhead, you're going to be jealous.“
Brien Seeley, President of CAFE Foundationa non profit organisation that promotes personal air travel
Electric Planes
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : For example, electric planes? Boeing is getting into play. Would we ever have A380 powered by batteries?
Powering Exoskeletons
“The Exoskeleton's development has been hampered by various issues, like how to develop a device that does not impede the user's normal walk and which runs on a small battery-powered pack, not fuel.”
Exoskeletons for the Soldiers of the Future Science EditorThe technology could also lead to the development of improved artificial limbs
Building the Real Iron Man 9 April 2008 www.popsci.comWhile audiences flood theaters this month to see the comic- book-inspired Iron Man, a real-life mad genius toils in a secret mountain lab to make the mechanical superhuman more than just a fantasy with the XOS Exoskeleton
Exoskeleton test pilot Rex Jameson greets XOS maker Steve Jacobsen
Power Cable Still Attached
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : What about Exoskeletons? Beyond artificial limbs, can fully portable exoskeletons can apply to soldiers of the future? Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) thinks do. It is like a generation of Iron Man. What they lack is a portable power source. Such exoskeletons can potentially apply to labour intensive industries, such as the construction industry. Maybe one person does the work of ten. Maybe we don’t need cranes or tunnel boring machines.
Not just the large, but also the smaller Bio-Applications
"There is a growing interest to replace conventional batteries with thin-film batteries in applications such as RFID tags, sensors, smart cards and labels, as well as portable devices.
In the medical sector, thin-film batteries could be used for powering diagnostic devices, medical sensors and medical implants."
- Frost & Sullivan Technical Insights Research Analyst Elaine Chan.
Miniature battery makes a big differenceA new miniature battery is powering tiny, implantable devices that could help millions who suffer from a variety of neurological disorders, such as urinary-urge incontinence and stroke.
Bion for Muscular Dystrophy sufferers
Sandia researchers to model nano- size battery to be implanted in eye to power artificial retina12 Jan 2006 News ReleaseSeveral researchers from Sandia National Laboratories, led by principal investigator Susan Rempe, are part of a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary team developing a nano-size battery that one day could be implanted in the eye to power an artificial retina.
Miniaturisation - Powering New Nano Applications
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : Not just the large and powerful, also possible application to bio-applications? Some examples : nano batteries to be implanted in eyes to power artificial retina? The Bions or Bionic Neurons are implanted near nerves where they emit electrical micropulses that stimulate nearby muscles and nerves for disorders such as urinary incontinence, stroke and muscular dystrophy. (Quaillion & Valtronic) Some would need some sort of charging pad from outside the body (a special pad attached to a belt or placed on a seat or bed). But a lot of new portable products can be innovated when the portable power technologies get stronger.
Green Car is driving the development of Secondary Batteries
Are We Too Late in the game for Portable Power?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SS : For now, green car is driving the development of secondary batteries. Are we too late in the game for portable power?
Value Chain For Lithium Secondary Batteries
Research & Development
MaterialsOptimisationApplications
Lithium Trading & Transport
Lithium Carbonate
Batteries TransportExport to be packed or
loaded onto applications
Lithium ProductionExtraction from Salt
Lakes brine to produceLithium Carbonate
Batteries Manufacturing
Chile’s Salar de Atacama
laptop . medical device . hybrid car . handphone . electronic dog . psp . ipod . electric bicycle . implants . gameboy
Most value that we
can capture
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Using the value chain which covers R&D (Materials, energy optimisation, applications), Lithium production, Trading and transport, manufacturing and lastly export to be packed/loaded into applications. This is regardless of portable power type – batteries for electronics, electric vehicles, power tools, medical implants and so on. Based on Singapore’s profile, we can capture most value in R&D, Trading & Transport and Manufacturing
We can also catch the wave via EVs (EVs & PHEVs)
Manufacturing?
Trading?
Logistics?
Primary Research?
Testbedding?
HQ Services?Innovation?
Capitalise on our geographical location within the Asia andOur unique traits to be the leader for Green Car Movement
• One of the highest cars per capital ratio in this region• High turnover rate for cars • Highest cost of cars in the world • Green conscious population• Small country
• Strong Government commitment to green• Strong R&D sector• Good base of electronics industry
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We can catch the wave of green cars via EV – Electric Vehicles and Plug In Hybrids. In transport, Singapore has our strengths: Our cars per capital ratio is one of the highest in this region Turnover rate is high – thanks to COE We accept that cars are expensive – we do have the costliest cars in the world. Our country is small We are green conscious We have strong electronic base with strong R&D support.
More EV & PHEV Infrastructure Set Up
GM allies with U.S. utility group on electric cars Jul 23, 2008 ReutersLA - General Motors Corp said it is collaborating with the Electric Power Research Institute, an organization representing U.S. utilities, to ready the nation's electric infrastructure for the widespread sale of plug-in electric cars.
PGE reveals electric charging stationsJuly 29, 2008 www.bizjournals.comPortland General Electric unveiled the first of a dozen new electric charging stations for what it expects will be a future onslaught of plug-in hybrid autos.
"The filling stations of the future,"
Plug & PlayThe city of San Jose, Calif., will be the first to test electric-car charging stations from start-up Coulomb Technologies
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In terms of Charging Infrastructure, we see some examples here – many places in US are creating their “Filling Stations of the Future”. GM is one of the more aggressive one – some say they are making up for Killing the Electric Car in the First place. In July, they are collaborating with the Electric Power Research Institute that represents the interest of 30 Utilities Companies on policies and infrastructural developments. California is one of the more aggressive states pushing for green cars. The City of San Jose is testing the EV Charging Station from Coulomb Technologies. Not just California, many other states like Oregon (PGE, Jul08) and Tennessee (Nissan, Jul08). Additional : Montreal, Quebec, Ontario, etc.
Imagine : Half of Singapore Car Population being EVs
Can this also contribute to national energy optimisation?
A Few Years Down the Road
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Regardless of whether Singapore has the first mover advantage, five to ten years down the road, there will be many versions of green cars. Hence, lets imagine that half of the Singapore car population become EVs (ie Electric Vehicles or Plug In Hybrids). It can change our way of life, plus sprung up new industries, new values for all of us. Lead : With all the EVs zipping around carrying with it energy storage capacity, can this also contribute to national energy optimisation as well?
EV Batteries as regulator of Power GridThe Concept of Vehicle to Grid
When the car batteries needs power, electricity can be drawn from grid to charge the battery.
Excess power can also be sold to the electrical power grid by an electric-drive motor vehicle
• Most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time
• Capacity of Electric Car Battery 50 KWH – enough capacity to power 3 Spore households daily needs(based on 06/07 ave household monthly use of 500KWH)
10-50 KWH/car
A123 Systems plugs lithium-ion batteries into power gridJune 24, 2008 (news.cnet.com)A123 Systems has signed on electricity utilities to use its lithium-ion batteries for short-term energy storage, according to a company executive. Utilities need power for short periods of time--it could be as short as several seconds--to ensure that the power supply matches the demand.
Power to the People: Run Your House on a PriusSeptember 2, 2007 , NYTimesThis form of vehicle-to-grid technology, often called V2G, … in which fleets of cars, recharged at night when demand is lower, can relieve the grid and help avert serious blackouts.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This idea of using EV Batteries as regulator of Power Grid – Vehicle to Grid, or V2G, has been a topic from academia for a while. The concept is simple: Most vehicles are parked 95% of the time. When the car batteries need power, it charges using the normal socket. If we have excess, we sell the power back. This concept has been hampered as battery capacity was too small to be of value. Things change now with a potential 10-50 KWH battery.
V2G TrialsPG&E teams with GOOGLE to demonstrate Vehicle-to-Grid Technology at the company’s Mountain View Campus 19 June 2007
To date, PG&E has interconnected more than 16,000 solar customers who generate more than 100 MWs of solar energy
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) has teamed with Google to demonstrate Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology at the search leader's Mountain View campus as part of the company's philanthropic initiative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.
A123Systems CEO David Vieau with a plug fed by rooftop solar for one of the RechargeIT cars
Google's Sergey Brin plugs in the car to start the V2G demonstration
Plug Into Car
Solar Power Plug
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Last year, Pacific Gas demonstrated V2G at Google’s Mountain View campus. Electric Cars are already picking up in California. Using it as power supplement to the grid makes it quite a mindset breakthrough – not so much from the energy saving point of view, but from a environmentalist point of view. We see Sergey Brin of Google and David Vieau of A123Systems doing the usual photo shoots. The efficiency and capacity would still depend on the generation process – for example, efficiency of solar panels, which, over time, should improve tremendously. Batteries merely act as a convenient sponge to enable it. And when the breakthrough comes, a decentralised fleet of mobile storages can be useful to send the energy into the grid. Lead : So how much storage capacity would that be?
